المؤلفون: Hansen, Thomas Allen

مصطلحات موضوعية: Propositions, Cochlear Implants, Pupillometry, Speech processing, Cognitive Psychology, Discourse, Human Learning and Memory

الوصف: Adult users of cochlear implants (CIs) must perceive, understand, and recall speech from a sharply degraded acoustic input. These real-world demands of speech processing in CI users can be contrasted with current clinical outcome studies that focus almost entirely on intelligibility of phonemes, words, and short sentences. This thesis consists of two experiments. Experiment 1 tested the recall of discourse passages presented to normal (acoustic) hearing young adults, with noise-band vocoding used to simulate the sound of speech via a CI. Effects on recall accuracy when participants could control the rate of speech by self-pacing the input and when passages had higher, inter-word (cloze) predictability were also tested. Patterns of individuals’ self-pacing and a qualitative analysis of participants’ recall in terms of the proportion of main-level propositions versus minor-level propositions recalled were examined. Additionally, the type of passage—whether it was narrative or expository—was a variable of interest. All of this was done to explore potential effects of speech clarity on processing strategies and how they might interact with passage difficulty. A continuous measure of task-related changes in pupil size were obtained as a measure of processing effort and engagement. Experiment 2 was conducted using the same materials and procedures as Experiment 1, but with actual adult CI users rather than the simulation study in Experiment 1. Results show that CI users’ recall was influenced by the same stimulus features but were less likely to show an advantage for the self-pacing conditions. Results are discussed in terms of effort versus task engagement.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::b873b2d0a261095dfa17890f852f4332Test

المؤلفون: MIN, WANG, KEIYU, NIIKUNI, SHIORI, KATO, MASATOSHI, KOIZUMI, SACHIKO, KIYAMA

المصدر: Tohoku psychologica folia. 81:45-53

مصطلحات موضوعية: pupillometry, comic poetic, individual depressive tendencies, emotional arousal

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=jairo_______::5dc2b106d6476803e65588f9cc29c293Test
http://hdl.handle.net/10097/00137099Test

المؤلفون: Kuwamizu, Ryuta, Yamazaki, Yudai, Aoike, Naoki, Hiraga, Taichi, Hata, Toshiaki, Yassa, Michael A., Soya, Hideaki

المصدر: NeuroImage. 277

مصطلحات موضوعية: Pupillometry, Physical activity, fNIRS, Arousal, Prefrontal cortex

الوصف: Physical exercise, even stress-free very-light-intensity exercise such as yoga and very slow running, can have beneficial effects on executive function, possibly by potentiating prefrontal cortical activity. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this potentiation have not been identified. Evidence from studies using pupillometry demonstrates that pupil changes track the real-time dynamics of activity linked to arousal and attention, including neural circuits from the locus coeruleus to the cortex. This makes it possible to examine whether pupil-linked brain dynamics induced during very-light-intensity exercise mediate benefits to prefrontal executive function in healthy young adults. In this experiment, pupil diameter was measured during 10 min of very-light-intensity exercise (30% V̇o2peak). A Stroop task was used to assess executive function before and after exercise. Prefrontal cortical activation during the task was assessed using multichannel functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We observed that very-light-intensity exercise significantly elicited pupil dilation, reduction of Stroop interference, and task-related left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation compared with the resting-control condition. The magnitude of change in pupil dilation predicted the magnitude of improvement in Stroop performance. In addition, causal mediation analysis showed that pupil dilation during very-light-intensity exercise robustly determined subsequent enhancement of Stroop performance. This finding supports our hypothesis that the pupil-linked mechanisms, which may be tied to locus coeruleus activation, are a potential mechanism by which very light exercise enhances prefrontal cortex activation and executive function. It also suggests that pupillometry may be a useful tool to interpret the beneficial impact of exercise on boosting cognition.
軽運動の前頭前野機能向上効果は瞳に映る. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-07-12.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=jairo_______::f7549827262569cb0f31b055bda48fd3Test
http://hdl.handle.net/2433/284138Test

المؤلفون: Hannah Cholemkery, Christine M. Freitag, Sara Boxhoorn, Hans Supèr, Bartosz Helfer, Leonie Polzer, Nico Bast, Christoph Klein

المصدر: Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 8:11-20

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Cognitive Neuroscience, 05 social sciences, Audiology, medicine.disease, behavioral disciplines and activities, 050105 experimental psychology, Arousal, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Autism spectrum disorder, Endophenotype, medicine, Pupillary response, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Autism, Tonic (music), 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Neurology (clinical), business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Biological Psychiatry, Pupillometry

