Likelihood of Unemployed Smokers vs Nonsmokers Attaining Reemployment in a One-Year Observational Study
| العنوان: | Likelihood of Unemployed Smokers vs Nonsmokers Attaining Reemployment in a One-Year Observational Study |
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| المؤلفون: | Catherine Brown-Johnson, Eric J. Daza, Amy Rogers, Nicole Anzai, Amy Chieng, Mia Grigg, Anne K. Michalek, Michael Baiocchi, Judith J. Prochaska |
| المصدر: | JAMA internal medicine, vol 176, iss 5 Prochaska, JJ; Michalek, AK; Brown-Johnson, C; Daza, EJ; Baiocchi, M; Anzai, N; et al.(2016). Likelihood of Unemployed Smokers vs Nonsmokers Attaining Reemployment in a One-Year Observational Study. JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE, 176(5), 662-670. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.0772. UC Office of the President: Research Grants Program Office (RGPO). Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/3vb2t7nbTest |
| بيانات النشر: | eScholarship, University of California, 2016. |
| سنة النشر: | 2016 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | Gerontology, Male, Cross-sectional study, medicine.medical_treatment, Ethnic group, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Body Mass Index, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, African Americans, Inverse probability weighting, Smoking, Absolute risk reduction, Substance Abuse, Hispanic or Latino, Middle Aged, Health Services, Respiratory, Public Health and Health Services, Female, Hispanic Americans, Adult, Employment, European Continental Ancestry Group, Clinical Sciences, White People, 03 medical and health sciences, Clinical Research, Opthalmology and Optometry, Tobacco, Internal Medicine, Humans, Motivation, Tobacco Smoke and Health, business.industry, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, Prevention, Black or African American, Cross-Sectional Studies, Unemployment, Propensity score matching, Job Application, Smoking cessation, Observational study, San Francisco, business, Body mass index, Demography |
| الوصف: | Importance Studies in the United States and Europe have found higher smoking prevalence among unemployed job seekers relative to employed workers. While consistent, the extant epidemiologic investigations of smoking and work status have been cross-sectional, leaving it underdetermined whether tobacco use is a cause or effect of unemployment. Objective To examine differences in reemployment by smoking status in a 12-month period. Design, Setting, and Participants An observational 2-group study was conducted from September 10, 2013, to August 15, 2015, in employment service settings in the San Francisco Bay Area (California). Participants were 131 daily smokers and 120 nonsmokers, all of whom were unemployed job seekers. Owing to the study’s observational design, a propensity score analysis was conducted using inverse probability weighting with trimmed observations. Including covariates of time out of work, age, education, race/ethnicity, and perceived health status as predictors of smoking status. Main Outcomes and Measures Reemployment at 12-month follow-up. Results Of the 251 study participants, 165 (65.7) were men, with a mean (SD) age of 48 (11) years; 96 participants were white (38.2%), 90 were black (35.9%), 24 were Hispanic (9.6%), 18 were Asian (7.2%), and 23 were multiracial or other race (9.2%); 78 had a college degree (31.1%), 99 were unstably housed (39.4%), 70 lacked reliable transportation (27.9%), 52 had a criminal history (20.7%), and 72 had received prior treatment for alcohol or drug use (28.7%). Smokers consumed a mean (SD) of 13.5 (8.2) cigarettes per day at baseline. At 12-month follow-up (217 participants retained [86.5%]), 60 of 108 nonsmokers (55.6%) were reemployed compared with 29 of 109 smokers (26.6%) (unadjusted risk difference, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.15-0.42). With 6% of analysis sample observations trimmed, the estimated risk difference indicated that nonsmokers were 30% (95% CI, 12%-48%) more likely on average to be reemployed at 1 year relative to smokers. Results of a sensitivity analysis with additional covariates of sex, stable housing, reliable transportation, criminal history, and prior treatment for alcohol or drug use (25.3% of observations trimmed) reduced the difference in employment attributed to smoking status to 24% (95% CI, 7%-39%), which was still a significant difference. Among those reemployed at 1 year, the average hourly wage for smokers was significantly lower (mean [SD], $15.10 [$4.68]) than for nonsmokers (mean [SD], $20.27 [$10.54]; F (1,86) = 6.50, P = .01). Conclusions and Relevance To our knowledge, this is the first study to prospectively track reemployment success by smoking status. Smokers had a lower likelihood of reemployment at 1 year and were paid significantly less than nonsmokers when reemployed. Treatment of tobacco use in unemployment service settings is worth testing for increasing reemployment success and financial well-being. |
| وصف الملف: | application/pdf |
| الوصول الحر: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::fbc29c9f443ade6b7d54e1a550c12a71Test https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3vb2t7nbTest |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi.dedup.....fbc29c9f443ade6b7d54e1a550c12a71 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| الوصف غير متاح. |