المؤلفون: Suryani, Lilis¹ (AUTHOR) lilis.suryani@umy.ac.id, Kurniawan, Muhammad¹ (AUTHOR) muhammad.kurniawan@umy.ac.id

المصدر: AIP Conference Proceedings. 2024, Vol. 3155 Issue 1, p1-6. 6p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *TEMPERATURE effect, *BACTERIOCINS, *LACTIC acid bacteria, *GRAM-negative bacteria, *LACTOBACILLUS

مستخلص: Lactic acid bacteria that grow during fermentation produce bacteriocin compounds. Bacteriocins are protein compounds that can inhibit gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of temperature, pH, and incubation time on the bacteriocins produced by Lactobacillus isolates from growol in inhibiting Salmonella typhi bacteria. The research method is a laboratory experiment. Lactic acid bacteria isolated from growol were grown on de Man, Rogosa, and Sharpe (MRS) agar media. The Gram staining technique identified bacteria. Lactic acid bacteria growol isolates were cultured on liquid MRS media for 48 hours, and the bacteriocins were isolated. Test the bacteriocin inhibition zone against Salmonella typhi using the Kirby-Bauer method. The bacteriocins were treated with different variations of temperature and incubation time. The results showed that the lactic acid bacteria isolated from Growol are from the Lactobacillus group. The bacteriocin sensitivity test for Salmonella typhi showed an inhibition zone diameter of 9.5 mm at 40 oC and 10.4 mm at 72 hours of incubation. This study concludes that temperature, pH, and incubation time affect the bacteriocin activity produced by Lactobacillus isolates from growol against Salmonella typhi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Mahmood, Afsheen¹, Rahim, Fawad¹ drfawadrahim@outlook.com, Amin, Said¹, Noor, Mohammad¹

المصدر: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. Jul2024, Vol. 40 Issue 6, p1219-1224. 6p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *SALMONELLA diseases, *ADULTS, *HOSPITAL care, *TYPHOID fever, *TERTIARY care

مصطلحات جغرافية: PESHAWAR (Pakistan)

مستخلص: Objectives: This study aimed to determine the epidemiology, clinical features, and complications of extensively drugresistant Salmonella typhi (XDR S. typhi) infection in adults. Method: This cross-sectional study enrolled adults with culture-proven XDR S. typhi admitted to Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar from 1st March to 10th September 2022. Their demographic characteristics, clinical features, treatment, and complications were recorded. Results: Out of 84 patients, 68 (80.9%) were male. The mean age of enrolled patients was 25.2 ± 11.3 years. The mean duration of fever at the time of admission was 13.6 ± 8.2 days, respectively. The most common symptom was loose stools (n=25, 29.8%). Most of the patients (n=69, 82.1%) had received empirical treatment before hospitalization. The majority of the patients (n=42, 50%) received meropenem and a combination of meropenem and azithromycin (n=35, 41.7%) during the study. The time to defervescence for both regimens was similar. Five patients (6%) developed complications of enteric fever. There was no mortality among the participants. Conclusions: Diarrhea was the most common associated clinical feature in XDR typhoid fever. Most of the patients received meropenem alone or in combination with azithromycin with a comparable time to defervescence. The majority of the patients recovered uneventfully and there was no mortality among the study participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Maqsood, Sidra¹, Taj, Yasmeen² yasmin.bumdc@bahria.edu.pk, Satti, Luqman³, Bakhat, Shaista²

المصدر: Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences. Jul2024, Vol. 40 Issue 6, p1168-1173. 6p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *SILVER nanoparticles, *ANTIBIOTICS, *ANTI-infective agents, *MULTIDRUG resistance

