المؤلفون: Kamacı, Umran Duru¹ umranduru@gmail.com

المصدر: Sakarya University Journal of Science (SAUJS) / Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi. Jun2024, Vol. 28 Issue 3, p594-601. 8p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: METAL ions, VITAMIN C, CHITOSAN, DOXORUBICIN, STARCH, METALLIC composites

مستخلص: As known, composite films containing different metal ions provide improvement in the properties of drug release systems. In this study, it was aimed to prepare composite films containing different metal ions for DOX release, and the effect of metal ions on drug release, swelling, and thermal properties were investigated. The structural characterization of the composite films was carried out using FT-IR, SEM, and TG analysis techniques. SEM images showed that the metal-free film was composed of a homogeneous structure while the calcium composite films consisted of a non-homogenous surface. Also, thermal analysis results showed that the thermal stability increased with the addition of metal ions to the composite film matrix. The swelling and drug-release behavior of the composite films were also studied, and metal ions-containing films exhibited a higher swelling performance and drug-release behavior than the metal-free composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Sakarya University Journal of Science (SAUJS) / Sakarya Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Sakarya University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Jian Liu¹, Yi Yang¹, Shan Chen¹, Taohua Pan¹ pan6935taohua@hotmail.com

المصدر: Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research. May2024, Vol. 22 Issue 2, p412-418. 7p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RESEARCH funding, *ONLINE information services, *QUALITY assurance, VITAMIN C, FOLIC acid, META-analysis, MEDLINE, MEDICAL databases, INFLAMMATION, C-reactive protein, PERIODONTITIS, DIET therapy, DIETARY supplements, DIET in disease, BIOMARKERS

مستخلص: Elevated level of serum C-reactive protein, a systemic inflammation biomarker, is associated with periodontitis, a common inflammatory condition. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the effects of nutritional interventions on serum C-reactive protein levels in patients with periodontitis. We searched the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases according to PRISMA guidelines, including articles published until December 2023. The articles were selected according to predetermined inclusion criteria, and data extraction and quality assessment were conducted utilizing the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and standardized forms. Seven out of 438 identified articles met the inclusion criteria. We found that patients with periodontitis had a statistically significant correlation between nutritional interventions and decreased serum C-reactive protein levels (p < 0.05). The interventions included specified dietary modifications and dietary supplements, including vitamin C and folic acid. Diverse patient demographics and intervention categories were observed across the identified articles. Thus, this meta-analysis confirmed that nutritional interventions can reduce serum C-reactive protein levels in patients with periodontitis; therefore, dietary modification is essential in managing the systemic inflammation associated with periodontal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research is the property of New Century Health Publishers, LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Caballero Arredondo, Mariana

المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació

مرشدي الرسالة: López Sabater, María del Carmen, Castellote Bargalló, Ana Isabel, Garza Puentes, Andrea de la

المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Envelliment, Envejecimiento, Aging, Hàbits alimentaris, Hábitos alimenticios, Food habits, Trastorns de la visió, Trastornos de la visión, Vision disorders, Àcids grassos omega-3, Ácidos grasos omega-3, Omega-3 fatty acids, Vitamina C, Vitamin C, Ciències de la Salut

