المؤلفون: Schleimer, Julia, Haviland, Miriam, Gallagher, Amy, Mustafa, Ayah, Ross, Rachel, Wintemute, Garen, Bowen, Deirdre, Rowhani-Rahbar, Ali

المصدر: AJPM Focus. 3(3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Racial disparities, criminal justice, firearms, violent crime

الوصف: INTRODUCTION: Criminal convictions may be imperfect markers of criminalized behavior, in part because of criminal legal system processes (e.g., plea bargaining). In this retrospective cohort study of individuals convicted of misdemeanors, authors compared the risk of subsequent criminal charges for a violent crime among those initially charged with a felony with that among those initially charged with only misdemeanors, overall and by defendant race and ethnicity. METHODS: The study population included individuals aged ≥18 years who were convicted of a misdemeanor in Washington Superior Courts from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Those with and without initial felony charges were age/gender matched in a 4:1 ratio. The primary outcome was the first subsequent violent crime charge in Washington Superior Courts through December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed with Fine-Gray hazard models from June 2022 to November 2023. RESULTS: There were 3,841 individuals with initial felony charges and 956 with initial misdemeanor charges only. Median follow-up was 2.4 years for both groups. During follow-up, there were 166 new violent crime charges. In multivariable models, White defendants with initial felony charges had a greater risk of subsequent violent crime charges (subdistribution hazard ratio=2.58; 95% CI=1.24, 5.36) than White defendants with initial misdemeanor charges only. Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx defendants, initial felony versus misdemeanor charges were not associated with subsequent violent crime charges (subdistribution hazard ratio=0.93; 95% CI=0.44, 1.97 among Black defendants; subdistribution hazard ratio=0.49; 95% CI=0.15, 1.57 among Hispanic/Latinx defendants). CONCLUSIONS: Findings suggest differential associations between downgrading of felony charges to misdemeanor convictions and future violent crime charges by defendant race and ethnicity, with implications for inequitable collateral consequences of criminal convictions.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/82v4n58zTest

المؤلفون: McCort, Christopher, Smirniotis, Colette, Wintemute, Garen, Laqueur, Hannah, Robinson, Sonia

المصدر: Injury Epidemiology. 11(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Crime guns, Criminal gun markets, Firearm dealerships, Firearm purchasers, Firearm recovery, Firearm transactions, Gun theft, Violent crime, Weapons crime

الوصف: BACKGROUND: Firearm violence is a major cause of death and injury in the United States. Tracking the movement of firearms from legal purchase to use in crimes can help inform prevention of firearm injuries and deaths. The last state-wide studies analyzing crime gun recoveries used data from over 20 years ago; thus, an update is needed. METHODS: We used data for 5,247,348 handgun and 2,868,713 long gun transactions and law enforcement recoveries from California crime gun recovery (2010-2021) and Californias Dealer Records of Sales records. Covariates included characteristics of dealership sales, firearms and their transactions, and purchasers demographic characteristics, purchasing history, criminal history (from firearm purchaser criminal history records), and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Analyses for handguns and long guns was conducted separately. In multivariable analysis, we included correlates into a Cox proportional hazard model accounting for left truncation and clustering between the same firearm, purchaser, dealerships, and geographic location. Covariates that remained significant (P

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f7332xcTest

المؤلفون: Ångström, Anna-Karin, 1994, Andersson, Anneli, 1992, Garcia-Argibay, Miguel, 1988, Chang, Zheng, Lichtenstein, Paul, D’Onofrio, Brian M., Tuvblad, Catherine, 1968, Ghirardi, Laura, Larsson, Henrik, 1975

المصدر: JCPP Advances. 4(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: ADHD, non‐violent crime, violent crime

