دورية أكاديمية
أعرض في EDS

慢性B型和D型肝炎對愛滋病毒感染者病程之影響 ; Impact of Chronic Hepatitis B and D Infection on the Outcomes of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection

التفاصيل البيبلوغرافية
العنوان: 慢性B型和D型肝炎對愛滋病毒感染者病程之影響 ; Impact of Chronic Hepatitis B and D Infection on the Outcomes of Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
المؤلفون: 盛望徽, Sheng, Wang-Huei
المساهمون: 張上淳, 高嘉宏, 黃立民, 臺灣大學：
سنة النشر: 2007
المجموعة: National Taiwan University Institutional Repository (NTUR)
مصطلحات موضوعية: B型肝炎病毒, B型肝炎病毒基因型, 愛滋病毒, 急性肝炎, 肝代償失調, 高效能抗HIV病毒療法, D型肝炎病毒, B型肝炎血清標記, B型肝炎疫苗注射, hepatitis B virus, HBV genotype, human immunodeficiency virus, acute hepatitis, liver decompensation, highly active antiretroviral therapy, hepatitis D virus, HBV serological markers, HBV vaccination
الوصف: B型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus，HBV）與愛滋病毒（human immunodeficiency virus，HIV）是威脅人類健康最重要的兩種病毒。根據世界衛生組織的估計，全世界現有四千萬個HIV感染存活者，每年新增HIV感染個案有五百萬人，且每年有三百萬人死於愛滋病。慢性HBV感染者約有三億五千萬人，其中15%至25％病患經過20至30年的慢性肝炎急性發作後（廓清期），將演變為肝硬化或肝癌，每年因為B型肝炎死亡者約有一百萬人。由於此兩種病毒感染途徑相同，均是經由性行為、血液交換以及母子間垂直感染，因此同時感染HIV及HBV者並不少見。過去由於沒有很好的治療HIV藥物，大多數HIV患者很早就死於愛滋病相關的伺機性感染或腫瘤，使得慢性B型肝炎相關的併發症往往不易察覺。但是自從1996年開始使用高效能抗HIV病毒療法（highly active anti-retroviral therapy，HAART），病患得以長期存活，因此B型肝炎感染相關的併發症現在已經成為臨床照顧HIV病患的重要問題。 歐美開發國家一般族群之慢性HBV感染盛行率（HBV surface antigen；HBsAg血症持續超過6個月）約為0.5至2%，而HIV感染者中約有6至10%同時具有慢性HBV感染。台灣是HBV高流行的地區，一般族群慢性HBV感染約為15至17%，HIV感染的盛行率約為0.07%。根據本研究調查1994年至2005年在臺大醫院追蹤之1016位HIV感染者，其中有217位（21.4%）呈現血清HBV表面抗原（HBsAg）陽性；167位（16.4%）為慢性HBsAg帶原者（carrier）；在217位HBsAg陽性患者中有47位（21.7%）血清HBV e抗原（HBV e antigen；HBeAg）陽性，此與一般族群之慢性HBV感染情況相似；在162位慢性HBsAg 帶原者中，36位（22.2%）為anti-HDV抗體陽性表示為D型肝炎病毒（hepatitis D virus；HDV）感染；1016位HIV感染者其中有91位（9.0%）為anti-HCV抗體陽性，表示為C型肝炎病毒（hepatitis C virus；HCV）感染。 在第一部分的研究，從1994年至2003年間，在排除C型肝炎感染的個案後，以111位具有慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者及387位非HBsAg抗原帶原的HIV感染者做前瞻性分析。兩組在年齡、性別、感染HIV的危險因子、是否接受高效能抗HIV病毒療法、基礎之CD4淋巴球數與HIV病毒量、是否發生伺機性感染及基礎肝功能指標均無明顯之統計差異，平均觀察2年（25個月），結果發現合併慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者比無HBsAg帶原感染者發生急性肝炎、肝代償失調（如凝血異常、腹水、黃疸、肝性腦病變等）及肝硬化的機會均明顯增加；特別是在高效能抗HIV病毒療法問世之後，合併慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者比無HBsAg帶原者死亡率高。兩組患者在接受高效能抗HIV病毒療法後之血液CD4淋巴球數回升與發生伺機性感染並無顯著差異，但慢性HBsAg帶原的HIV感染者在治療過程中因急性肝炎發作而停止HIV治療導致HIV治療失敗的比例較無HBsAg帶原者高（p = 0.05）。不同的B型肝炎病毒基因型（基因型B與基因型C）在年齡、性別、感染HIV之危險因子、伺機性感染、血液CD4淋巴球數之上升、血清HIV病毒量之控制、發生急性肝炎之機會、肝代償失調、肝癌及死亡率並無統計上之顯著差異。由此可知慢性B型肝炎對HIV感染者臨床病程之影響極大，因此對於同時感染HIV及HBV的患者，應定期接受肝功能及腹部超音波檢查，對HBV無免疫力者，應考慮是否接受B型肝炎疫苗注射以避免感染。 D型肝炎病毒本身需要藉由HBsAg才能有複製功能，因此慢性HBsAg帶原者為HDV感染之高危險群。在非HIV患者之研究發現：HBsAg帶原者合併感染HDV時會加速肝功能惡化，發生肝硬化及肝代償失調的機會亦明顯增加。由於HDV也與HBV和HIV藉由相同途徑感染，因此HIV感染者很可能同時感染HBV及HDV。在第二部分的研究我們收集自1995年至2003年的HIV病患依1：3病例對照分析，以26位同時合併慢性感染HDV、HBV、HIV之患者與78位具有相同性別、年齡（± 2 歲）、起始點血液CD4淋巴球數、收案時間（± 3月）、血清白蛋白（albumin ± 0.5 g/dL）、直接型膽紅素（direct bilirubin ± 0.3 mg/dL），同時合併慢性感染HBV與HIV對照組患者，平均觀察4.5年（54.7個月）。研究結果發現合併HDV感染者有較高的靜脈藥癮患者比例（7.7%比1.3%，p = 0.05），且HDV感染者之基礎HBV病毒量較低（平均起始HBV病毒量為 4.04 log10比5.75 log10 copies/mL，p ...
نوع الوثيقة: text
وصف الملف: 983983 bytes; application/pdf
اللغة: Chinese
English
العلاقة: 1. Akuta N, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M, et al. The influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the development of lamivudine resistance during long-term treatment. J Hepatol 2003;38:315-21. 2. Altfeld M, Rockstroh JK, Addo M, Kupfer B, Pult I, Will H, Spengler U. Reactivation of hepatitis B in a long-term anti-HBs positive patient with AIDS following lamivudine withdrawal. J Hepatol 1998; 29:306-9. 3. Anonymous. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). October 10, 2006. (http://AIDSinfo.nih.govTest.) 4. Arribas JR, Gonzalez-Garcia JJ, Lorenzo A, et al. Single (B or C), dual (BC or BD) and triple (BCD) viral hepatitis in HIV-infected patients in Madrid, Spain. AIDS 2005; 19:1361-5. 5. Benhamou Y, Katlama C, Lunel F, et al. Effects of lamivudine on replication of hepatitis B virus in HIV-infected men. Ann Intern Med 1996: 125: 705-12. 6. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V, et al. Long term incidence of hepatitis B virus resistance to lamivudine in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients. Hepatology 1999; 30:1302–6. 7. Benhamou Y, Bochet M, Thibault V, et al. Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and lamivudine resistant hepatitis B: an open-label pilot study. Lancet 2001;358:718-23. 8. Benhamou Y, Thibault V, Vig P, et al. Safety and efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil in patients infected with lamivudine resistant hepatitis B and HIV-1. J Hepatol 2006; 44:62–7. 