Evaluation of the cytotoxic and cellular proteome impacts of food-grade TiO(2) (E171) using simulated gastrointestinal digestions and a tri-culture small intestinal epithelial model
التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان:
Evaluation of the cytotoxic and cellular proteome impacts of food-grade TiO(2) (E171) using simulated gastrointestinal digestions and a tri-culture small intestinal epithelial model
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are widely used in the food industry; however, regulations for ENMs in food are still in the early stages of development due to insufficient health data. This study investigated the cytotoxicity and changes to the proteomic profile in an in vitro small intestinal epithelium model after exposure to digested food models containing the ubiquitous engineered particulate food additive, TiO(2) (E171) with an average size around 110 nm. TiO(2) at 0.75% or 1.5% (w/w) concentrations in either a fasting food model (FFM) or a standardized food model (SFM) based on American diet were digested using an in vitro oral-gastric-small intestinal simulator, and the resulting digestas were applied to a small intestinal epithelium tri-culture cellular model. Effects on cell layer integrity, cytotoxicity, and oxidative stress were assessed. In order to explore the impact on cellular processes beyond basic cytotoxicity, mass spectrometry-based quantitative proteomic analyses of control and exposed tri-culture cells was performed. TiO(2) in FFM, but not in SFM, produced significant, dose-dependent cytotoxicity (24%, p