الوصف: Background: Individuals with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face an elevated risk of criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. However, understanding this link involves considering sex differences, coexisting psychiatric conditions, and unmeasured familial factors. This study aimed to explore the connection between ADHD and criminal convictions (both violent and non-violent) in males and females, while also assessing the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders and familial factors.Methods: Using Swedish national registers, we identified individuals born between 1986 and 1997 (635,391 males and 600,548 females). ADHD was defined through clinical diagnosis and prescribed medications, while criminal convictions were determined based on Swedish lower court records. Unmeasured familial factors were accounted for using a sibling design approach.Results: Findings revealed that individuals with ADHD had a notably higher absolute and relative risk of both violent and non-violent criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. While criminal convictions were more frequent among males with ADHD, females with ADHD exhibited higher relative risks (HR violent 10.50, non-violent 4.04) than their male counterparts (HR violent 6.03, non-violent 3.57). Additionally, lower socioeconomic status (SES) in individuals with ADHD was associated with increased relative risks for criminal convictions compared to individuals with ADHD who had higher SES. Adjusting for childhood and internalizing psychiatric disorders partially attenuated these associations, while substance use disorders (SUD) substantially attenuated them. SUD also contributed to an elevated absolute risk of criminal convictions in both male and female individuals with ADHD. Accounting for unmeasured shared familial factors slightly reduced the estimates, but the association between ADHD and criminal convictions persisted.Conclusion: In conclusion, ADHD remains a potent independent risk factor for criminal convictions, with varying effects based on gender. This underscores the importance of tailored crime prevention strategies and early interventions for individuals with ADHD, especially when comorbid SUD is present.

وصف الملف: print

الوصول الحر: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-113273Test
https://doi.org/10.1002/jcv2.12217Test

المؤلفون: Doyle, Maria Camacho, Gerell, Manne, Docent, 1979

المصدر: International Criminal Justice Review.

مصطلحات موضوعية: microplace, prediction-accuracy, prediction-efficiency, violent-crime, property-crime

الوصف: Objectives: Assessing the predictive accuracy of using prior crime, place attributes, ambient population, community structural, and social characteristics, in isolation and combined when forecasting different violent and property crimes. Method: Using multilevel negative binomial regression, crime is forecasted into the subsequent year, in 50-m grid-cells. Incidence rate ratio (IRR), Prediction Accuracy Index (PAI), and Prediction Efficacy Index (PEI*) are interpreted for all combined crime generators and community characteristics. This study is partially a test of a crude version of the Risk Terrain Modeling technique. Results: Where crime has been in the past, the risk for future crime is higher. Where characteristics conducive to crime congregate, the risk for crime is higher. Community structural characteristics and ambient population are important for some crime types. Combining variables increases the accuracy for most crime types, looking at the IRR. Taking the geographical area into account, crime history in combination with both place- and neighborhood characteristics reaches similar accuracy as crime history alone for most crime types and most hotspot cutoffs. Conclusions: Crime history, place-, and neighborhood-level attributes are all important when trying to accurately forecast crime, long-term at the micro-place. Only counting past crimes, however, still does a really good job.

وصف الملف: print

الوصول الحر: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-66094Test
https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677241230915Test

المؤلفون: Camacho Doyle, Maria, 1982, Gerell, Manne

المصدر: International Criminal Justice Review.

مصطلحات موضوعية: microplace, prediction-accuracy, prediction-efficiency, violent-crime, property-crime

الوصف: Objectives: Assessing the predictive accuracy of using prior crime, place attributes, ambient population, community structural, and social characteristics, in isolation and combined when forecasting different violent and property crimes.Method: Using multilevel negative binomial regression, crime is forecasted into the subsequent year, in 50-m grid-cells. Incidence rate ratio (IRR), Prediction Accuracy Index (PAI), and Prediction Efficacy Index (PEI*) are interpreted for all combined crime generators and community characteristics. This study is partially a test of a crude version of the Risk Terrain Modeling technique.Results: Where crime has been in the past, the risk for future crime is higher. Where characteristics conducive to crime congregate, the risk for crime is higher. Community structural characteristics and ambient population are important for some crime types. Combining variables increases the accuracy for most crime types, looking at the IRR. Taking the geographical area into account, crime history in combination with both place- and neighborhood characteristics reaches similar accuracy as crime history alone for most crime types and most hotspot cutoffs.Conclusions: Crime history, place-, and neighborhood-level attributes are all important when trying to accurately forecast crime, long-term at the micro-place. Only counting past crimes, however, still does a really good job.