9. Benhamou Y. Treatment algorithm for chronic hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients. J Hepatol 2006;44:S90-4. 10. Bessensen M, Ives D, Condreay L, Lawrence S, Sherman KE. Chronic active hepatitis B exacerbations in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients following development of resistance to or withdrawal of lamivudine. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28:1032-35. 11. Biggar RJ, Goedert JJ, Hoofnagle J. Accelerated loss of anti-body to hepatitis B surface antigen among immunodeficient homosexual men infected with HIV. N Engl J Med 1987; 31:630-1. 12. Bodsworth N, Donovan B, Nightingale BN. The effect of concurrent human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B: a study of 150 homosexual men. J Infect Dis 1989; 160: 577-82. 13. Bodsworth N, Cooper D, Donovan B. The influence of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection on the development of the hepatitis B virus carrier state. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1138-40. 14. Bonacini M, Louie S, Bzowej N, Wohl AR. Survival in patients with HIV infection and viral hepatitis B or C: a cohort study. AIDS 2004; 18: 2039-45. 15. Bruguera M, Cremades M, Salinas R, et al. Impaired response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in HIV infected persons. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;14:27-30. 16. Buti M, Estaban R, Espanol M, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on cell-mediated immunity in chronic D hepatitis. J Infect Dis 1991;163:1351-3. 17. Buti M, Jardi R, Allende H, et al. Chronic delta hepatitis: is the prognosis worse when associated with hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus infections? J Med Virol 1996; 49:66-9. 18. Cacciola I, Pollicino T, Squadrito G, Cerenzia G, Orlando M, Raimondo G. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C liver disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 341:22-6. 19. Carne CA, eller IVD, Waite J, et al. Impaired responsiveness of homosexual men with HIV antibodies to plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine. Br Med J 1987;294:866-8. 20. Carr A, Cooper DA. Restoration of immunity to chronic hepatitis B infection in HIV-infected patient on protease inhibitor. Lancet 1997; 349: 995-996. 21. Center for Disease Control, Taiwan. Statistics of HIV infection and AIDS in Taiwan. http://www.cdc.gov.tw/en/ShowTopicText.Asp/TopicID=135Test/ (accessed August 31, 2006). 22. Chang MH, Chen PJ, Lai MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 1855-59. 23. Chang TT, Gish RG, de Man R, et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1001-10. 24. Chen BF, Kao JH, Liu CJ, Chen PJ. Genotypic dominance and novel recombination in HBV genotype B and C co-infected intravenous drug users. J Med Virol 2004; 73: 13-22. 25. Chen PJ, Chen DS, Chen CR, Chen YY, Chen HM, Lai MY, et al. Delta infection in asymptomatic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen: low prevalence of delta activity and effective suppression of hepatitis B virus replication. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1121-4. 26. Chen DS, Lai MY, Sung JL. Delta agent infection in patients with chronic liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma- an infrequent finding in Taiwan. Hepatology 1984; 4:502-3. 27. Chen DS, Hsu NH, Sung JL, et al. A mass vaccination program in Taiwan against hepatitis B virus infection in infants of hepatitis B surface antigen-carrier mothers. JAMA 1987; 257:2597-603. 28. Chen DS. From hepatitis to hepatoma : lessons from type B viral hepatitis. Science 1993;262:369-70. 29. Chisari FV. Rous-Whipple Award Lecture. Viruses, immunity, and Cancer: lessons from hepatitis B. Am J Pathol 2000; 156:1117-32. 30. Chu BM. Natural history of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in adults with emphasis on the occurrence of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2000; 15(suppl):E25-30. 31. Chun RF, Semmes OJ, Neuveut C, Jeang KT. Modulation of Sp1 phosphorylation by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat. J Virol 1998; 72: 2615-29. 32. Chung RT, Kim AY, Polsky B. HIV/hepatitis B and C coinfection- pathogenic interaction, natural history and therapy. Antivir Chemistr Chemother 2001; 12:73-91. 33. Cole SM, Gowans EJ, Macnaughton TB, Hall PD, Burrell CJ. Direct evidence for cytotoxicity associated with expression of hepatitis delta virus antigen. Hepatology 1991;13: 845-51. 