Background: A one-size-fits-all approach might explain why early psychological interventions are largely ineffective in preventing the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms triggered by acute medical events. We examined the hypothesis that social and health care resources are moderators of an intervention effect. Methods: Within 48 h of hospital admission, 129 patients (mean age 58 years, 83% men) with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) self-rated their social support and were randomized to one single session of trauma-focused counseling (TFC) or stress-focused counseling (SFC) (active control intervention). Clinician-rated PTSD symptoms, use of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) and use of psychotherapy were assessed at 3 and 12 months. Random mixed regression multivariable models were used to analyze associations with PTSD symptoms over time. Results: TFC did not prevent ACS-induced PTSD symptom onset better than SFC; yet, there were significant and independent interactions between “intervention” (TFC or SFC) and social support (p = 0.013) and between “intervention” and duration of CR in weeks (p = 0.034). Patients with greater social support or longer participation in CR had fewer PTSD symptoms in the TFC group compared with the SFC group. The number of psychotherapy sessions did not moderate the intervention effect. Conclusions: Early psychological intervention after ACS with a trauma-focused approach to prevent the development of PTSD symptoms may be beneficial for patients who perceive high social support or participate in CR for several weeks.
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