المصدر: Chemistry & Industry. Feb2024, Vol. 88 Issue 2, p16-19. 4p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RENEWABLE energy sources, METERED-dose inhalers

الشركة/الكيان: ASTELLAS Pharma Inc.

مستخلص: The article highlights the environmental impact of the healthcare sector, particularly the pharmaceutical industry's contribution to carbon emissions through its supply chain. It discusses efforts by pharmaceutical companies to reduce their carbon footprint, including setting ambitious emission reduction targets, adopting green chemistry practices and investing in renewable energy sources and sustainable packaging solutions.

المؤلفون: Knoch, Martin¹ (AUTHOR) knoch.martin@web.de

المصدر: Journal of Aerosol Medicine & Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Jun2024, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p157-165. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *NEBULIZERS & vaporizers, *METERED-dose inhalers, *DRUG development, *NEW product development, *INHALERS

مستخلص: Standard nebulizers are intended for general purpose use and typically are continuously operated jet or ultrasonic nebulizers. Evolutionary developments such as breath-enhanced and breath-triggered devices have improved delivery efficiency and ease of use, yet are still suitable for delivery of nebulized medications approved in this category. However, recent developments of vibrating membrane or mesh nebulizers have given rise to a significant increase in delivery efficiency requiring reformulation of former drug products or development of new formulations to match the enhanced delivery characteristics of these new devices. In addition, the electronic nature of the new devices enables tailoring to specific applications and patient groups, such as guiding or facilitating optimal breathing and improving adherence to the therapeutic regimen. Addressing these patient needs leads to new nebulization technologies being embedded in devices with fundamentally distinct functionality, modes of operation and patient interfaces. Therefore, new generation nebulizers can no longer be regarded as one category with fairly similar performance characteristics but must be clinically tested and approved as drug/device combinations together with the specific drug formulation, similar to the approval of pressurized metered-dose inhalers and dry powder inhalers. From a regulatory viewpoint, it is required that drug and device are associated with each other as combinations by clear, mutually conforming labels or, even more desirably, by distinct container-closure systems (closed system nebulizer). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Kondo, Tetsuri¹ (AUTHOR) tetsuri@ctmc.jp, Tanigaki, Toshimori¹ (AUTHOR), Hibino, Makoto¹ (AUTHOR), Horiuchi, Shigeto¹ (AUTHOR), Maeda, Kazunari¹ (AUTHOR), Tobe, Shunichi¹ (AUTHOR), Kamada, Riko¹ (AUTHOR), Watanabe, Shigehiro¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Aerosol Medicine & Pulmonary Drug Delivery. Jun2024, Vol. 37 Issue 3, p132-139. 8p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *METERED-dose inhalers, *INHALERS, *AIRWAY resistance (Respiration), *POWDERS

مستخلص: Background: The combined use of a pressurized metered-dose inhaler and valved holding chamber (pMDI+VHC) is recommended to improve efficiency and safety; however, aerosol release is likely to vary with the inhalation maneuver. This in vitro study investigated the aerodynamic characteristics and aerosol release features of pMDI+VHC (Aerochamber, Trudell Medical International). Methods: The static and dynamic changes in the airway resistance (Raw) during inhalation (withdrawal) through pMDI+VHC were measured. Subsequently, the aerosol released from pMDI+VHC was measured using simplified laser photometry during withdrawal with either fast ramp-up then steady or slow ramp-up followed by gradual decrement at different intensities and times to peak flow (TPWF). Results:Raw increased linearly with changes in the withdrawal flow (WF) rate between 10 and 50 L/min. The slope was steep in the low WF range (<50 L/min) and became milder in the higher range. The aerosol mass tended to increase with an increase in the peak WF (PWF) of slow ramp-up profile. When three different WF increment slopes (TPWF: 0.4, 1.4, and 2.4 seconds) were compared, the released aerosol mass tended to decrease, and the aerosol release time was prolonged at longer TPWF. When the PWF was increased, the aerosol release time became shorter, and the withdrawn volume required for 95% aerosol release became larger; however, it did not exceed 0.4 L at suitable TPWF (0.4 seconds). Conclusion: Raw analysis suggests that inhalation at 30–50 L/min is suitable for pMDI+VHC in this setting. Rapid (TPWF, 0.4 seconds) inhalation, but not necessarily long (maximum 2.0 seconds) and deep (but larger than 0.55 L), is also recommended. Practically, direct inhalation to be weaker than usual breathing, as fast as possible, and far less than 2.0 seconds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Maaz, Aida¹ (AUTHOR), Blagbrough, Ian S.¹ (AUTHOR), De Bank, Paul A.^1,2,3 (AUTHOR) p.debank@bath.ac.uk

