المؤلفون: Dineshkumar, T.¹ (AUTHOR) kumartdinesh98@gmail.com, Thirumoorthi, P.¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Electric Power Components & Systems. 2024, Vol. 52 Issue 8, p1448-1458. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RENEWABLE energy sources, *ENERGY consumption, *TEST systems, WOLVES

مستخلص: At present, the usage of various energy sources in the electricity grid has formed new challenges like power quality effectiveness, energy utilization, and voltage stabilization. With the recognition of smart grid, the maintenance of power quality (PQ) has been regarded as the challenging one. Primarily, APF are employed in an attempt to recompense the issues associated with power quality, as they can filter out promptly and responds vibrantly. Here, in this work, an IEEE 9 Bus System based on WSCC is introduced along with UPQC combined DPFC system. To accommodate a renewable energy source, one of the generators test system. MGWO approach-based PID device is combined with DC Source as a converter for 3-phase inverter. This arrangement is studied using Simulation in both cases with and without DPFC. In addition, the performance estimation is done in terms of parameters like load voltage and current, shunt voltage and series current, and grid current along with their THD values. Based on the outcome, it is found that the proposed UPQC–DPFC combination helps in effective harmonic elimination and increased power storage at the output side. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Linden, Kenneth

المصدر: History Today. May2023, Vol. 73 Issue 5, p84-87. 4p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *MONGOLS, *WOLVES, *HUNTERS, *WOLVES in literature, MONGOLIAN history

مستخلص: The article discusses the long-standing relationship between Mongolians and wolves. It mentions that while wolves have been romanticized in Mongolian culture, they have also been considered a threat to humans. It also mentions that in socialist times, the Mongolian government incentivized hunters to kill wolves by offering bounties for every pelt surrendered, with higher rewards for pregnant females and pups, as part of their extermination campaigns.

المؤلفون: Bredemeyer, Kevin R^1,2 (AUTHOR), vonHoldt, Bridgett M³ (AUTHOR), Foley, Nicole M¹ (AUTHOR), Childers, Isabella R^1,2 (AUTHOR), Brzeski, Kristin E⁴ (AUTHOR), Murphy, William J^1,2 (AUTHOR) wmurphy@tamu.edu

المصدر: Journal of Heredity. Jul2024, Vol. 115 Issue 4, p480-486. 7p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CANIS, *WOLVES, *DOGS, *DOG breeds, *POPULATION genetics, *MULTIPURPOSE buildings, *CANIDAE

مستخلص: Previous studies of canid population and evolutionary genetics have relied on high-quality domestic dog reference genomes that have been produced primarily for biomedical and trait mapping studies in dog breeds. However, the absence of highly contiguous genomes from other Canis species like the gray wolf and coyote, that represent additional distinct demographic histories, may bias inferences regarding interspecific genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships. Here, we present single haplotype de novo genome assemblies for the gray wolf and coyote, generated by applying the trio-binning approach to long sequence reads generated from the genome of a female first-generation hybrid produced from a gray wolf and coyote mating. The assemblies were highly contiguous, with contig N50 sizes of 44.6 and 42.0 Mb for the wolf and coyote, respectively. Genome scaffolding and alignments between the two Canis assemblies and published dog reference genomes showed near complete collinearity, with one exception: a coyote-specific chromosome fission of chromosome 13 and fusion of the proximal portion of that chromosome with chromosome 8, retaining the Canis -typical haploid chromosome number of 2n = 78. We evaluated mapping quality for previous RADseq data from 334 canids and found nearly identical mapping quality and patterns among canid species and regional populations regardless of the genome used for alignment (dog, coyote, or gray wolf). These novel wolf and coyote genome reference assemblies will be important resources for proper and accurate inference of Canis demography, taxonomic evaluation, and conservation genetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Hennelly, Lauren M¹ (AUTHOR) laurenmaehennelly@gmail.com, Sarwar, Ghulam² (AUTHOR), Fatima, Hira³ (AUTHOR), Werhahn, Geraldine^4,5 (AUTHOR), Abbas, Fakhar I⁶ (AUTHOR), Khan, Abdul M² (AUTHOR), Mahmood, Tariq⁷ (AUTHOR), Kachel, Shannon⁸ (AUTHOR), Kubanychbekov, Zairbek⁹ (AUTHOR), Waseem, Muhammad T¹⁰ (AUTHOR), Naqvi, Rubab Zahra¹¹ (AUTHOR), Hamid, Abdul⁷ (AUTHOR), Abbas, Yasir¹² (AUTHOR), Aisha, Hamera¹³ (AUTHOR), Waseem, Muhammad¹³ (AUTHOR), Farooq, Muhammad⁷ (AUTHOR), Sacks, Benjamin N^1,14 (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Heredity. Jul2024, Vol. 115 Issue 4, p339-348. 10p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WOLVES, *GENOMICS, *NUCLEOTIDE sequencing, *TIBETANS