34. Collier A, Corey L, Murphy V, Handsfield HH. Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and suboptimal response to hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med 1988;109:101-5. 35. Colin JF, Cazals-Hatem D, Loriot MA, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on chronic hepatitis B in homosexual men. Hepatology 1999; 29:1306-10. 36. den Brinker M, Wit FW, Wertheim-van Dillen PM, et al. Hepatitis B and C virus co-infection and the risk for hepatotoxicity of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2000; 14: 2895-902. 37. De Luca A, Bugarini R, Lepri AC, et al. The Italian Cohort Naive Antiretrovirals Study Group. Co-infection with hepatitis viruses and outcome of initial antiretroviral regimens in previously naive HIV-infected subjects. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162:2125-32. 38. De Maria N, Colantoni A, Friedlander L, et al. The impact of previous HBV infection on the course of chronic hepatitis C. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 12:3529-36. 39. Di Martino V, Thevenot T, Colin JF, et al. Influence of HIV infection on the response to interferon therapy and the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1812-22. 40. Dore G, Cooper D, Barrett C, Goh L, Thakrar B, Atkins M. Dual efficacy of lamivudine treatment in human immunodeficiency virus/hepatitis B virus coinfected persons in a randomized, controlled study (CAESAR). The CAESAR Coordinating Committee. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:607–13. 41. Dore G, Cooper D, Pozniak A, et al. Efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in antiretroviral therapy–naive and -experienced patients coinfected with HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus. J Infect Dis 2004; 189:1185–92. 42. Drake JH, Parmley RT, Britton HA. Loss of hepatitis B antibody in human immunodeficiency virus-positive hemophilia patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1987; 6:1051-4. 43. Eskild A, Magnus P, Petersen G, et al. Hepatitis B antibodies in HIV-infected homosexual men are associated with more rapid progression to AIDS. AIDS 1992; 6: 571-4. 44. Eyster ME, Sanders JC, Battegay M, Di Bisceglie AM. Suppression of hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication by hepatitis D virus (HDV) in HIV-infected hemophiliacs with chronic hepatitis B and C. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40:1583-8. 45. Fainboim H, Gonzalez J, Fassio E, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis viruses in an anti-human immunodeficiency virus-positive population from Argentina. J Viral Hepatol 1999; 6:53-7. 46. Fang CT, Chen PJ, Chen MY, Hung CC, Chang SC, Chang AL, Chen DS. Dynamics of plasma hepatitis B virus levels after highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients with HIV infection. J Hepatol 2003;39:1028-35. 47. Farci P, Mandas A, Coiana A, et al, Treatment of chronic hepatits D with interferon alfa. N Engl J Med 1994: 330: 88-94. 48. Farci P. Delta hepatitis: an update. J Hepatol 2003:39: 5212-9. 49. Fattovich G, Giustina G, ChrisenSen E, Pantalena M, Zagni I, Realdi G, et al. Influence of hepatitis delta virus infection on morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type B. The European Concerted Action on Viral Hepatitis. Gut 2000:46:420-6. 50. Fonseca MO, Pang LW, de Paula Cavalheiro N, Barone AA, Heloisa Lopes M. Randomized trial of recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-infected adult patients comparing a standard dose to a double dose.Vaccine. 2005;23:2902-8. 51. Gandhi RT, Wurcel A, Lee H, et al. Isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in human immunodeficiency virus type-1-infected individuals. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36: 1602-5. 52. Gandhi RT, Wurcel A, Lee H, et al. Response to hepatitis B vaccine in HIV-1-positive subjects who test positive for isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen: implications for hepatitis B vaccine strategies. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1435-41. 53. Gatanaga H, Yasuoka A, Kikuchi Y, Tachikawa N, Oka S. Influence of prior HIV-1 infection on the development of chronic hepatitis B infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000; 19:237-9. 54. Gilson RJ, Hawkins AE, Beecham MR, et al. Interactions between HIV and hepatitis B virus in homosexual men: effects on the natural history of infection. AIDS 1997; 11: 597-606. 