المصدر: Pharmaceutics. May2024, Vol. 16 Issue 5, p669. 23p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *GOLD nanoparticles, *METERED-dose inhalers, *COLLOIDAL gold, *INTRANASAL administration, *NASAL mucosa, *NANOPARTICLES analysis

مستخلص: A general procedure to prepare gold nanourchins (GNUs) via a seed-mediated method was followed using dopamine hydrochloride as a reducing agent and silver nitrate salt (AgNO3) as a shape-directing agent. The novelty of this study comes from the successful incorporation of the prepared gold urchins as an aqueous suspension in a nasal pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) formulation and the investigation of their potential for olfactory targeting for direct nose-to-brain drug delivery (NTBDD). The developed pMDI formulation was composed of 0.025% w/w GNUs, 2% w/w Milli-Q water, and 2% w/w EtOH, with the balance of the formulation being HFA134a propellant. Particle integrity and aerosolization performance were examined using an aerosol exposure system, whereas the nasal deposition profile was tested in a sectioned anatomical replica of human nasal airways. The compatibility of the gold dispersion with the nasal epithelial cell line RPMI 2650 was also investigated in this study. Colloidal gold was found to be stable following six-month storage at 4 °C and during the lyophilization process utilizing a pectin matrix for complete re-dispersibility in water. The GNUs were intact and discrete following atomization via a pMDI, and 13% of the delivered particles were detected beyond the nasal valve, the narrowest region in the nasal cavity, out of which 5.6% was recovered from the olfactory region. Moreover, the formulation was found to be compatible with the human nasal epithelium cell line RPMI 2650 and excellent cell viability was observed. The formulated GNU-HFA-based pMDI is a promising approach for intranasal drug delivery, including deposition in the olfactory region, which could be employed for NTBDD applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Ghozali, Muhammad Thesa¹ (AUTHOR) ghozali@umy.ac.id, Mutiara, Tasya Aulia² (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Asthma. Aug2024, Vol. 61 Issue 8, p835-846. 12p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *METERED-dose inhalers, *PHARMACY students, *MOBILE apps, *MEDICAL personnel, *MANN Whitney U Test, *INTERPROFESSIONAL education

مستخلص: Efficient asthma management necessitates optimal usage of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). As future health professionals, pharmacy students are pivotal in disseminating accurate methodologies for MDI usage. Despite having hands-on experience, there is room to enhance their comprehension, highlighting the need for prompt patient educational interventions. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a mobile app-assisted educational method in improving pharmacy students' understanding of MDI usage. A pre-experimental study was conducted from March to August 2021 with 45 participants enrolled in the Pharmacist Professional Study Program at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta. Using a one-group pretest-post-test design, the study measured the app's impact on students' knowledge and MDI usage skills. The intervention significantly improved students' scores on a 9-step MDI usage checklist, with increases ranging from 0.10 to 0.50 across verbal and motor components. A Mann-Whitney U test validated these findings, showing a statistically significant p-value of 0.001. The mobile app-assisted educational approach substantially enhanced pharmacy students' proficiency in MDI use. The significant rise in mean scores for the 9-step checklist, along with the notable p-value, supports the effectiveness of this intervention in healthcare education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Zheng, Jinping¹ (AUTHOR), Zhang, Jianyong² (AUTHOR), Fu, Xiuhua³ (AUTHOR), Lin, Changqing⁴ (AUTHOR), Zhang, Xinri⁵ (AUTHOR), Mei, Xiaodong⁶ (AUTHOR), Corradi, Massimo⁷ (AUTHOR), Cappellini, Glauco⁸ (AUTHOR), Calabro, Emanuele⁸ (AUTHOR), Zhu, Cissy⁹ (AUTHOR), Topole, Eva⁸ (AUTHOR) e.topole@chiesi.com

المصدر: Journal of Asthma. Apr2024, Vol. 61 Issue 4, p360-367. 8p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *METERED-dose inhalers, *BECLOMETHASONE dipropionate, *ASTHMATICS, *CHINESE people, *FORMOTEROL