الوصف: Programa de Doctorat en Nutrició i Salut

الوصف (مترجم): [eng] This research aims to study the effect of supplementation with docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and antioxidants in older adults diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration or cataracts to contribute to preventive nutritional care and healthy ageing. This study involves a randomised and observed-blinded trial that included 106 patients >50 years of age with a previous diagnosis of Age-Related-Macular Degeneration (AMD) and was conducted in nine sites in Spain and Portugal between November 2014 and April 2018. We study the effect of a 2-year intervention with a nutritional supplement. Plasma samples were analysed at baseline and after 12 and 24 months to determine the fatty acid (FA) status. The omega-3 index (O3I) was additionally calculated to assess the coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality risk. Additionally, a review of another visual impairment and the effects on antioxidants was made to support the nutrition strategies as an essential factor for healthy ageing. The FA levels at baseline showed no differences between groups. However, at month 12 and 24-month follow-up, the mean changes in the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were statistically significantly different between the intervention and control groups except for the total omega-6 (n-6) long-chain (LC) PUFAs; thus, DHA, total omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs and total n-3 LCPUFAs showed a greater increase with the intervention than with the control treatment, with an effect size that was moderate to large. In contrast, the total n-6 PUFAs, total n-6 LCPUFAs and the ratios of n-6/n-3 PUFAs and LCPUFAs showed a greater decrease in the intervention group than in the control group. On the primary visual acuity assessment after a year, ETDRS letters had decreased with the intervention (N = 45; mean change −1.73, 95% CI −3.28 to −0.19) and in the control group (N = 48; mean change −0.10, 95% CI −2.03 to 1.83), for an estimated treatment difference between the intervention and control groups of –1.63 (95% CI –0.83 to 4.09; p = 0.192). The O3I at baseline exhibited both study groups at the second highest cardiovascular risk category (O3I >2.9 - 4.0). Nonetheless, by the 2-year intervention, the supplemented patients presented an O3I of 4.16%, reaching the second-best category of low risk for cardiovascular diseases (O3I >4.0 – 5.2), while the control group remained the same. Additionally, a review was conducted on the role of the antioxidant vitamin C in cataracts, another common eye disease to back up nutritional strategies as an essential factor in healthy ageing. While dietary intake of vitamin C might have a positive effect in cataracts, its supplementation does not show the same effect. The protective effects of vitamin C in cataracts still need to be clarified; further assessments are encouraged. The collection of analyses performed in this research allows us to confirm: 1)The link between FAs and health; 2) that DHA supplementation is promising to slow the progression of visual acuity loss in the older adult population with a previous AMD diagnosis; 3) the need to balance n-6, and n-3 proportions; 4) that DHA supplementation optimizes two markers of health, n6-n3 ratio and the O3I; 5) the antioxidant effect of vitamin C in cataracts remains unclear. Altogether, these results endorse the role of nutrition in healthy ageing decreasing the risk for NCDs, which are responsible for poor health and quality of life.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688102Test

المؤلفون: Pejcic, Ana V.¹ anapejcic201502@yahoo.com, Petrovic, Nemanja Z.^1,2, Djordjic, Milan D.³, Milosavljevic, Milos N.¹

المصدر: Balkan Medical Journal. Jul2024, Vol. 41 Issue 4, p248-260. 13p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *THERAPEUTIC use of vitamin C, *STATISTICAL models, *VITAMIN C, *DATA analysis, *RESEARCH funding, *PREGNANT women, *META-analysis, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *SYSTEMATIC reviews, *MEDLINE, *ODDS ratio, *DRUG efficacy, *STATISTICS, *PREGNANCY complications, *ONLINE information services, *DATA analysis software, *CONFIDENCE intervals, *DIETARY supplements, *REGRESSION analysis

مستخلص: Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is defined as the leakage of amniotic fluid before the onset of labor and delivery contractions. Some studies found that women who experienced PROM had significantly lower vitamin C blood levels than those who did not, while others found no significant differences. Previous systematic reviews and meta-analyses on the efficacy of vitamin C in the prevention of PROM had conflicting results. Aims: Conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine if there was a significant difference in vitamin C blood levels in women who had PROM versus the control group who did not and to determine if vitamin C supplements could help prevent it. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: We registered our protocol with PROSPERO (CRD42022371644). We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus through February 15, 2024. Additionally, backward and forward citation searches were conducted. Studies were selected based on predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Meta-Essentials: Workbooks for Meta-Analysis (version 1.5) was used for analysis. Results: Twenty-five studies (26 reports) met all eligibility criteria, with 18 studies (18 reports) assessing vitamin C levels and seven studies (eight reports) evaluating efficacy. Women with PROM, whether preterm or term, had significantly lower vitamin C levels [Hedges' g, -1.48; 95% confidence interval (CI): -2.82, -0.14; p = 0.020; I² = 94.08°%) and specifically preterm PROM after removing the outlying study [Hedges' g, -1.29; 95% CI: -1.85, -0.73; p < 0.001; I² = 87.35%). Vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced the risk of preterm or term PROM [risk ratio (RR), 0.57; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.81; p < 0.001; I² = 12.17%), particularly for preterm PROM (RR, 0.67; 95% CI: 0.45, 0.99; p = 0.001; I² = 0.00%). There were no significant differences in vitamin C levels between women with term PROM and controls, and there were no differences in the risk of developing term PROM between women taking vitamin C supplements and controls. Results were not robust in all sensitivity analyses. Conclusion: Women with PROM, particularly those who developed it preterm, appear to have significantly lower vitamin C levels, and vitamin C supplementation appears to be effective in reducing the risk of PROM, particularly preterm PROM. More high-quality studies with low risk of bias, more homogenous, and larger samples are needed to confirm these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Beglaryan, Narine^1,2, Hakobyan, Gagik³ prom_hg@yahoo.com, Nazaretyan, Eduard⁴