55. Goldin RD, Fish DE, Hay A, et al. Histological and immunohistochemical study of hepatitis B virus in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Pathol 1990; 43: 203-5. 56. Gomez-Gonzalo M, Carrerero M, Rullas J, Lara-Pezzi E, Aramburu J, Berkhout B, Alcami J, Lopez-Cabrera L. The hepatitis B virus X protein induces HIV-1 replication and transcription in synergy with T-cell activation signals. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 35435-43. 57. Gonzalez M, Regine V, Piccinini V, Vulcano F, Giampaolo A, Hassan HJ. Residual risk of transfusion-transmitted human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis B virus infections in Italy.Transfusion. 2005; 45: 670-5. 58. Grob P, Jilg W, Bornhak H, et al. Serological pattern "anti-HBc alone": report on a workshop. J Med Virol 2000; 62: 450-5. 59. Hadler SC, Murphy BL, Schable CA, et al. Epidemiological analysis of the significance of low-positive test results for antibody to hepatitis B surface and core antigens. J Clin Microbiol 1984; 19: 521-5. 60. Hadler SC, Judson FN, O'Malley PM, et al. Outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in homosexual men and its relation to prior human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1991; 163: 454-9. 61. Hofer M, Joller-Jemelka HI, Grob PJ, et al. Frequent chronic hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients positive for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen only. Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17: 6-13. 62. Hoff J, Bani-Sadr F, Gassin M, Raffi F. Evaluation of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in coinfected patiens receiving lamivudine as a component of anti–human immunodeficiency virus regimens. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:963–9. 63. Homann C, Krogsgaard K, Pedersen C, et al. High incidence of hepatitis B infection and evolution of chronic hepatitis B infection in patients with advanced HIV infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1991; 4:416-20. 64. Horvath J, Raffanti SP. Clinical aspects of the interactions between human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 339-47. 65. Housset C, Pol S, Carnot F, et al. Interactions between human immunodeficiency virus-1, hepatitis delta virus and hepatitis B virus infections in 260 chronic carriers of hepatitis B virus. Hepatology 1992; 15:578-83. 66. Hung CC, Chang HJ, Chen MY, Yeh KC, Hsieh SM, Chuang CY. The current state of human immunodeficiency virus infection and antiretroviral care in Taiwan. AIDS 2000; 14:1669-71. 67. Hung CC, Hsiao CF. Isolated antibody to hepatitis B core antigen in individuals infected with HIV-1. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 1275-6; author reply 1277. 68. Hussain M, Lok ASF. Mutations in the hepatitis B virus polymerase gene associated with antiviral treatment for hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 1999; 6:183-94. 69. Israel N, Hazon V, Alcami J, et al. Tumor necrosis factor stimulates transcription of HIV-1 in human T-lymphocytes independently and synergistically with nitrogens. J Immunol 1989; 143: 3956-60. 70. Jain MK, Comanor L, White C, Kipnis P, Elkin C, Leung K, Ocampo A, Attar N, Keiser P, Lee WM. Treatment of hepatitis B with lamivudine and tenofovir in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients: factors associated with response. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14: 176-82. 71. Jardi R, Rodriguez F, Buti M, et al. Role of hepatitis B, C, D viruses in dual and triple infection- influence of viral genotypes and hepatitis B precore and basal core promotor mutations on viral replicative interfernce. Hepatology 2001; 34:404-10. 72. Jilg W, Sieger E, Zachoval R, Schatzle H. Individuals with antibodies against hepatitis B core antigen as the only serological marker for hepatitis B infection-high percentage of carriers of hepatitis B and C virus. J Hepatol 1995; 23:14-20. 73. Joller-Jemelka HI, Wicki AN, Grob PJ. Detection of HBs antigen in "anti-HBc alone" positive sera. J Hepatol 1994; 21: 269-72. 74. Kakumu S, Yata K, Kashio T. Immunoregulatory T-cell function in acute and chronic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1980; 79: 613-619. 75. Kane M. Global programmeme for Control of hepatitis B infection. Vaccine 1995; 13(suppl 1):47-9. 76. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS, Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatits B. Gastroenterol 2000; 118: 554-9. 