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHINA

مستخلص: When selecting inhaled therapies, it is important to consider both the active molecules and the device. Extrafine formulation beclomethasone dipropionate plus formoterol fumarate (BDP/FF) has been available for some years delivered via pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI). More recently, a breath-activated, multi-dose dry-powder inhaler (DPI), the NEXThaler, has been approved. The current study aimed to demonstrate the non-inferiority of BDP/FF delivered via the DPI vs. via the pMDI, in Chinese adults with asthma. After a four-week run-in period, when all patients received BDP/FF pMDI 100/6 µg, two inhalations twice daily (BID), patients were randomized equally to BDP/FF pMDI or DPI, both 100/6 µg, two inhalations BID for 12 weeks. The primary objective was to demonstrate non-inferiority of BDP/FF DPI vs. BDP/FF pMDI in terms of average pre-dose morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) over the entire treatment period. Of 252 and 242 patients in the DPI and pMDI groups, respectively, 88.5% and 88.8% completed the study. The primary objective was met, with no statistically significant difference between the treatments in average pre-dose morning PEF, and with the lower limit of the 95% CI above the −15 L/min non-inferiority margin (adjusted mean difference: 5.25 L/min [95% CI: −0.56, 11.06]). Adverse events were reported by 48.4% and 49.6% patients in the DPI and pMDI groups, respectively, most mild or moderate. The NEXThaler DPI is a similarly effective device to the pMDI for the administration of BDP/FF in adults, so extending the options available for the management of asthma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Huang, Yeqi¹ (AUTHOR) yeqihuang@stu.jnu.edu.cn, Chang, Ziyao² (AUTHOR) changzy@mail2.sysu.edu.cn, Gao, Yue¹ (AUTHOR) gaoyue122612@stu.jnu.edu.cn, Ren, Chuanyu¹ (AUTHOR) rcy1094243897@163.com, Lin, Yuxin¹ (AUTHOR) lyxinjnu@stu2022.jnu.edu.cn, Zhang, Xuejuan¹ (AUTHOR) chuanbin_wu@126.com, Wu, Chuanbin¹ (AUTHOR), Pan, Xin² (AUTHOR) panxin2@mail.sysu.edu.cn, Huang, Zhengwei¹ (AUTHOR) zhangxj02230223@jnu.edu.cn

المصدر: International Journal of Molecular Sciences. Mar2024, Vol. 25 Issue 6, p3261. 28p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *METERED-dose inhalers, *BIOMINERALIZATION, *FUNCTIONAL groups, *PATIENT compliance, *LIPOSOMES

مستخلص: Currently, several types of inhalable liposomes have been developed. Among them, liposomal pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) have gained much attention due to their cost-effectiveness, patient compliance, and accurate dosages. However, the clinical application of liposomal pMDIs has been hindered by the low stability, i.e., the tendency of the aggregation of the liposome lipid bilayer in hydrophobic propellant medium and brittleness under high mechanical forces. Biomineralization is an evolutionary mechanism that organisms use to resist harsh external environments in nature, providing mechanical support and protection effects. Inspired by such a concept, this paper proposes a shell stabilization strategy (SSS) to solve the problem of the low stability of liposomal pMDIs. Depending on the shell material used, the SSS can be classified into biomineralization (biomineralized using calcium, silicon, manganese, titanium, gadolinium, etc.) biomineralization-like (composite with protein), and layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly (multiple shells structured with diverse materials). This work evaluated the potential of this strategy by reviewing studies on the formation of shells deposited on liposomes or similar structures. It also covered useful synthesis strategies and active molecules/functional groups for modification. We aimed to put forward new insights to promote the stability of liposomal pMDIs and shed some light on the clinical translation of relevant products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: MacCallum, Caroline A.¹ (AUTHOR) info@drcarolinemaccallum.com, Lo, Lindsay A.² (AUTHOR), Pistawka, Carly A.³ (AUTHOR), Christiansen, April⁴ (AUTHOR), Boivin, Michael⁵ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Drug & Alcohol Review. Mar2024, Vol. 43 Issue 3, p732-745. 14p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *VAPORIZATION, *METERED-dose inhalers, *MEDICAL personnel, *ELECTRONIC cigarettes, *JARGON (Terminology)

مستخلص: Issues: Vaporisation is a common method of cannabis administration. Inconsistent terminology and jargon regarding vaporisation has led to confusion. The increasing public interest and access to cannabis, combined with possible safety concerns associated with certain cannabis vaping products, warrants improved consumer and public and health care professional knowledge. Approach: To improve this knowledge, we conducted a review of the common terminology, regulatory status, products and device types related to cannabis vaporisation. Key Findings: Cannabis vaporisation devices can be separated into nine types. While vaporisation reduces respiratory risks associated with cannabis combustion, not all vaping products and device types carry the same level of safety. Metered dose inhalers and dried product vaporisers present the lowest safety risk due to a lower risk of toxin exposure and the use of lower tetrahydrocannabinol potency products. Implications: As both vaping and cannabis use increase in popularity, focusing on accurate health education will help facilitate health promotion to encourage lower risk use. The current lack of understanding on risk differences between types of cannabis vaporisation is a missed opportunity for harm reduction. Increased opportunities for public health and health care professional education on different cannabis vaporisation devices and associated risks are warranted. Improvements to health warning labelling may also be beneficial. Conclusion: Not all cannabis vaporisation devices and products carry the same level of risk. A better understanding of risk differentiation is needed among consumers and health professionals. Continued research, policy development and health education can lead to safer cannabis vaporisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Wachtel, Herbert¹ (AUTHOR) herbert.wachtel@boehringer-ingelheim.com, Emerson-Stadler, Rachel¹ (AUTHOR), Langguth, Peter² (AUTHOR), Hohlfeld, Jens M.^3,4,5 (AUTHOR), Ohar, Jill⁶ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Pulmonary Therapy. Mar2024, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p109-122. 14p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *INHALERS, *METERED-dose inhalers, *AEROSOLS, *CHRONIC obstructive pulmonary disease, *MUSCARINIC receptors, *ATOMIZERS