المصدر: Stress & Health: Journal of the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. Jun2024, Vol. 40 Issue 3, p1-7. 7p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *THERAPEUTIC use of vitamin C, *HYPERADRENOCORTICISM, *PEARSON correlation (Statistics), *VITAMIN C, *T-test (Statistics), *PILOT projects, *STATISTICAL sampling, *HYDROCORTISONE, *DESCRIPTIVE statistics, *DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE, *PSYCHOLOGICAL stress, *DATA analysis software, *DIETARY supplements, *TIME, *PHARMACODYNAMICS

مستخلص: The aim of this study was to determine whether ascorbic acid (AA) supplementation can lower plasma levels of Cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone‐sulphate (DHEA‐S) in patients diagnosed with functional hypercortisolemia due to unspecified chronic stress. Study includes data from 69 female with elevations in the cortisol and DHEA‐S levels. Duration of follow‐up was 2 months. Patients were divided into 3 groups. Group I included patients 23 with elevated cortisol, Group II—patients 24 with elevated levels of both hormones, Group III‐ patients 22 with normal cortisol and increased DHEA‐S. Each group was randomly divided into two subgroups. The first subgroup was prescribed 1000 mg daily oral dose of AA. The diet of the second subgroup were left unaltered. All patients have their hormones levels re‐examined 2 months later. After 2 months of AA supplementation the mean levels of elevated plasma cortisol and DHEA‐S decreased. In Group I the level of cortisol fell from 780 ± 57–446 ± 26 nmol/L, p = 0.000065 in Group II from 657 ± 47–515 ± 29 nmol/L, p = 0.005. The elevated levels of DHEA‐S have also declined in patients from AA‐treated subgroups (from 13.9 ± 1.6–9.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.0007 in Group II, and from 12.8 ± 1.0–7.8 ± 1.4, p = 0.003 in Group III). In untreated subgroups changes in hormone levels were insignificant. The study shows that female patients with functional hypercortisolemia or elevated levels of DHEA‐S can be treated with AA to bring level of these hormones closer to a normal range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Hosseinnia, Mahmoud¹ (AUTHOR), Khaledabad, Mohammad Alizadeh¹ (AUTHOR), Almasi, Hadi¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Food Processing & Preservation. 4/4/2024, Vol. 2024, p1-10. 10p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: VITAMIN C, SODIUM caseinate, MILK proteins, RESPONSE surfaces (Statistics), WHEY proteins, ZETA potential

مستخلص: This research is aimed at preparing the β-galactosidase (βg) and vitamin C (VC) cocapsules stabilized by milk proteins. The effect of different independent parameters including core-coating ratio (10-100%), whey protein isolate (0 : 1), sodium caseinate (0 : 1), and ultrasound power (50-150 W) on physicochemical properties of microcapsules was investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) defined the optimal conditions. Increasing the WPI values had different effects on the particle size and polydispersity index (PDI). The zeta potential values decreased by decreasing SC values. The βg had better encapsulation efficiency in comparison to VC. Increasing the core-coating ratio showed a negative effect on the enzyme activity. Among the test parameters, the core-coating ratio was effective on the viscosity of microcapsules. Two optimum conditions for co-encapsulation were determined as WPI, SC, core-coating ratio, and ultrasound power of 0, 1, 100%, and 79.4 W and 0.2, 0.8, 100%, and 75 W for microcapsules I and II, respectively. In the next step, the structural and morphological properties of the optimum samples were analyzed. The heterogeneous morphology of microcapsules was observed by SEM analysis. The formation of new interactions between wall materials, βg, and VC was confirmed by FT-IR analysis. XRD analysis revealed that the WPI-coated sample had a higher crystallinity index. Generally, the successful co-encapsulation of βg and VC exhibited the potential of the resultant microcapsules for the industrial production of VC fortified and lactose-free milk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Food Processing & Preservation is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Yang, Wentao¹ (AUTHOR), Song, Xiaoning¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Qingsong¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Wenting¹ (AUTHOR), Zhao, Zhifeng^1,2 (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Food Quality. 4/13/2024, Vol. 2024, p1-9. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: VITAMIN C, CITRIC acid, YAMS, CHINESE medicine, HERBS, FRUIT processing