الوصف: Background Atypical arousal regulation may explain slower mean reaction time (MRT) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder compared with typical development. The locus coeruleus–norepinephrine system (LC-NE) underlies arousal regulation and adapts its activity to the utility of a task. LC-NE tonic and phasic activity are indexed by baseline pupil size (BPS) and stimulus-evoked pupillary response (SEPR). Methods The study assessed pupillometry in ASD (n = 31, 3 female/28 male), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (n = 28, 3 female/25 male), and typically developing control subjects (n = 31, 16 female/15 male) during a visuospatial reaction-time task that manipulates arousal by conditions with low and high task utility. We estimated linear mixed models of BPS, SEPR, and MRT in a per-trial analysis to investigate arousal regulation of task performance. Results Slower MRT occurred in the ASD group compared with the typically developing control group during low-utility conditions while controlling for dimensional ASD and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. In low-utility conditions, BPS and SEPR were inversely related and both were associated with faster MRT. Increased ASD symptoms across groups were associated with higher BPS during low-utility conditions. Changes in BPS and SEPR between task-utility conditions were smaller in the ASD group. Conclusions Slower visuospatial task performance in ASD is specific to low task utility. Arousal was associated with task performance and showed altered activity in ASD. Increased BPS during low-utility conditions suggested increased LC-NE tonic activity as an ASD symptom marker in children. Smaller changes in BPS and SEPR in ASD indicated attenuated LC-NE activity adaptation in response to high-utility conditions. Slower performance and atypical arousal regulation are probably associated with attenuated LC-NE activity adaptation.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::7bdd11403bc639fa760c9b7c5fd9e3ecTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2021.04.010Test

المؤلفون: Sonntag, Max Anton

المساهمون: Wilhelm, Barbara (Prof. Dr.)

مصطلحات موضوعية: rods, cones, Summationseffekte, Pupille , Pupillographie , Pupillometrie , Zentrum , Peripherie, periphery, pupillometry, Zapfen, summation mechanisms, Pupil campimetry, Pupillenkampimetrie, Stäbchen, centre

