Background: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a marker of prostate cancer (PCa), although its efficacy as a diagnostic marker remains controversial. A high false-positive rate leads to repeat biopsy in approximately 70% of patients, which may not be necessary. Epigenetic biomarkers of field cancerization have been investigated widely as promising tools for the diagnosis of patients with suspected tumors. In the current study, we examined the diagnostic value of two microRNA (miRNA) candidates, hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H9, using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues from patients with PCa or benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) (as controls) to determine the usefulness of these markers for detecting the presence of cancer. Methods: Expression of hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H9 in 201 FFPE tissues, including 52 primary tumors, 73 surrounding noncancerous tissues, and 90 BPH nontumor controls was examined by real-time PCR. Results: Expression of hsv1-miR-H18 and hsv2-miR-H9 was significantly higher in primary tumors from PCa patients than in BPH controls (P
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