مصطلحات جغرافية: EAST Asia

مستخلص: Chinese yam (Dioscorea polystachya Turczaninow) is widely cultivated in East Asia, whose edible stem is a common vegetable and herb in traditional Chinese medicine. In fruit and vegetable processing, browning is estimated to be a major reason of waste. Browning lowers the nutrition value and brings undesired characteristics in food processing. To develop a secure and low-cost browning inhibiting protocol in yam processing, different thermal treatment conditions and color protectants were tested for their color-protecting ability. Color difference ΔE was calculated to evaluate the browning with a colorimeter. To ensure that the color-protecting treatment does not influence the quality of yam, texture properties and nutrition compositions were quantified. The optimal treatment is as follows: deactivate yam in water bath of 60°C for 10 min and then incubate in 2 g/L citric acid and 1 g/L ascorbic acid for 1 hour. The treatment led to significant decrease of the color difference, with no obvious changes in the texture properties and nutrition value. To summarize, this research provides an ideal color-protecting solution in yam processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Food Quality is the property of Hindawi Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Guo, Chun-Yang^1,2 (AUTHOR), Ding, Ming^3,4 (AUTHOR), Zhang, Shun¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Yi¹ (AUTHOR), Ji, Yi-Ping^1,5 (AUTHOR), Xu, Shan-Liang¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Ya-Jun^1,2 (AUTHOR), Wang, Dan-Li^1,2 (AUTHOR) wangdanli@nbu.edu.cn

المصدر: PLoS ONE. 7/2/2024, Vol. 19 Issue 7, p1-20. 20p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *VITAMIN C, *GUT microbiome, *OXIDANT status, *FISH feeds, *PATHOGENIC bacteria, *LACTIC acid bacteria, *DIETARY supplements

مستخلص: As most teleosts are unable to synthesize vitamin C, supplemental diets containing vitamin C diets play a crucial role in fish health. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin C on the intestinal enzyme activity and intestinal microbiota of silver pomfre (Pampus argenteus). Four experimental diets were supplemented with basic diets containing 300 mg of vitamin C/kg (group tjl3), 600 mg of vitamin C/kg (group tjl6), and 1200 mg of vitamin C/kg (group tjl12), as well as vitamin C-free supplemental basic diet (group tjl0), respectively. The four diets were fed to juvenile P. argenteus (average initial weight: 4.68 ± 0.93 g) for 6 weeks. The results showed that the activity of SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase) increased significantly while that of MDA (malondialdehyde) decreased significantly in group tjl3 compared to vitamin group tjl0. At the genus level, groups tjl0, tjl6, and tjl12 contained the same dominant microbial community, Stenotrophomonas, Photobacterium, and Vibrio, whereas group tjl3 was dominated by Stenotrophomonas, Delftia, and Bacteroides. Among the fish fed with a basic diet containing 300 mg of vitamin C/kg, the intestines exhibited a notable abundance of probiotic bacteria, including lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus) and Bacillus. The abundance of Aeromonas in groups tjl3 and tjl6 was lower than that of the vitamin C-free supplemental basic diet group, whereas Aeromonas was not detected in group tjl12. In addition, a causative agent of the disease outbreak in cultured P. argenteus, Photobacterium damselae subsp. Damselae (PDD) was the dominant microbiota community in groups tjl0, tjl6 and tjl12, whereas the abundance of PDD in group tjl3 was the lowest among the diets. Taken together, the diets supplied with vitamin C could influence the composition microbial community of P. argenteus. The low level of vitamin C (300 mg of vitamin C/kg per basic diet) supplementation could not only improve the antioxidant capacity but also resist the invasion of pathogenic bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Afzal, Nasima¹ (AUTHOR), Nguyen, Nhi¹ (AUTHOR), Min, Mildred^1,2 (AUTHOR), Egli, Caitlin^1,3 (AUTHOR), Afzal, Shabnam^1,4 (AUTHOR), Chaudhuri, Ratan K.⁵ (AUTHOR), Burney, Waqas A.¹ (AUTHOR), Sivamani, Raja K.^1,2,6,7 (AUTHOR) raja.sivamani.md@gmail.com