مصطلحات جغرافية: PAKISTAN

مستخلص: Among the three main divergent lineages of gray wolf (Canis lupus), the Holarctic lineage is the most widespread and best studied, particularly in North America and Europe. Less is known about Tibetan (also called Himalayan) and Indian wolf lineages in southern Asia, especially in areas surrounding Pakistan where all three lineages are thought to meet. Given the endangered status of the Indian wolf in neighboring India and unclear southwestern boundary of the Tibetan wolf range, we conducted mitochondrial and genome-wide sequencing of wolves from Pakistan and Kyrgyzstan. Sequences of the mitochondrial D-loop region of 81 wolves from Pakistan indicated contact zones between Holarctic and Indian lineages across the northern and western mountains of Pakistan. Reduced-representation genome sequencing of eight wolves indicated an east-to-west cline of Indian to Holarctic ancestry, consistent with a contact zone between these two lineages in Pakistan. The western boundary of the Tibetan lineage corresponded to the Ladakh region of India's Himalayas with a narrow zone of admixture spanning this boundary from the Karakoram Mountains of northern Pakistan into Ladakh, India. Our results highlight the conservation significance of Pakistan's wolf populations, especially the remaining populations in Sindh and Southern Punjab that represent the highly endangered Indian lineage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: vonHoldt, Bridgett M¹ (AUTHOR) vonholdt@princeton.edu, DeCandia, Alexandra L^2,3 (AUTHOR), Cassidy, Kira A⁴ (AUTHOR), Stahler, Erin E⁴ (AUTHOR), Sinsheimer, Janet S^5,6,7 (AUTHOR), Smith, Douglas W⁴ (AUTHOR), Stahler, Daniel R⁴ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Heredity. Jul2024, Vol. 115 Issue 4, p327-338. 12p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WOLVES, *NATIONAL parks & reserves, *GENETIC variation, *NUCLEAR families, *INBREEDING, *REPRODUCTION, *LARVAL dispersal, *LINKAGE disequilibrium

مصطلحات جغرافية: YELLOWSTONE National Park, MONTANA

مستخلص: For species of management concern, accurate estimates of inbreeding and associated consequences on reproduction are crucial for predicting their future viability. However, few studies have partitioned this aspect of genetic viability with respect to reproduction in a group-living social mammal. We investigated the contributions of foundation stock lineages, putative fitness consequences of inbreeding, and genetic diversity of the breeding versus nonreproductive segment of the Yellowstone National Park gray wolf population. Our dataset spans 25 years and seven generations since reintroduction, encompassing 152 nuclear families and 329 litters. We found more than 87% of the pedigree foundation genomes persisted and report influxes of allelic diversity from two translocated wolves from a divergent source in Montana. As expected for group-living species, mean kinship significantly increased over time but with minimal loss of observed heterozygosity. Strikingly, the reproductive portion of the population carried a significantly lower genome-wide inbreeding coefficients, autozygosity, and more rapid decay for linkage disequilibrium relative to the nonbreeding population. Breeding wolves had significantly longer lifespans and lower inbreeding coefficients than nonbreeding wolves. Our model revealed that the number of litters was negatively significantly associated with heterozygosity (R  = −0.11). Our findings highlight genetic contributions to fitness, and the importance of the reproductively active individuals in a population to counteract loss of genetic variation in a wild, free-ranging social carnivore. It is crucial for managers to mitigate factors that significantly reduce effective population size and genetic connectivity, which supports the dispersion of genetic variation that aids in rapid evolutionary responses to environmental challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Salado, Isabel¹ (AUTHOR) isalado@ebd.csic.es, Preick, Michaela² (AUTHOR), Lupiáñez-Corpas, Natividad¹ (AUTHOR), Fernández-Gil, Alberto³ (AUTHOR), Vilà, Carles¹ (AUTHOR), Hofreiter, Michael² (AUTHOR), Leonard, Jennifer A¹ (AUTHOR) jleonard@ebd.csic.es

المصدر: Journal of Heredity. Jul2024, Vol. 115 Issue 4, p349-359. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WOLVES, *INBREEDING, *GENE flow, *TWENTIETH century, *FOSSIL DNA