مستخلص: Objectives: To determine the antimicrobial activity of silver nano-particles(AgNPs) with tetracycline and ampicillin against multi-drug resistance (MDR) and extensively-drug resistance (XDR) Salmonella typhi. Methods: Cross sectional non-probability purposive study was conducted from September, 2021 to May, 2022 at Microbiology department PNS Shifa, Hospital Karachi. Blood cultures of patients suspicious of typhoid fever were collected and incubated in automated Bact/Alert system. Positive cultures were identified on blood and MacConkey and processed by API-10S, confirmed by serotyping (O9 antisera) (SSI Diagnostica's Salmonella). Antibiotic resistance was done by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion (Sigma and Rich). MDR and XDR isolates were preserved in Brain Heart Infusion in a volume of 2ml in screw capped bottles at -70°C. Antimicrobial powders (ampicillin and tetracycline (Alfa Aesar) weighed by an electrical weighing balance (OHAUS) to take 1mg of antimicrobial drug. Absorbance spectra of serial concentrations of antibiotics (UV-Vis spectrophotometer (Mole-Qule-) AgNPs (10nm) (nanocomposix) + Antibiotic in (1:1 volume ratio). Conjugation of silver nanoparticles with tetracycline and ampicillin was done by FTIR (thermos scientificThermos ScientificNicolet 50). Results: Out of 77 isolates, 54 were resistant to ceftriaxone (XDR) and 23 sensitive to ceftriaxone (MDR). All isolates were susceptible to azithromycin and meropenem. Comparison of zone of inhibitions of ampicillin and Amp-AgNPsas and tetracycline with Tet-AgNPs was done. Minimal inhibitory concentration was also done to determine antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Significant synergistic inhibitory effects against Salmonella Typhi isolates were obtained by combination of tetracycline with silver nano-particles even at low concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Upadhyay, Aditya¹ (AUTHOR), Pal, Dharm² (AUTHOR) dpsingh.che@nitrr.ac.in, Kumar, Awanish¹ (AUTHOR) drawanishkr@gmail.com

المصدر: Biologia. Jul2024, Vol. 79 Issue 7, p2299-2309. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *SALMONELLA detection, *BIOFILMS, *SALMONELLA diseases, *TYPHOID fever

مستخلص: Salmonella Typhi infection is showing as a negative alarm for human health due to the occurrence of life-threatening typhoid fever and the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The infection becomes chronic due to the biofilm formation of S. Typhi, which plays a significant role in antibiotic resistance. The S. Typhi can survive under various stress conditions such as antibiotic stress, host immune stress, environmental stress, and nutritional stress in the biofilm stage. Biofilm provides a protective cover to the S. Typhi and prevents the entry of antibiotics inside the bacterial cells. Thus, biofilm is the root cause of the problem. Therefore, this study explores the easy detection of S. Typhi biofilms using safranin dye with specific concentrations. We performed the biofilm growth kinetics, qualitative assessment of the biofilm formations, and safranin interactions to finalize the specific concentrations of safranin (0.5 mg/mL) to detect the S. Typhi biofilm condition. The study was validated at 0.5 mg/mL safranin concentrations with the help of RSM analysis and kinetics study of the typhoidal biofilm. The study is important because the obtained results indicated the precise detection of S. Typhi biofilm, which is useful for all phases of biofilm detection. The study provided new directions for typhoidal biofilm staining that could be an emerging methodology in the area of health sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Shafique, Iqra¹ (AUTHOR), Rafiq, Mehak² (AUTHOR) nosheen.fatima@smme.nust.edu.pk, Rana, Nosheen Fatima¹ (AUTHOR) nosheen.fatima@smme.nust.edu.pk, Menaa, Farid³ (AUTHOR), Almalki, Fatemah⁴ (AUTHOR), Aljuaid, Alya⁴ (AUTHOR), Alnasser, Sulaiman Mohammed⁵ (AUTHOR), Alotaibi, Amenah S.⁶ (AUTHOR), Masood, Madahiah Bint E.² (AUTHOR), Tanweer, Tahreem¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: PLoS ONE. 6/25/2024, Vol. 19 Issue 6, p1-21. 21p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA enterica serovar Typhi, *SALMONELLA typhi, *LIGNANS, *PUBLIC health infrastructure, *TYPHOID fever, *MULTIDRUG resistance