77. Kao JH, Wu NH, Chen PJ, et al. Hepatitis B genotypes and the response to interferon therapy. J Hepatol 2000; 33: 998-1002. 78. Kao JH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis D virus genotypes in intravenous drug users in Taiwan- decreasing prevalence and lack of correlation with hepatitis B virus genotypes. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40:3047-9. 79. Kellerman SE, Hanson DL, McNaghten AD, Fleming PL. Prevalence of chronic hepatitis B and incidence of acute hepatitis B infection in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects.J Infect Dis. 2003; 188:571-7. 80. Kiat R, Tim B, Praphan P. HIV/AIDS in Asia. Lancet 2007; 364:69-82. 81. Kisker CT, Mahoney EM, Arkin S, et al. Changes in hepatitis B serologic titers in HIV+ and HIV- children with haemophilia. Haemophilia 1999; 5: 354-9. 82. Konopnicki D, Mocroft A, de Wit S, et al. Hepatitis B and HIV: prevalence, AIDS progression, response to highly active antiretroviral therapy and increased mortality in the EuroSIDA cohort. AIDS 2005; 19: 593-601. 83. Kreek MJ, Des Jarlais D, Trepo C, et al. Contracting prevalence of delta hepatitis markers in parenteral drug abusers with and without AIDS. J Infect Dis 1990; 162: 538-41. 84. Krogsgaard K, Kryger P, Aldeshrile J, et al. Delta-infection and suppression of hepatitis B virus replication in chronic HBsAg carriers. Hepatology 1987; 7: 42-5. 85. Lai CL, Shouval D, Lok AS, et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1011-20. 86. Lampertico P, Vigano M, Manenti E, Iavarone M, Lunghi G, Colombo M. Adefovir rapidly suppresses hepatitis B in HBeAg-negative patients developing genotypic resistance to lamivudine. Hepatology 2005; 42:1414-9. 87. Lascar RM, Lopes AR, Gilson RJ, et al. Effect of HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy on hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cell responses in patients who have resolved HBV infection. J Infect Dis 2005; 191: 1169-79. 88. Laukamm-Josten U, Mu‥ller O, Bienzle U, et al. Decline of naturally acquired antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen in HIV-1 infected homosexual men. AIDS 1988; 2:400-1. 89. Lee W M. Hepatitis B Virus Infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1733-45. 90. Leung NW, Lai CL, Chang TT, et al. Extended lamivudine treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B enhances hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion rates: results after 3 years of therapy. Hepatology 2001; 33:1527-32. 91. Levy V, Grant RM. Antiretroviral therapy for hepatitis B virus and HIV co-infected patients- promises and pitfalls. Clin Infect Dis 2006;43:904-10. 92. Liaw YF, Tsai SL, Sheen IS, et al Clinical and virological course of chronic hepatitis B virus infection with hepatitis C and D virus markers. Am J Gastroenterol 1998; 93:354-9. 93. Liaw YF, Chiu KW, Chu CM, Sheen IS, Huang MJ. Heterosexual transmission of hepatitis delta virus in the general population of an area endemic for hepatitis B virus infection-a prospective study. J Infect Dis 1990; 162:1170-2. 94. Liu CJ, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Kao JH, Chang CF, Wu, HL, Shau WY, Chen DS. A prospective study characterizing full-length hepatitis B virus genomes during acute exacerbations. Gastroenterology 2003;124:80-90. 95. Louie JK, Hsu LB, Osmond DH, Katz MH, SchwarBz SK. Trends in causes of death among persons with acquired immunodeficienBy syndrome in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, San Francisco, 1994-1998. J Infect Dis 2003, 186:1023-27. 96. Lu CY, Chiang BL, Chi WK, Chang MH, Ni YH, Hsu HM, Twu SJ, Su IJ, Huang LM, Lee CY. Waning immunity to plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine and the need for boosters 15 years after neonatal vaccination. Hepatology 2004;40:1415-20. 97. Lu SN, Chen TM, Lee CM, Wang JH, Tung HD, Wu JC. Molecular epidemiological and clinical aspects of hepatitis D virus in a unique triple hepatitis viruses (B, C, D) endemic community in Taiwan. J Med Virol 2003; 70:74-80. 98. Manegold C, Hannoun C, Wywiol A, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication accompanied by acute hepatitis in patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 32:144-8. 99. Mannucci PM, Zanetti AR, Gringeri A. Long-term immunogenecity of a plasma derived hepatitis B vaccine in HIV seropositive and HIV seronegative hemophiliacs. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:1333-7. 