مصطلحات جغرافية: IBERIAN Peninsula, SPAIN

مستخلص: The gray wolf (Canis lupus) population on the Iberian Peninsula was the largest in western and central Europe during most of the 20th century, with its size apparently never under a few hundred individuals. After partial legal protection in the 1970s in Spain, the northwest Iberian population increased to about 300 to 350 packs and then stabilized. In contrast to many current European wolf populations, which have been connected through gene flow, the Iberian wolf population has been isolated for decades. Here, we measured changes in genomic diversity and inbreeding through the last decades in a geographic context. We find that the level of genomic diversity in Iberian wolves is low compared with other Eurasian wolf populations. Despite population expansion in the last 50 years, some modern wolves had very high inbreeding, especially in the recently recolonized and historical edge areas. These individuals contrast with others with low inbreeding within the same population. The high variance in inbreeding despite population expansion seems associated with small-scale fragmentation of the range that is revealed by the genetic similarity between modern and historical samples from close localities despite being separated by decades, remaining differentiated from other individuals that are just over 100 km away, a small distance for a species with great dispersal capacity inhabiting a continuous range. This illustrates that, despite its demographically stable condition, the population would probably benefit from favoring connectivity within the population as well as genetic exchange with other European wolf populations to avoid excessive fragmentation and local inbreeding depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Ortiz‐Leal, Irene¹ (AUTHOR), Torres, Mateo V.¹ (AUTHOR), Barreiro‐Vázquez, José‐Daniel¹ (AUTHOR), López‐Beceiro, Ana¹ (AUTHOR), Fidalgo, Luis¹ (AUTHOR), Shin, Taekyun² (AUTHOR), Sanchez‐Quinteiro, Pablo¹ (AUTHOR) pablo.sanchez@usc.es

المصدر: Journal of Anatomy. Jul2024, Vol. 245 Issue 1, p109-136. 28p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *VOMERONASAL organ, *WOLVES, *OLFACTORY bulb, *DOGS, *CANIDAE, *CONSERVATION projects (Natural resources)

مستخلص: Wolves, akin to their fellow canids, extensively employ chemical signals for various aspects of communication, including territory maintenance, reproductive synchronisation and social hierarchy signalling. Pheromone‐mediated chemical communication operates unconsciously among individuals, serving as an innate sensory modality that regulates both their physiology and behaviour. Despite its crucial role in the life of the wolf, there is a lacuna in comprehensive research on the neuroanatomical and physiological underpinnings of chemical communication within this species. This study investigates the vomeronasal system (VNS) of the Iberian wolf, simultaneously probing potential alterations brought about by dog domestication. Our findings demonstrate the presence of a fully functional VNS, vital for pheromone‐mediated communication, in the Iberian wolf. While macroscopic similarities between the VNS of the wolf and the domestic dog are discernible, notable microscopic differences emerge. These distinctions include the presence of neuronal clusters associated with the sensory epithelium of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) and a heightened degree of differentiation of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB). Immunohistochemical analyses reveal the expression of the two primary families of vomeronasal receptors (V1R and V2R) within the VNO. However, only the V1R family is expressed in the AOB. These findings not only yield profound insights into the VNS of the wolf but also hint at how domestication might have altered neural configurations that underpin species‐specific behaviours. This understanding holds implications for the development of innovative strategies, such as the application of semiochemicals for wolf population management, aligning with contemporary conservation goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Malekian, Mansoureh¹ (AUTHOR) mmalekian@iut.ac.ir, Rezvani, Azita¹ (AUTHOR), Jazireh, Narges¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Human Dimensions of Wildlife. 2024, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p401-415. 15p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WOLVES, *RED fox, *WASTE management, *HUMAN settlements, *BADGERS, *CARNIVOROUS animals

مصطلحات جغرافية: IRAN

مستخلص: Human‒carnivore conflict (HCC) is a worldwide conservation challenge. A multi-method approach was used to assess the perceived threats posed to human life or property by carnivores and determine the effects of socio-demographic and environmental factors on HCC in south-western Iran. Results showed that red foxes, gray wolves and honey badgers were the main species responsible for the conflict. People with higher education were less likely to kill carnivores or report negative attitudes toward them. Human alterations of natural habitats are responsible for the majority of HCC, with an anthropogenic factor (distance to cropland) as the top predictor. Villages with the highest probability of conflict were located in proximity to national parks. The presence of landfill sites in proximity of human settlements and improper waste disposal methods may increase HCC. Focusing mitigation measures on high-risk areas can potentially reduce conflicts and lead to a decrease in retaliatory killings of predators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Ferretti, Francesco^1,2 (AUTHOR) francesco.ferretti@unisi.it, Lovari, Sandro^1,3 (AUTHOR) sandro.lovari@gmail.com, Lucherini, Mauro⁴ (AUTHOR) lucherinima@yahoo.com, Hayward, Matt W.^5,6 (AUTHOR) matthew.hayward@newcastle.edu.au, Stephens, Philip A.⁷ (AUTHOR) philip.stephens@durham.ac.uk