مستخلص: Typhoid fever, caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhi, presents a substantial global health threat, particularly in regions with limited healthcare infrastructure. The rise of multidrug-resistant strains of S. typhi exacerbates this challenge, severely compromising conventional treatment efficacy due to over activity of efflux pumps. In our study, a comprehensive exploration of two fundamental aspects to combat MDR in S. typhi is carried out; i.e. employing advanced bioinformatics analyses and AlphaFold AI, We successfully identified and characterised a putative homologue, ABC-TPA, reminiscent of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) known for its role in multidrug resistance in diverse pathogens. This discovery provides a critical foundation for understanding the potential mechanisms driving antibiotic resistance in S. typhi. Furthermore, employing computational methodologies, We meticulously assessed the potential of lignans, specifically Schisandrin A, B, and C, as promising Efflux Pump Inhibitors (EPIs) against the identified P-gp homologue in S. typhi. Noteworthy findings revealed robust binding interactions of Schisandrin A and B with the target protein, indicating substantial inhibitory capabilities. In contrast, Schisandrin C exhibited instability, showing varied effectiveness among the evaluated lignans. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity predictions underscored the favourable attributes of Schisandrin A, including prolonged action duration. Furthermore, high systemic stability and demanished toxicity profile of SA and SB present their therapeutic efficacy against MDR. This comprehensive investigation not only elucidates potential therapeutic strategies against MDR strains of S. typhi but also highlights the relevance of computational approaches in identifying and evaluating promising candidates. These findings lay a robust foundation for future empirical studies to address the formidable challenges antibiotic resistance poses in this clinically significant infectious diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: THAKAR, VRUSHALI¹, KUMAR, MAHADEVAN², MEHROTRA, NEETU³ mehrotraneetu@gmail.com, JADHAV, PRAJAKTA⁴, BHATAWADEKAR, SUNITA⁵

المصدر: Journal of Clinical & Diagnostic Research. May2024, Vol. 18 Issue 5, p1-4. 4p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *TYPHOID fever, *IMMUNOCOMPROMISED patients, *ASCITIC fluids, *LYMPHOBLASTIC leukemia, *ETIOLOGY of diseases

مستخلص: Salmonella species are associated with bacteraemia, diarrhoea, as well as focal infections. Salmonella Typhi is the most pathogenic species. Salmonella Paratyphi B commonly affects immunocompromised hosts. The present case series showcases six cases of infection caused by typhoidal Salmonellae with unusual clinical scenarios. The first case report explains a case of neonatal meningitis where the causative agent was S. Paratyphi B. A case of lumbar spondylodiscitis is also reported where the aetiology was found to be Salmonella Typhi. Case three reports S. Typhi infection in a patient with Pre-B cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). S. Paratyphi B was isolated from a blood culture of a patient on haemodialysis and also from ascitic fluid from a case of Chronic Liver Disease (CLD). S. Typhi was isolated from the pleural fluid of a patient with carcinoma of the prostate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Onken, Annette^1,2,3 (AUTHOR) annetteonken@yahoo.com, Moyo, Sabrina^1,4 (AUTHOR), Miraji, Mohammed Khamis⁵ (AUTHOR), Bohlin, Jon^6,7 (AUTHOR), Marijani, Msafiri⁸ (AUTHOR), Manyahi, Joel⁹ (AUTHOR), Kibwana, Kibwana Omar⁹ (AUTHOR), Müller, Fredrik^10,11 (AUTHOR), Jenum, Pål A.^3,11 (AUTHOR), Abeid, Khamis Ali¹² (AUTHOR), Reimers, Marianne¹³ (AUTHOR), Langeland, Nina^1,2 (AUTHOR), Mørch, Kristine^1,2 (AUTHOR), Blomberg, Bjørn^1,2 (AUTHOR)

المصدر: PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 4/17/2024, Vol. 18 Issue 4, p1-17. 17p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *TYPHOID fever, *CIPROFLOXACIN, *WHOLE genome sequencing, *MICROBIAL sensitivity tests, *GENOTYPES

