The vehicle-to-grid (V2G) concept utilises electric vehicles as distributed energy storage and thus may help to balance out the intermittent availability of renewable energy sources such as photovoltaics. V2G is therefore considered to play an important role for achieving low-carbon energy and transportation systems in cities. However, the adequate planning of city-wide V2G infrastructures requires detailed knowledge of the aggregate mobility patterns of individuals and also needs to keep track with ongoing developments of urban transportation modes. Here, we introduce an initial framework that infers population-wide mobility patterns from anonymised mobile phone location data and subsequently superimposes a vehicle charging and discharging scheme. The framework allows for the estimation of the aggregate V2G energy supply and demand at fine-grained spatial and temporal scales under a given electric vehicle usage scenario. This information provides an adequate basis for assessing the role of V2G in the context of maximising the deployment of photovoltaics, as well as for the sizing and placement of the required vehicle (dis)charging infrastructure. The proposed framework is applied to Singapore as a case study.