الوصف: Pupillographische Verfahren wie die Chromatische Pupillenkampimetrie (CPC) werden im klinischen und Forschungs-Alltag zunehmend zur Evaluierung der Netzhautfunktion sowie des Gesichtsfelds erforscht, angewendet und etabliert. Gleichzeitig ist das Wissen über photorezeptorspezifische Summationseffekte auf die Pupillenlichtreaktion gering. Deshalb war es Ziel dieser Arbeit, diese näher zu untersuchen. Wir verfolgten die Fragestellung, welchen Einfluss zentrale und periphere Zapfen und Stäbchen auf die Pupillenlichtreaktion (PLR) haben. Dabei sollten potentielle Inhibitions- und/oder Sättigungseffekte auf die PLR detektiert werden sowie untersucht werden, ob eine lineare oder eine nichtlineare räumliche Summation der Lichtsignale erfolgt. Die Methodik bestand aus einer Modifikation der an der Universitäts-Augenklinik entwickelten Pupillenkampimetrie, bei der über einen OLED-Monitor zapfen- und stäbchenspezifische Lichtreize verschiedener Konfiguration präsentiert werden und mittels einer Infrarotkamera und einer entsprechenden Software kontinuierlich die Pupillengröße aufgezeichnet wird. Zum Einsatz kamen zentral präsentierte, unter Helladaptation zapfen-, beziehungsweise unter Dunkeladaption stäbchenspezifische Kreisstimuli mit Radien von 3°, 5°, 10°, 20° und 40° sowie ebenfalls zentral präsentierte zapfen- und stäbchenspezifische Ringstimuli mit einem konstanten Außenradius von 40° und Innenradien von 20°, 10°, 5° und 3°. Untersucht wurden 30 gesunde Probanden im Alter von 24 ± 5 Jahren (Mittelwert ± Standardabweichung). 29 Probanden wurden in die Ergebnisauswertung miteinbezogen. Ausgewertet wurden die Parameter relative maximale Pupillenkonstriktion (relMCA), Latenz bis zum Konstriktionsbeginn (Latenz) sowie Pupillenausgangsweite vor Stimuluspräsentation (PAW). Für die relMCA ergab sich bei Kreisstimuli für beide Photorezeptoren ein logarithmischer Zusammenhang zwischen relMCA und ansteigender Fläche beziehungsweise CFD (Corneal Flux Density), was die Ergebnisse aus der Literatur bestätigte. Ringstimuli waren in Bezug auf ihre CFD weniger effektiv im Auslösen einer relMCA als Kreisstimuli. Zwischen Ringstimuli ansteigender Fläche/CFD (= abnehmender Innenradius bei gleichbleibendem Außenradius) und relMCA ergab sich formal sowohl im zapfen- als auch im stäbchenspezifischen Protokoll ein exponentieller Zusammenhang, dieser war für Stäbchen jedoch deutlich schwächer ausgeprägt. Eine Verkleinerung des Innenradius (und damit eine Vergrößerung der zentral stimulierten Fläche) bewirkte bei Stäbchen nur einen geringen Anstieg der relMCA. Ein zentraler Stäbchenstimulus allein bewirkte hingegen eine ausgeprägte relMCA. Die relMCA, die durch rechnerische Addition der relMCAs solcher Stimuli erzielt wurde, die übereinandergelegt einen 40°-Kreisstimulus ergeben (z. B. Kreisstimulus mit Radius von 3° und Ringstimulus mit Innenradius von 3°), war für alle Kombinationen deutlich größer als die auf den 40°-Stimulus gemessene relMCA. Dies spricht gegen eine lineare räumliche Summation. Zur Erklärung des beobachteten Verhaltens der relMCAs kommen folgende Mechanismen in Frage: Zum einen für zapfenspezifische Stimuli eine Dominanz des Zentrums mit potentieller Hemmung der Peripherie bei zentraler Stimulation und für stäbchenspezifische Stimuli eine Dominanz der Peripherie mit potentieller Hemmung des Zentrums bei peripherer Stimulation. Zum anderen für beide Photorezeptoren ein Sättigungseffekt oder eine Kombination aus Sättigungseffekt mit Inhibitionseffekten. Außerdem ergab sich für beide Photorezeptoren ein negativ logarithmischer Zusammenhang zwischen Stimulusfläche/CFD und Latenz. Das Verkleinern des Innenradius eines Ringes bewirkte keinen signifikanten weiteren Latenzabfall. Dies spricht am ehesten für einen durch die Stimulusfläche bedingten Sättigungseffekt. Hierbei tritt die Sättigung bei Stäbchen bereits bei einer höheren Latenzzeit ein als bei Zapfen, was wahrscheinlich auf deren längere Signalprozessierungszeit zurückzuführen ist. Die in dieser Arbeit aufgedeckten Inhibitions-/Sättigungseffekte geben Aufschluss über photorezeptorspezifisch getriggerte rezeptive Felder abhängig von der Exzentrizität der stimulierten Netzhautareale. Diese Arbeit macht auch deutlich, dass umschriebene Defekte der Netzhaut beziehungsweise des Gesichtsfelds bei Verwendung von Ganzfeld-Pupillographie der Detektion entgehen. Das heißt, dass vorhandene, relevante Skotome unentdeckt bleiben. Die Verwendung lokaler Stimuli mit Radien von ca. drei bis fünf Grad wie in der CPC wird somit als objektive Methode zur Untersuchung der Netzhautfunktion als nützlich und sinnvoll bestätigt. Weitere Untersuchungen mit den in dieser Arbeit verwendeten Kreis- und Ringstimuli, aber kleineren Stimulusradien und einer anderen Lokalisation, zum Beispiel in den Netzhautquadranten oder entlang konzentrischer Kreise, können künftig weitere Erkenntnisse zu pupillomotorischen Summationseffekten liefern.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=od_______707::58bb96de8b9bb5a7698445b90b6df6eeTest
https://hdl.handle.net/10900/143248Test

المؤلفون: McNeill, Ryan Kenneth

المساهمون: Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Rowson, Steven, Duma, Stefan M., Begonia, Mark T.

مصطلحات موضوعية: pupillometry, concussion, eye tracking, biomechanics, subconcussion