وصف الملف: print

الوصول الحر: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-111536Test
https://doi.org/10.1177/10575677241230915Test

المؤلفون: Solares Canal, Carmen, 1987

المساهمون: Larsson, Henrik, professor, 1975, Persson, Jonas, professor, 1971, Andershed, Henrik, professor, 1975, Hofvander, Björn, docent

المصدر: Örebro Studies in Psychology.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Older adults, aging, criminal behavior, externalizing behaviors, violent crime, dementia, Alzheimer's diseases, mental health, physical health, epidemiology

الوصف: Previous studies have shown that criminal and other externalizing behaviors are associated with several adverse outcomes, but very little is known about the impact of these behaviors beyond middle adulthood. Few studies have explored how a life-course background of criminal and externalizing behaviors influence aging and more specifically, whether it is associated with the onset and development of different neurodegenerative, mental, and physical health disorders when aging. The overarching aim of this dissertation is to advance the knowledge about the long-term influence that criminal and other externalizing behaviors along the lifespan may have on health and neurodegeneration while individuals age. This aim was explored throughout three studies: Study I, a systematic review and meta-analysis performed to investigate the prevalence of several mental and physical health problems of older offenders; Study II, a Swedish population-based register study which examined how the severity of the criminal background associated with dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and how several life-course factors influenced these associations and; Study III, a multi-generation cohort study investigating whether externalizing behaviors and dementia co-aggregate in families. The main findings suggest that older adults with criminal and externalizing behavioral backgrounds, and overall, those with a severe criminal history, exhibit an increased liability to develop physical and mental health problems as well as MCI and dementia when aging. This increased risk is influenced by life-course health and psychosocial problems as well as genetic and familial environmental factors. In general, findings from this thesis point towards a better understanding of the aging process of individuals with this background, and to further the scientific knowledge about the influence of life-course adverse behaviors on aging. This knowledge may promote the development of preventive and interventive strategies for individuals with a criminal and externalizing behavioral background.

وصف الملف: electronic

الوصول الحر: https://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-111219Test
https://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1832703/PREVIEW01.pngTest
https://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1832703/COVER01.pdfTest
https://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1832703/FULLTEXT01.pdfTest
https://oru.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1832703/SPIKBLAD01.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Johnpaul Uzozie Okafor, Akinyinka Olukunle Akande, Cosmas Kemdirim Agubor

المصدر: Journal of Electrical Systems and Information Technology, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-21 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Voice recognition, Speech recognition, Keyword spotting, Security, Communication, Violent crime, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971, Information technology, T58.5-58.64

الوصف: Abstract Violent crime cases which include, robbery, rape, and homicide are terribly on the rise, and the role of security in combating this menace cannot be overemphasized. This research presents a security device that aims at fighting violent crimes using voice recognition technology. The work also tends to solve the issue of network downtime when the user is out of reach for help in time of attack. In this work, a voice processing unit which comprises the condenser microphone, an amplifier, a shift register, and a timer was designed. The processing unit circuit was incorporated into microcontrollers which create Human-Device interaction and the GSM communication unit which is made up of two GSM modules. The two microcontrollers used in the design are PIC18F4520 and PIC16F873A. The microcontrollers were programmed with C++ using the MPLAB IDE software and the circuit simulation was done using Proteus Design Suite version 8. The result shows that the appropriate authority receives SMS whenever the pre-recorded code is mentioned. The result also shows that during network downtime, the second GSM module sends an SMS to the appropriate authority. Evaluating the performance of this work, it was observed that the device works best in a calm area compared to a noisy area. This work is designed to work in domestic areas like homes, offices, malls, and mainly areas free from so much noise. Therefore, this work has successfully reduced the crime rate in emergencies.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2314-7172Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/2ba7bfb096784170aad2331dc88d65d0Test

المؤلفون: Sonia L. Robinson, Christopher D. McCort, Colette Smirniotis, Garen J. Wintemute, Hannah S. Laqueur

المصدر: Injury Epidemiology, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Firearm recovery, Weapons crime, Violent crime, Firearm dealerships, Firearm purchasers, Firearm transactions, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Abstract Background Firearm violence is a major cause of death and injury in the United States. Tracking the movement of firearms from legal purchase to use in crimes can help inform prevention of firearm injuries and deaths. The last state-wide studies analyzing crime gun recoveries used data from over 20 years ago; thus, an update is needed. Methods We used data for 5,247,348 handgun and 2,868,713 long gun transactions and law enforcement recoveries from California crime gun recovery (2010–2021) and California’s Dealer Records of Sales records. Covariates included characteristics of dealership sales, firearms and their transactions, and purchaser’s demographic characteristics, purchasing history, criminal history (from firearm purchaser criminal history records), and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Analyses for handguns and long guns was conducted separately. In multivariable analysis, we included correlates into a Cox proportional hazard model accounting for left truncation and clustering between the same firearm, purchaser, dealerships, and geographic location. Covariates that remained significant (P

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2197-1714Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/a124122ec7dc47e398d13a41e1581257Test