100. Margolis HS, Coleman PJ, Brown RE, Mast EE, Sheingold SH, Arevalo JA. Prevention of hepatitis B virus transmission by immunization : an economic analysis of current recommendations. JAMA 1995; 264: 1201-8. 101. Margolis HS. Hepatitis B virus infection. Bull World Health Organ 1998; 76:152-3. 102. McNair AN, Main J, Thomas HC. Interactions of the human immunodeficiency virus and the hepatotropic viruses. Semin Liver Dis 1992; 12:188-96. 103. Mills CT, Lee E, Perrillo R. Relationship between histology, aminotransferase levels, and viral replication in chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 1990; 99: 519-24. 104. Modahl LE, Lai MM. The large delta antigen of hepatitis delta virus potently inhibit genomic but not antigenomic RNA synthesis- a mechanism enabling initiation of viral replication. J Virol 2000; 74:7375-80. 105. Monno L, Angarano G, Santantonio T, et al. Lack of HBV and HDV replicative activity in HBsAg-positive intravenous drug addicts with immune deficiency due to HIV. J Med Virol 1991; 34:199-205. 106. Nagai K, Hosaka H, Kubo S, Nakamura N, Shinohara M, Nonaka S. Highly active antiretroviral therapy used to treat concurrent hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infections. J Gastroenterol 1999; 34:275-81. 107. Naumov NV, Mondelli M, Alexander GJ, et al. Relationship between expression of hepatitis B virus antigens in isolated hepatocytes and autologous lymphocyte cytotoxicity in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 1984; 4: 63-8. 108. Neau D, Winnock M, Jouvencel AC, et al. Occult hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients with isolated antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen: Aquitaine cohort, 2002-2003. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 40: 750-3. 109. Nelson M, Portsmouth S, Stebbing J, et al. An open-label study for tenofovir in HIV-1 and hepatitis B virus co-infected individuals. AIDS 2003;17:F7-F10. 110. Nelson M, Bhagani S, Fisher M, et al. A 48-week study of tenofovir or lamivudine or a combination of tenofovir and lamivudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B in HIV/HBV co-infected individuals [abstract 831]. In: Program and abstracts of the 13th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (Denver). Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 2006. 111. Ni YH, Chang MH, Huang LM, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection in children and adolescents in a hyperendemic area: 15 years after mass hepatitis B vaccination. Ann Intern Med 2001;135:796-800. 112. Nisini R, Paroli M, Accapezzato D, Bonino F, Rosina F, Santantonio T, et al. Human CD4+T cell response to hepatitis delta virus. J Virol 1997;71;2241-51. 113. Novick D, Farci P, Croxson T, et al. Hepatitis D virus and human immunodeficiecny virus antibodies in parenteral drug abusers who are hepatitis surface antigen positive. J Infect Dis 1988 ;158 :795-803. 114. Nunez M, Rios P, Perez-Olmeda M, et al. Lack of 'occult' hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 2002; 16: 2099-101. 115. Nunez M, Puoti M, Camino N. Soriano V. Treatment of chronic hepatitis B in the human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient: present and future. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37:1678-85. 116. Nunez M, Ramos B, Diaz-Pollan B, et al. Virological outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in HIV-coinfected patients receiving anti-HBV active antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2006; 22:842-8. 117. Odaka N, Eldred L, Cohn S, et al. Comparative immunogenicity of plasma and recombinant hepatitis B virus vaccines in homosexual men. JAMA 1988; 260:3635-7. 118. Palella FJ Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, et al. Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:853-60. 119. Perrillo R, Regenstein FG, Roodman S. Chronic hepatitis B in asymptomatic homosexual men with antibody to the human immunodeficiency virus. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:382-3. 120. Peters M, Anderson J, Lynch P, et al. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate is not inferior to adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B virus in subjects who are co-infected with HIV: results of ACTG A5127 [abstract 124]. In: Program and abstracts of the 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (Boston). Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 2005. 