مستخلص: Introduction: The selection of inhaler device is of critical importance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as the interaction between a patient's inhalation profile and the aerosol characteristics of an inhaler can affect drug delivery and lung deposition. This study assessed the in vitro aerosol characteristics of inhaler devices approved for the treatment of COPD, including a soft mist inhaler (SMI), pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs), and dry powder inhalers (DPIs). Methods: High-speed video recording was used to visualize and measure aerosol velocity and spray duration for nine different inhalers (one SMI, three pMDIs, and five DPIs), each containing dual or triple fixed-dose combinations of long-acting muscarinic receptor antagonists and long-acting β2-agonists, with or without an inhaled corticosteroid. Measurements were taken in triplicate at experimental flow rates of 30, 60, and 90 l/min. Optimal flow rates were defined based on pharmacopoeial testing requirements: 30 l/min for pMDIs and SMIs, and the rate achieving a 4-kPa pressure drop against internal inhaler resistance for DPIs. Comparison of aerosol plumes was based on the experimental flow rates closest to the optimal flow rates. Results: The Respimat SMI had the slowest plume velocity (0.99 m/s) and longest spray duration (1447 ms) compared with pMDIs (velocity: 3.65–5.09 m/s; duration: 227–270 ms) and DPIs (velocity: 1.43–4.60 m/s; duration: 60–757 ms). With increasing flow rates, SMI aerosol duration was unaffected, but velocity increased (maximum 2.63 m/s), pMDI aerosol velocity and duration were unaffected, and DPI aerosol velocity tended to increase, with a more variable impact on duration. Conclusions: Aerosol characteristics (velocity and duration of aerosol plume) vary by inhaler type. Plume velocity was lower and spray duration longer for the SMI compared with pMDIs and DPIs. Increasing experimental flow rate was associated with faster plume velocity for DPIs and the SMI, with no or variable impact on plume duration, whereas pMDI aerosol velocity and duration were unaffected by increasing flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Kainu, Annette^1,2 (AUTHOR), Vartiainen, Ville A.^3,4 (AUTHOR), Mazur, Witold⁵ (AUTHOR), Hisinger-Mölkänen, Hanna⁶ (AUTHOR) hanna.hisinger-molkanen@helsinki.fi, Lavorini, Federico⁷ (AUTHOR), Janson, Christer⁸ (AUTHOR), Andersson, Martin⁹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Pulmonary Therapy. Mar2024, Vol. 10 Issue 1, p133-142. 10p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CHRONIC obstructive pulmonary disease, *METERED-dose inhalers, *INHALERS, *FORCED expiratory volume, *CLINICAL trials

مستخلص: Introduction: There is increasing pressure to use environmentally friendly dry powder inhalers (DPI) instead of pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDI). However, correct inhalation technique is needed for effective inhaler therapy, and there is persistent concern whether patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) can generate sufficient inspiratory effort to use DPIs successfully. The aims of this study were to find clinical predictors for peak inspiratory flow rate (PIF) and to assess whether patients with COPD had difficulties in generating sufficient PIF with a high resistance DPI. Methods: Pooled data of 246 patients with COPD from previous clinical trials was analyzed to find possible predictors of PIF via the DPI Easyhaler (PIFEH) and to assess the proportion of patients able to achieve an inhalation flow rate of 30 l/min, which is needed to use the Easyhaler successfully. Results: The mean PIF was 56.9 l/min and 99% (243/246) of the study patients achieved a PIF ≥ 30 l/min. A low PIF was associated with female gender and lower forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), but the association was weak and a statistical model including both only accounted for 18% of the variation seen in PIFEH. Conclusions: Based on our results, impaired expiratory lung function or patient characteristics do not predict patients' ability to use DPIs in COPD; 99% of the patients generated sufficient PIFEH for successful dose delivery. Considering the targets for sustainability in health care, this should be addressed as DPIs are a potential option for most patients when choosing the right inhaler for the patient. Trial Registration: Two of three included trials were registered under numbers NCT04147572 and NCT01424137. Third trial preceded registration platforms and therefore, was not registered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]