المصدر: Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology. Jul2024, Vol. 23 Issue 7, p2467-2477. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *TOPICAL drug administration, *VITAMIN C, *COMPARATIVE studies, *CHEMICAL peel, *OXIDATIVE stress, *ERYTHEMA, *FACELIFT

مستخلص: Background: Tetrahexydecyl ascorbate (THDA) is a lipophilic precursor to ascorbic acid that may be stabilized by acetyl zingerone (AZ). Studies have shown that the topical application of THDA may have photoprotective effects. Similarly, AZ has been shown to mitigate oxidative and inflammatory stress, thereby improving the appearance of photoaging. Aims: To examine the effects of THDA and AZ (THDA‐AZ) on skin photoaging compared to THDA alone. Patients/Methods: In this double‐blind, randomized controlled trial, healthy individuals aged 30 to 65 were included and 44 participants were randomized to receive either THDA‐AZ (THDA 5% + AZ 1%) or THDA only (THDA 5%) for 8 weeks. Facial photographs were taken at 0, 4, and 8 weeks to analyze wrinkle severity, pigment intensity, and redness intensity. A skin colorimeter was used to assess infraorbital pigmentation and erythema. Self‐perception of skin and tolerability were assessed through questionnaires. Results: Average wrinkle severity was significantly decreased in the THDA‐AZ group at Weeks 4 and 8 by 0.75% (p = 0.023) and 3.72% (p = 0.048), respectively, compared to the THDA group where wrinkle severity at Weeks 4 and 8 was increased by 7.88% and 4.48%, respectively. Facial pigment intensity was significantly decreased in the THDA‐AZ group by 4.10% (p = 0.0002) at Week 8 compared to a 0.69% decrease in the THDA group. Facial redness intensity was decreased in the THDA‐AZ group at Weeks 4 and 8 by 3.73% (p = 0.0162) and 14.25% (p = 0.045), respectively, compared to the THDA group where at Weeks 4 and 8 erythema increased by 27.5% and 8.34%, respectively. There were no significant differences in either group for infraorbital pigmentation or erythema. Conclusions: Daily use of combined THDA and AZ may improve facial wrinkle severity, pigment intensity, and erythema to a greater extent than THDA. While THDA alone increases facial wrinkle severity and erythema, the addition of AZ reduces both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Delgado-Velandia, Mario^1,2 (AUTHOR), Ortolá, Rosario^1,2 (AUTHOR), García-Esquinas, Esther^2,3 (AUTHOR), Carballo-Casla, Adrián^2,4 (AUTHOR), Sotos-Prieto, Mercedes^1,2 (AUTHOR) mercedes.sotos@uam.es, Rodríguez-Artalejo, Fernando^1,2 (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences & Medical Sciences. Jul2024, Vol. 79 Issue 7, p1-9. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *VITAMIN C, *OLDER people, *POSTOPERATIVE pain, *DIETARY supplements, *FOOD composition

مستخلص: Background Oral vitamin C supplementation has been associated with lower risk of chronic postsurgical pain. However, the effect of dietary vitamin C on pain in a nonsurgical setting is unknown. We aimed to investigate the association between dietary vitamin C intake and changes over time in chronic pain and its characteristics in community-dwelling adults aged 60 + years. Methods We pooled data from participants of the Seniors-ENRICA-1 (n  = 864) and Seniors-ENRICA-2 (n  = 862) cohorts who reported pain at baseline or at follow up. Habitual diet was assessed with a face-to-face diet history and dietary vitamin C intake was estimated using standard food composition tables. Pain changes over time were the difference between scores at baseline and follow up obtained from a pain scale that considered the frequency, severity, and number of pain locations. Multivariable-adjusted relative risk ratios were obtained using multinomial logistic regression. Results After a median follow-up of 2.6 years, pain worsened for 696 (40.3%) participants, improved for 734 (42.5%), and did not change for 296 (17.2%). Compared with the lowest tertile of energy-adjusted vitamin C intake, those in the highest tertile had a higher likelihood of overall pain improvement (RRR 1.61 [95% confidence interval 1.07–2.41], p -trend.02). Higher vitamin C intake was also associated with lower pain frequency (1.57 [1.00–2.47], p -trend = .05) and number of pain locations (1.75 [1.13–2.70], p -trend = .01). Conclusions Higher dietary vitamin C intake was associated with improvement of pain and with lower pain frequency and number of pain locations in older adults. Nutritional interventions to increase dietary vitamin C intake with the aim of improving pain management require clinical testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]