مصطلحات جغرافية: ZANZIBAR, SOUTHEAST Asia

مستخلص: Background: Typhoid fever is a common cause of febrile illness in low- and middle-income countries. While multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) has spread globally, fluoroquinolone resistance has mainly affected Asia. Methods: Consecutively, 1038 blood cultures were obtained from patients of all age groups with fever and/or suspicion of serious systemic infection admitted at Mnazi Mmoja Hospital, Zanzibar in 2015–2016. S. Typhi were analyzed with antimicrobial susceptibility testing and with short read (61 strains) and long read (9 strains) whole genome sequencing, including three S. Typhi strains isolated in a pilot study 2012–2013. Results: Sixty-three S. Typhi isolates (98%) were MDR carrying blaTEM-1B, sul1 and sul2, dfrA7 and catA1 genes. Low-level ciprofloxacin resistance was detected in 69% (43/62), with a single gyrase mutation gyrA-D87G in 41 strains, and a single gyrA-S83F mutation in the non-MDR strain. All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and azithromycin. All MDR isolates belonged to genotype 4.3.1 lineage I (4.3.1.1), with the antimicrobial resistance determinants located on a composite transposon integrated into the chromosome. Phylogenetically, the MDR subgroup with ciprofloxacin resistance clusters together with two external isolates. Conclusions: We report a high rate of MDR and low-level ciprofloxacin resistant S. Typhi circulating in Zanzibar, belonging to genotype 4.3.1.1, which is widespread in Southeast Asia and African countries and associated with low-level ciprofloxacin resistance. Few therapeutic options are available for treatment of typhoid fever in the study setting. Surveillance of the prevalence, spread and antimicrobial susceptibility of S. Typhi can guide treatment and control efforts. Author summary: Salmonella Typhi causes typhoid fever. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. Typhi is spreading globally. Local and regional surveillance of MDR S. Typhi populations using both blood culture and whole genome sequencing can uncover outbreaks and help mapping the spread of S. Typhi and resistance mechanisms, which, in turn, can guide both control and prevention efforts and clinical management. Data regarding the distribution of MDR S. Typhi genotypes and resistance mechanisms is scarce in Zanzibar, Tanzania, as in many other African countries. In this study we characterize S. Typhi phenotypically and genotypically. This study shows high rate of MDR S. Typhi, hence few therapeutic options are available for treatment of typhoid fever in the study setting. Our findings contribute to the knowledge base on typhoid fever in the region and to guide correct treatment of individual patients and control of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Uzzell, Christopher B¹ (AUTHOR) c.uzzell@imperial.ac.uk, Abraham, Dilip² (AUTHOR), Rigby, Jonathan³ (AUTHOR), Troman, Catherine M¹ (AUTHOR), Nair, Satheesh⁴ (AUTHOR), Elviss, Nicola⁵ (AUTHOR), Kathiresan, Lalithambigai⁶ (AUTHOR), Srinivasan, Rajan⁶ (AUTHOR), Balaji, Veeraraghavan⁷ (AUTHOR), Zhou, Nicolette A⁸ (AUTHOR), Meschke, John Scott⁸ (AUTHOR), John, Jacob⁶ (AUTHOR), Kang, Gagandeep² (AUTHOR), Feasey, Nicholas^3,9 (AUTHOR), Mohan, Venkata Raghava⁶ (AUTHOR), Grassly, Nicholas C¹ (AUTHOR) n.grassly@imperial.ac.uk

المصدر: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 4/15/2024, Vol. 229 Issue 4, p979-987. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *TYPHOID fever, *FECAL contamination, *PUBLIC utilities, *GENE targeting, *PUBLIC health

مصطلحات جغرافية: VELLORE (India), BLANTYRE (Malawi), MALAWI

مستخلص: Background Environmental surveillance (ES) for Salmonella Typhi potentially offers a low-cost tool to identify communities with a high burden of typhoid fever. Methods We developed standardized protocols for typhoid ES, including sampling site selection, validation, characterization; grab or trap sample collection, concentration; and quantitative PCR targeting Salmonella genes (ttr , staG, and tviB) and a marker of human fecal contamination (HF183). ES was implemented over 12 months in a historically high typhoid fever incidence setting (Vellore, India) and a lower incidence setting (Blantyre, Malawi) during 2021–2022. Results S. Typhi prevalence in ES samples was higher in Vellore compared with Blantyre; 39/520 (7.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.4%–12.4%) vs 11/533 (2.1%; 95% CI, 1.1%–4.0%) in grab and 79/517 (15.3%; 95% CI, 9.8%–23.0%) vs 23/594 (3.9%; 95% CI, 1.9%–7.9%) in trap samples. Detection was clustered by ES site and correlated with site catchment population in Vellore but not Blantyre. Incidence of culture-confirmed typhoid in local hospitals was low during the study and zero some months in Vellore despite S. Typhi detection in ES. Conclusions ES describes the prevalence and distribution of S. Typhi even in the absence of typhoid cases and could inform vaccine introduction. Expanded implementation and comparison with clinical and serological surveillance will further establish its public health utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Iqbal, Naveed¹, Rahman Afridi, Muhammad Abdur¹ rahman.afridi@lrh.edu.pk, Awan, Muhammad Bilal¹, Atiqullah¹, Muhammad, Ilyas¹