المصدر: Mammal Review. Jul2024, Vol. 54 Issue 3, p288-298. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WOLVES, *LEOPARD, *PUMAS, *CARNIVOROUS animals, *TOP predators, *PREY availability

مصطلحات جغرافية: ASIA, AFRICA

مستخلص: Despite their importance for understanding consumer‐resource dynamics, the dietary responses of large terrestrial predators to variations in prey richness and competition pressure are unclear. While a greater predator selectivity along with increasing prey abundance would be expected under an optimal foraging scenario, there is some evidence that predators may broaden their diet where there is a greater resource diversity. Furthermore, the use of large prey may be limited by increasing presence of competitors.We considered three widespread large carnivores (the grey wolf Canis lupus, the puma Puma concolor and the leopard Panthera pardus), whose distribution range encompasses different continents, with different communities of prey/competitors. We expected that the potential to modulate their use of large prey according to prey richness would vary according to different levels of potential competition.We collated data from more than 240 studies of the diets of wolf, puma and leopard to model whether the relationships between the diversity of used large prey (i.e. the Large Prey Index) and prey richness was modulated by carnivore richness, in different continents.The wolf showed an increase in the Large Prey Index with prey richness across its distribution range, where it is usually the apex predator in areas from which data are available. Conversely, the leopard showed this pattern in Asia, but not in Africa, where it often coexists with a greater array of potential competitors. For the puma, the Large Prey Index increased with prey richness throughout its distribution range, except in the areas where the larger and dominant jaguar also occurred.By emphasising the complex relationships between prey richness and predator diets, our results testify to the suppressive effects of larger competitors over the use of large prey by subordinate carnivores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Stauffer, Glenn E.¹ (AUTHOR) Glenn.Stauffer1@wisconsin.gov, Olson, Erik R.² (AUTHOR), Belant, Jerrold L.³ (AUTHOR), Stenglein, Jennifer L.¹ (AUTHOR), Price Tack, Jennifer L.¹ (AUTHOR), van Deelen, Timothy R.⁴ (AUTHOR), MacFarland, David M.¹ (AUTHOR), Roberts, Nathan M.⁵ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: PLoS ONE. 6/12/2024, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1-13. 13p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WOLVES, *MATHEMATICAL errors, *BURDEN of proof, *SPRING, *HUNTING, *DEMOGRAPHIC change, *REPRODUCTION

مصطلحات جغرافية: WISCONSIN

مستخلص: Management of wolves is controversial in many jurisdictions where wolves live, which underscores the importance of rigor, transparency, and reproducibility when evaluating outcomes of management actions. Treves and Louchouarn 2022 (hereafter TL) predicted outcomes for various fall 2021 hunting scenarios following Wisconsin's judicially mandated hunting and trapping season in spring 2021, and concluded that even a zero harvest scenario could result in the wolf population declining below the population goal of 350 wolves specified in the 1999 Wisconsin wolf management plan. TL further concluded that with a fall harvest of > 16 wolves there was a "better than average possibility" that the wolf population size would decline below that 350-wolf threshold. We show that these conclusions are incorrect and that they resulted from mathematical errors and selected parameterizations that were consistently biased in the direction that maximized mortality and minimized reproduction (i.e., positively biased adult mortality, negatively biased pup survival, further halving pup survival to November, negatively biased number of breeding packs, and counting harvested wolves twice among the dead). These errors systematically exaggerated declines in predicted population size and resulted in erroneous conclusions that were not based on the best available or unbiased science. Corrected mathematical calculations and more rigorous parameterization resulted in predicted outcomes for the zero harvest scenario that more closely coincided with the empirical population estimates in 2022 following a judicially prevented fall hunt in 2021. Only in scenarios with simulated harvest of 300 or more wolves did probability of crossing the 350-wolf population threshold exceed zero. TL suggested that proponents of some policy positions bear a greater burden of proof than proponents of other positions to show that "their estimates are accurate, precise, and reproducible". In their analysis, TL failed to meet this standard that they demanded of others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]