121. Pessoa W, Gazzard B, Huang A, et al. Entecavir efficacy in HIV/HBV co-infected patients: safety and efficacy in a phase II study (ETV-038) [oral abstract 123]. In: Program and abstracts of the 12th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (Boston). Alexandria, VA: Foundation for Retrovirology and Human Health, 2005. 122. Piroth L, Binquet C, Vergne M, et al. The evolution of hepatitis B virus serological patterns and the clinical relevance of isolated antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen in HIV infected patients. J Hepatol 2002; 36: 681-6. 123. Pol S, Wesenfelder L, Dubois F, et al. Influence of human immunodeficiency virus infection on hepatitis delta virus superinfection in chronic HBsAg carriers. J Viral Hepatol 1994; 1:131-7. 124. Puoti M, Spinetti A, Ghezzi A, et al. Mortality for liver disease in patients with HIV infection: a cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2000; 24: 211-7. 125. Ramos B, Nunez M, Martin-Carbonero L, Sheldon J, Rios P, Labarga P, Romero M, Barreiro P, Garcia-Samaniego J, Soriano V. Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Lamivudine Resistance Mutations in HIV/Hepatitis B Virus-Coinfected Patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007 Apr. (in press) 126. Rehermann B, Lau D, Hoofnagle JH, et al. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte responsiveness after resolution of chronic hepatitis B virus infection. J Clin Invest 1996; 97: 1655-65. 127. Rey D, Krantz V, Partisani M, et al. Increasing the number of hepatitis B vaccine injections augments anti-HBs response rate in HIV-infected patients. Effects on HIV-1 viral load. Vaccine 2000;18:1161-5. 128. Rizzetto M, Canese MG, Gerin JL, London WT, Sly DL. Purcell RH. Transmission of the hepatitis B virus-associated delta antigen to chimpanzees. J Infect Dis 1980; 141:590-602. 129. Rizzetto M, Rosina F, Hepatitis D virus: treatment In: Zuckerman AJ. Thomas HC, editors, Viral hepatitis Edinburgh: Churchill Living stone; 1997:387-93. 130. Rodriguez-Mendez M, Gonzalez-Quintela A, Aguilera A, Barrio E. Prevalence, patterns, and course of past hepatitis B virus infection in intravenous drug users with HIV-1 infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95:1316-22. 131. Santos EA, Yoshida CF, Rolla VC, et al. Frequent occult hepatitis B virus infection in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2003; 22: 92-8. 132. Saracco G, Rosina F, Brunetto MR, Amoroso P, Caredda F, Farci P, et al. Rapidly progressive HBsAg-positive hepatitis in Italy. The role of hepatitis delta virus infection. J Hepatol 1987;5:274-81. 133. Saracco G, Macagno S, Rosina F, Rizetto M. Serologic markers with fulminant hepatitis in persons positive for hepatitis B surface antigen. Ann Intern Med 1988; 108:380-3. 134. Sakugawa H, Nakasone H, Nakayoshi T, Kawakami Y, Yamashiro T, Maeshiro T, et al. Hepatitis B virus concentrations in serum determined by sensitive quantitative assays in patients with established chronic hepatitis delta virus infection. J Med Virol 2001; 65:478-84. 135. Scharschmidt BF, Held MJ, Hollander HH, et al. Hepatitis B in patients with HIV infection: relationship to AIDS and patient survival. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 837-38. 136. Sheng WH, Chen MY, Hsiao CF, Hsieh SM, Hung CC, Chang SC: Impact of Chronic hepatitis B infection on outcomes of HIV-1-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in an area hyperendemic for hepatitis B Infection. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38:1471-7. 137. Shire NJ, Rouster SD, Rajicic N, et al. Occult hepatitis B in HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36: 869-75. 138. Shukla NB, Poles MA. Hepatitis B virus infection: co-infection with hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, and human immunodeficiency virus. Clin in Liver Dis 2004; 8:445-60. 139. Sinicco A, Raiteri R, Sciandra M, et al. Coinfection and superinfection of hepatitis B virus in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: no evidence of faster progression to AIDS. Scand J Infect Dis 1997; 29: 111-115. 140. Smedile A, Ciancio A, Rizzetto M. Hepatits D virus. In: Richman DD, Whitley KJ, Hayden FG, editors. Clinical Virology. Washington DC. ASM Press; 2002:1227-40 141. Soriano V, Garcia-Samaniego J, Bravo R, Gutierrez M, Gonzalez-Lahoz J. High morbidity and mortality with chronic viral liver disease in HIV-infected individuals in Spain. J Infect 1994; 28:100-1. 