المصدر: Journal of Medical Sciences (1997-3438). Apr-Jun2024, Vol. 32 Issue 2, p185-189. 5p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *TYPHOID fever, *CEFTRIAXONE, *CARBAPENEMS, *MEROPENEM

مصطلحات جغرافية: PAKISTAN, KHYBER Pakhtunkhwa (Pakistan), PESHAWAR (Pakistan)

مستخلص: Objective: To determine the current sensitivity patterns of Salmonella typhi in population of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Materials and methods: This descriptive study was conducted in Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 388 blood culture-proven salmonella typhi patients were included in the study. Patients whose culture reported salmonella typhi or paratyphi and above sixteen year of age were included in the study and those whose culture reported any other organism were excluded. All samples reported salmonella typhi. Results: Among a total of 388 patients, 245 (63%) were male and 143 (37%) were female. The mean age was 28.61±14.87 years. Fever was the predominant symptom (99.5%), affecting mainly young patients (84%). Salmonella typhi showed 100% sensitivity to Imipenem and Meropenem, and 92% to azithromycin. S. typhi showed 95% resistance to ciprofloxacin, 92% to cefixime, and 86% to ceftriaxone. Multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. typhi was found in around 91.4% of blood cultures, whereas extended-drug-resistant (XDR) S. typhi was isolated from 91% of cultures. Conclusion: Our study showed high percentage of XDR and MDR Salmonella typhi which is an alarming situation, especially in younger population of the province. The carbapenems showed 100% sensitivity whereas the commonly used antibiotics, like Ciprofloxacin and Ceftriaxone were mostly ineffective in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Sari, Sitti Rahmah¹, Wardhani, Riuh^1,2, Umar, Faiqah^1,3, Husain, Dirayah Rauf¹ dirayahrh@unhas.ac.id, Iwansyah, Ade Chandra⁴

المصدر: Iranian Journal of Microbiology. Apr2024, Vol. 16 Issue 2, p208-218. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SALMONELLA typhi, *ALLIUM, *ANTIBACTERIAL agents, *DISC diffusion tests (Microbiology), *SHALLOT, *ETHANOL, *GARLIC, *GRACILARIA

مصطلحات جغرافية: INDONESIA

مستخلص: Background and Objectives: Shallots, recognized for their minimal toxicity, cost-effectiveness, and widespread availability, are increasingly considered a viable source of biological activity. This study evaluates the antibacterial efficacy of a specific shallot cultivar from Palu Valley, Indonesia, against Salmonella typhi, the pathogen responsible for typhoid fever.Materials and Methods: Utilizing thin-layer chromatography (TLC-bioautography) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), the study identifies active compounds in shallot ethanol extract and employs molecular docking to assess interactions between receptors and ligands. Results: Findings indicate significant antibacterial activity, with a notable inhibition zone diameter of 31.5 mm at spot Rf 0.28 in TLC bioautography and an optimum concentration of 2% yielding an average clear zone diameter of 28.27 mm in the agar diffusion test. GC-MS analysis reveals 41 compounds, predominantly dodecanoic acid and 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. Additionally, molecular docking reveals the lowest binding affinity (-7.3 kcal/mol) for Ergost-8-En-3-Ol, 14-Methyl-, (3.Beta, 5. Alpha.) against DNA gyrase. Conclusion: This study confirms Palu Valley shallot extract's potent antibacterial effect against Salmonella typhi, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Materials and Methods: Utilizing thin-layer chromatography (TLC-bioautography) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS), the study identifies active compounds in shallot ethanol extract and employs molecular docking to assess interactions between receptors and ligands. Results: Findings indicate significant antibacterial activity, with a notable inhibition zone diameter of 31.5 mm at spot Rf 0.28 in TLC bioautography and an optimum concentration of 2% yielding an average clear zone diameter of 28.27 mm in the agar diffusion test. GC-MS analysis reveals 41 compounds, predominantly dodecanoic acid and 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester. Additionally, molecular docking reveals the lowest binding affinity (-7.3 kcal/mol) for Ergost-8-En-3-Ol, 14-Methyl-, (3.Beta, 5. Alpha.) against DNA gyrase. Conclusion: This study confirms Palu Valley shallot extract's potent antibacterial effect against Salmonella typhi, highlighting its therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]