الوصف: Subconcussions in sport is a growing field of interest and concern as deteriorative effects of these impacts have been shown in athletes without a diagnosed concussion. Detecting subconcussions is extremely difficult and there is no standardized method to recognize these injuries. A first step in identifying subconcussion is taking a closer look at concussions. The vestibular system has been shown to be negatively affected after concussive injuries which can be quantified via oculomotor function and pupillometry. Currently, King Devick (KD) style tests and Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR) are two popular tests that can be administered to athletes to gather clinical eye measures relating to oculomotor function and pupillometry. This study aimed to investigate how clinical eye measures change through serial in-season testing of Division 1 (D1) soccer athletes. Head impacts throughout a soccer season were recorded and we hypothesized that a greater number of head impacts would result in negative clinical changes even in the absence of a diagnosed concussion. No major trends were observed in soccer athletes that can be associated with trends seen in concussed populations. Soccer athletes were found to be slightly more likely to test abnormally than non-contact controls and soccer athletes with a greater number of head impacts were found to have slightly more abnormal tests than athletes with fewer head impacts. Overall, this study provides a dataset of pre and post-season measurements and uniquely includes multiple in-season measurements to provide a new perspective on oculomotor function and pupillary light reflex over the course of a sports season. Master of Science Subconcussions in sport is a growing field of interest and concern as deteriorative effects of these impacts have been shown in athletes without a diagnosed concussion. Detecting subconcussions is extremely difficult and there is no standardized method to recognize these injuries. The first step at identifying subconcussions is to more closely look at concussions. Eye movements and pupil response to stimuli can be affected after a concussive injury. Currently, King Devick (KD) style tests and Pupillary Light Reflex (PLR) are two popular tests that can be administered to athletes to gather clinical eye measures relating to eye motion and pupil response to stimuli. This study aimed to investigate how clinical eye measures change through repeated in-season testing of Division 1 (D1) soccer athletes. Head impacts throughout a soccer season were recorded and we hypothesized that a greater number of head impacts would result in negative clinical changes even in the absence of a diagnosed concussion. No major trends were observed in soccer athletes that can be associated with trends seen in concussed populations. Soccer athletes were found to be slightly more likely to test abnormally than non-contact controls and soccer athletes with a greater number of head impacts were found to have slightly more abnormal tests than athletes with fewer head impacts. Overall, this study provides a dataset of pre and post-season measurements and uniquely includes multiple in-season measurements to provide a new perspective on clinical eye measures over the course of a sports season.

وصف الملف: ETD; application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=od______2485::9bedd71da3ec703d2d160ad4b50e0ba5Test
https://hdl.handle.net/10919/115668Test

المؤلفون: Elisabeth Waldemar Jakobsen, Vardan Nersesjan, Simon Sander Albrechtsen, Marwan H. Othman, Moshgan Amiri, Niels Vendelbo Knudsen, Merlin D. Larson, Christian Hassager, Kirsten Møller, Jesper Kjaergaard, Daniel Kondziella

المصدر: Acta neurochirurgica, vol 165, iss 6

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Disorders of consciousness, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Consciousness, Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Miosis, Middle Aged, Cardiac arrest, Prognosis, Anisocoria, Brain Disorders, Automated pupillometry, Traumatic brain injury, Clinical Research, Brain Injuries, Brimonidine Tartrate, Humans, Surgery, Female, Neurology (clinical), Coma, Ophthalmic Solutions, Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision, Aged

الوصف: Background There is an urgent need for easy-to-perform bedside measures to detect residual consciousness in clinically unresponsive patients with acute brain injury. Interestingly, the sympathetic control of pupil size is thought to be lost in states of unconsciousness. We therefore hypothesized that administration of brimonidine (an alpha-2-adrenergic agonist) eye drops into one eye should produce a pharmacologic Horner’s syndrome if the clinically unresponsive patient is conscious, but not if the patient is unconscious. Here, in a first step to explore this hypothesis, we investigated the potential of brimonidine eye drops to distinguish preserved sympathetic pupillary function in awake volunteers from impairment of sympathetic tone in patients in a coma. Methods We enrolled comatose patients admitted for acute brain injury to one of the intensive care units (ICU) of a tertiary referral center, in whom EEG and/or neuroimaging for all practical purposes had ruled out residual consciousness. Exclusion criteria were deep sedation, medications with known drug interactions with brimonidine, and a history of eye disease. Age- and sex-matched healthy and awake volunteers served as controls. We measured pupils of both eyes, under scotopic conditions, at baseline and five times 5–120 min after administering brimonidine into the right eye, using automated pupillometry. Primary outcomes were miosis and anisocoria at the individual and group levels. Results We included 15 comatose ICU patients (seven women, mean age 59 ± 13.8 years) and 15 controls (seven women, mean age 55 ± 16.3 years). At 30 min, miosis and anisocoria were seen in all 15 controls (mean difference between the brimonidine-treated pupil and the control pupil: − 1.31 mm, 95% CI [− 1.51; − 1.11], p p p > 0.99). This effect was unchanged after 120 min and remained robust in sensitivity analyses correcting for baseline pupil size, age, and room illuminance. Conclusion In this proof-of-principle study, brimonidine eye drops produced anisocoria in awake volunteers but not in comatose patients with brain injury. This suggests that automated pupillometry after administration of brimonidine can distinguish between the extremes of the spectrum of consciousness (i.e., fully conscious vs. deeply comatose). A larger study testing the “intermediate zone” of disorders of consciousness in the ICU seems warranted.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::4842c7205ae34f3f1935bf0fecfff046Test
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2139n81fTest

المؤلفون: Vavilala, Abhijit V. Lele, Sarah Wahlster, Sunita Khadka, Andrew M. Walters, Christine T. Fong, Patricia A. Blissitt, Sarah L. Livesay, Gemi E. Jannotta, Bernice G. Gulek, Vasisht Srinivasan, Kathryn Rosenblatt, Michael J. Souter, Monica S.