142. Soriano V, Puoti M, Bonacini M, et al. Care of patients with chronic hepatitis B and HIV co-infection: recommendations from an HIV-HBV international panel. AIDS 2005; 19:221–40. 143. Stroffolini T, Ferrigno L, Cialdea L, Catapano R, Palumbo F, Novaco F. Incidence and risk factors of acute Delta hepatitis in Italy: results from a national surveillance system. SEIEVA Collaborating Group. J Hepatol 1994; 21:1123-6. 144. Su CW, Huang YH, Huo TI, Shih HH, Sheen IJ, Chen SW, Lee PC, Lee SD, Wu JC Genotypes and viremia of hepatitis B and D viruses are associated with outcomes of chronic hepatitis D patients. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 1625-35. 145. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Chaisson RE, et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral therapy in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus and the role of hepatitis C or B virus infection. JAMA 2000; 283: 74-80. 146. Sulkowski MS, Thomas DL, Mehta SH, Chaisson RE, Moore RD. Hepatotoxicity associated with nevirapine or efavirenz-containing antiretroviral therapy: role of hepatitis C and B infections. Hepatology 2002; 35:182-9. 147. Sulkowski MS, Mehta SH, Chaisson RE, et al. Hepatotoxicity associated with protease inhibitor-based antiretroviral regimens with or without concurrent ritonavir. AIDS 2004; 18: 2277-84. 148. Tayal SC, Sanker KN. Impaired response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in asymptomatic HIV infected individuals. AIDS 1994; 8:558-9. 149. Thio CL, Seaberg EC, Skolasky R, Jr., et al. HIV-1, hepatitis B virus, and risk of liver-related mortality in the Multicenter Cohort Study (MACS). Lancet 2002; 360: 1921-1926. 150. Tisdale M, Kemp SD, Parry NR, Larder BS. Rapid in vitro selection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 resistant to 3’ –thiacytidine inhibitors due to a mutation in the YMDD region of reverse transBriptase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993; 90: 5653-5656. 151. Tsai SL, Chen PJ, Lai MY, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic type B hepatitis are accompanied by increased T cell responses to hepatitis B core and e antigens. Implications for hepatitis B e antigen seroconversion. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 87-96. 152. Twu SJ, Chu K, Robinson W. Hepatitis B virus X gene activates kappa B-like enhancer sequences in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86:5168-72. 153. Twu SJ, Detels R, Nelson K, et al. Relationship of hepatitis B virus infection to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 299-304. 154. Vento S, Di Perri G, Garofano T, et al. Reactivation of hepatitis B in AIDS. Lancet 1989; 2: 108-9. 155. Vlach J, Garcia A, Jacque JM, Rodriguez MS, Michelson S, Virelizier JL. Virology 1995;208:753-61. 156. Wagner AA, Denis F, Weinbreck P, et al. Serological pattern 'anti-hepatitis B core alone' in HIV or hepatitis C virus-infected patients is not fully explained by hepatitis B surface antigen mutants. AIDS 2004; 18: 569-571. 157. Weinbaum CM, Sabin KM, Santibanez SS. Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in correctional populations: a review of epidemiology and prevention. AIDS. 2005; 19:S41-6. 158. WHO. The World health report. www.who.int/whr/2006/annex/en/. accessed on February 28, 2007. 159. Wit FW, Weverling GJ, Weel J, et al. Incidence of and risk factors for severe hepatotoxicity associated with antiretroviral combination therapy. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 23-31. 160. Wolters LMM, Niesters HGM, Hansen BE, et al. Development of hepatitis virus resistance for lamivudine in chronic hepatitis B patients co-infected with the human immunodeficiency virus in a Dutch cohort. J Clin Virol 2002; 24:173-81. 161. Wu Z, Sullivan SG, Wang Y, Rotheram-Borus MJ, Roger D. Evolution of China's response to HIV/AIDS. Lancet 2007;369:679-90. 162. Yeh SH, Tsai CY, Kao JH, et al. Combined real-time PCR quantification and signature single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping of hepatitis B virus in one-tube reaction. J Hepatol 2004; 41:659-66.; zh-TW; http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/55493Test; http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/55493/1/ntu-96-D89421005-1.pdfTest
الإتاحة: http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/handle/246246/55493Test
http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/55493/1/ntu-96-D89421005-1.pdfTest
رقم الانضمام: edsbas.EBAD84D7
قاعدة البيانات: BASE
الوصف
الوصف غير متاح.