المؤلفون: Julia P. Schleimer, MPH, Miriam J. Haviland, PhD, MSPH, Amy Gallagher, MPH, Ayah Mustafa, BS, Rachel Ross, MPH, Garen Wintemute, MD, MPH, Deirdre Bowen, JD, PhD, Ali Rowhani-Rahbar, MD, PhD, MPH

المصدر: AJPM Focus, Vol 3, Iss 3, Pp 100206- (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Racial disparities, criminal justice, firearms, violent crime, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Introduction: Criminal convictions may be imperfect markers of criminalized behavior, in part because of criminal legal system processes (e.g., plea bargaining). In this retrospective cohort study of individuals convicted of misdemeanors, authors compared the risk of subsequent criminal charges for a violent crime among those initially charged with a felony with that among those initially charged with only misdemeanors, overall and by defendant race and ethnicity. Methods: The study population included individuals aged ≥18 years who were convicted of a misdemeanor in Washington Superior Courts from January 1, 2015 to December 31, 2019. Those with and without initial felony charges were age/gender matched in a 4:1 ratio. The primary outcome was the first subsequent violent crime charge in Washington Superior Courts through December 31, 2020. Data were analyzed with Fine–Gray hazard models from June 2022 to November 2023. Results: There were 3,841 individuals with initial felony charges and 956 with initial misdemeanor charges only. Median follow-up was 2.4 years for both groups. During follow-up, there were 166 new violent crime charges. In multivariable models, White defendants with initial felony charges had a greater risk of subsequent violent crime charges (subdistribution hazard ratio=2.58; 95% CI=1.24, 5.36) than White defendants with initial misdemeanor charges only. Among Black and Hispanic/Latinx defendants, initial felony versus misdemeanor charges were not associated with subsequent violent crime charges (subdistribution hazard ratio=0.93; 95% CI=0.44, 1.97 among Black defendants; subdistribution hazard ratio=0.49; 95% CI=0.15, 1.57 among Hispanic/Latinx defendants). Conclusions: Findings suggest differential associations between downgrading of felony charges to misdemeanor convictions and future violent crime charges by defendant race and ethnicity, with implications for inequitable collateral consequences of criminal convictions.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773065424000257Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2773-0654Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/4ff2d4dba8174d25a2af7fae3a0c35dfTest

المؤلفون: Anna‐Karin Ångström, Anneli Andersson, Miguel Garcia‐Argibay, Zheng Chang, Paul Lichtenstein, Brian M. D’Onofrio, Catherine Tuvblad, Laura Ghirardi, Henrik Larsson

المصدر: JCPP Advances, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp n/a-n/a (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: ADHD, non‐violent crime, violent crime, Pediatrics, RJ1-570, Psychiatry, RC435-571

الوصف: Abstract Background Individuals with Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) face an elevated risk of criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. However, understanding this link involves considering sex differences, coexisting psychiatric conditions, and unmeasured familial factors. This study aimed to explore the connection between ADHD and criminal convictions (both violent and non‐violent) in males and females, while also assessing the impact of comorbid psychiatric disorders and familial factors. Methods Using Swedish national registers, we identified individuals born between 1986 and 1997 (635,391 males and 600,548 females). ADHD was defined through clinical diagnosis and prescribed medications, while criminal convictions were determined based on Swedish lower court records. Unmeasured familial factors were accounted for using a sibling design approach. Results Findings revealed that individuals with ADHD had a notably higher absolute and relative risk of both violent and non‐violent criminal convictions compared to those without ADHD. While criminal convictions were more frequent among males with ADHD, females with ADHD exhibited higher relative risks (HR violent 10.50, non‐violent 4.04) than their male counterparts (HR violent 6.03, non‐violent 3.57). Additionally, lower socioeconomic status (SES) in individuals with ADHD was associated with increased relative risks for criminal convictions compared to individuals with ADHD who had higher SES. Adjusting for childhood and internalizing psychiatric disorders partially attenuated these associations, while substance use disorders (SUD) substantially attenuated them. SUD also contributed to an elevated absolute risk of criminal convictions in both male and female individuals with ADHD. Accounting for unmeasured shared familial factors slightly reduced the estimates, but the association between ADHD and criminal convictions persisted. Conclusion In conclusion, ADHD remains a potent independent risk factor for criminal convictions, with varying effects based on gender. This underscores the importance of tailored crime prevention strategies and early interventions for individuals with ADHD, especially when comorbid SUD is present.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2692-9384Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/7e510f6f46ea46b6a6a582a669e1f58eTest