المصدر: Journal of Clinical Medicine; Volume 12; Issue 11; Pages: 3806

مصطلحات موضوعية: pupillometer, NPi, outcomes, neurocritical care, neurological pupillary index, automated pupillometry

الوصف: We examined the associations between the Neurological Pupillary Index (NPi) and disposition at hospital discharge in patients admitted to the neurocritical care unit with acute brain injury (ABI) due to acute ischemic stroke (AIS), spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH), aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary outcome was discharge disposition (home/acute rehabilitation vs. death/hospice/skilled nursing facility). Secondary outcomes were tracheostomy tube placement and transition to comfort measures. Among 2258 patients who received serial NPi assessments within the first seven days of ICU admission, 47.7% (n = 1078) demonstrated NPi ≥ 3 on initial and final assessments, 30.1% (n = 680) had initial NPI < 3 that never improved, 19% (n = 430) had initial NPi ≥ 3, which subsequently worsened to

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=multidiscipl::c7e5d0007677c4c6097aae5e1e95222dTest

المؤلفون: Soares Jr, Raimundo da Silva, Barreto, Candida, Sato, João R.

المصدر: South African Journal of Childhood Education, Volume: 13, Issue: 1, Pages: 1-8, Published: 2023

مصطلحات موضوعية: eye-tracking, eye movements, educational neuroscience, pupillometry, Developmental and Educational Psychology, mathematics education, Education

الوصف: BACKGROUND: Many students struggle with mathematics difficulties, such as arithmetic problem-solving, intuitive geometry concepts and learning disabilities. Currently, there is an increasingly interesting in applying neuroscientific research paradigms to elucidate mathematical thinking and neural mechanisms that underlie academic achievement. On this matter, eye-tracking technology has been a valuable option for educational research. It provides a non-invasive and real-time measurement of participants' eye movements and pupil sizes during cognitive tasks. Moreover, the eye-tracker device is portable, allowing more ecological educational experimentations. AIM: Our main goals are to provide an overview and different opportunities for educational eye-tracking research to investigate mathematical thinking at schools. SETTING: This study was conducted in Sao Bernardo do Campo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: This is a perspective article that briefly introduces the eye-tracking technique and describes its possible use in educational research. RESULTS: We present the popular measures and the trends of this technology that could enable educational practitioners and scientists to apply the eye-tracking system to benefit teaching and learning mathematics in naturalistic research. CONCLUSION: The eye-tracking provides insights for innovative approaches to promote evidence-based practices and new interventions through self-directed learning and metacognition skills that could be helpful in mathematics education. CONTRIBUTION: This article provides insight into eye-tracking system utility in educational research regarding the mathematics teaching-learning process.

وصف الملف: text/html

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::9cf0e7a51e8d2761fa766c2109938f11Test
https://doi.org/10.4102/sajce.v13i1.1204Test

المؤلفون: Connor Spiech, Anne Danielsen, Bruno Laeng, Tor Endestad

مصطلحات موضوعية: groove, pupillometry, EEG, rhythmic complexity, attention

الوصف: Attention is not constant but rather fluctuates over time and these attentional fluctuations may prioritize the processing of certain events over others. In music listening, the pleasurable urge to move to music (termed ‘groove’ by music psychologists) offers a particularly convenient case study of oscillatory attention because it engenders synchronous and oscillatory movements which also vary predictably with stimulus complexity. In this study, we simultaneously recorded pupillometry and scalp electroencephalography (EEG) from participants while they listened to drumbeats of varying complexity that they rated in terms of groove afterwards. Using the intertrial phase coherence of the beat frequency, we found that while subjects were listening, their pupil activity became entrained to the beat of the drumbeats and this entrained attention persisted in the EEG even as subjects imagined the drumbeats continuing through subsequent silent periods. This entrainment in both the pupillometry and EEG worsened with increasing rhythmic complexity, indicating poorer sensory precision as the beat became more obscured. Additionally, sustained pupil dilations revealed the expected, inverted U-shaped relationship between rhythmic complexity and groove ratings. Taken together, this work bridges oscillatory attention to rhythmic complexity in relation to musical groove.
Submitted

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6d4729e49babb431cceff99cb7aee126Test
https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/298whTest