المؤلفون: Stendardo, I., Buongiorno Nardelli, B., Durante, S., Iudicone, D., Kieke, D.

المصدر: Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans; Mar2024, Vol. 129 Issue 3, p1-23, 23p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ATLANTIC meridional overturning circulation, MIXING height (Atmospheric chemistry), OCEANIC mixing, WATER masses, OCEAN dynamics, SUBDUCTION

مستخلص: Subpolar Mode Water (SPMW) is an important water mass originating in the eastern North Atlantic. Its formation, subject to modification through oceanic interior mixing, can directly influence the volume of water contributing to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Utilizing observation‐based data sets spanning from 1993 to 2018, we estimated the formation rates and volume of SPMW within isopycnal layers and examined its temporal variability. Two complementary approaches were used to estimate the formation rate: a thermodynamic approach focusing on the air‐sea interactions and a kinematic approach involving volume transport from the mixed layer to the ocean's interior, including the entrainment/detrainment of the mixed layer itself. This is the first time that thermodynamic and kinematic approaches are applied to observation‐based data in the North Atlantic. Our results suggest a substantial role of diapycnal mixing in diluting the dense waters formed by air‐sea fluxes toward the range of SPMW densities. The study reveals a complex interplay of processes, with entrainment being the primary driver of subduction/obduction rates, while advection contributes to the overall small‐scale dynamics. Variations in the volume and location of SPMW formation are observed from year to year. Notably, when SPMW forms extensively in lighter isopycnal layers, the volume occupied by denser isopycnals decreases and vice versa. We attributed this compensation effect to a propagation signal, where formation in the lightest isopycnal bins influences the formation in denser isopycnal bins with a delay of a few years, emphasizing the circulation's role in shaping the SPMW distribution. Plain Language Summary: We present an analysis of one important type of water mass, the Subpolar Mode Water (SPMW) located in the North Atlantic Ocean. We looked at data collected over a period of 26 years from 1993 to 2018, to understand how SPMW forms and how its volume changes over time. We used two different methods to calculate how much SPMW forms each year to have the best possible picture. One method looked at air‐water interactions, and the other at how the water moves from the top layer of the ocean to deeper parts. This is the first time these methods are applied to observation‐based data in the North Atlantic. Our findings highlight the important role of water mixing in changing the density of SPMW. We also found that one of the main reasons how the SPMW leaves the top layer of the ocean is through the shoaling/deepening of the mixed layer itself over time, modulated horizontally by the small‐scale dynamics of the ocean. Additionally, the volume of SPMW and location where it forms can vary from year to year. Notably, when SPMW forms in larger amounts in the upper part of the ocean, there is less SPMW in the denser water. Key Points: Subduction of water below the mixed layer is driven by entrainment with advection modulating the small‐scale dynamicsVolume and formation of Subpolar Mode Water changes every year in size and locationThe difference between the formation rate from the thermodynamic and kinematic approaches suggests a large role of diapycnal mixing [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Stendardo, I., Gruber, N., Körtzinger, A.

المصدر: eISSN: 1866-3516

الوصف: In the CARINA (Carbon dioxide in the Atlantic Ocean) project, a new dataset with many previously unpublished hydrographic data from the Atlantic, Arctic and Southern Ocean was assembled and subjected to careful quality control (QC) procedures. Here, we present the dissolved oxygen measurements in the Atlantic region of the dataset and describe in detail the secondary QC procedures that aim to ensure that the data are internally consistent. This is achieved by a cross-over analysis, i.e. the comparison of deep ocean data at places that were sampled by different cruises at different times. Initial adjustments to the individual cruises were then determined by an inverse procedure that computes a set of adjustments that requires the minimum amount of adjustment and at the same time reduces the offsets in an optimal manner. The initial adjustments were then reviewed by the CARINA members, and only those that passed the following two criteria were adopted: (i) the region is not subject to substantial temporal variability, and (ii) the adjustment must be based on at least three stations from each cruise. No adjustment was recommended for cruises that did not fit these criteria. The final CARINA-Oxygen dataset has 103414 oxygen samples from 9491 stations obtained during 98 cruises covering three decades. The sampling density of the oxygen data is particularly good in the North Atlantic north of about 40° N especially after 1987. In contrast, the sample density in the South Atlantic is much lower. Some cruises appear to have poor data quality, and were subsequently omitted from the adjusted dataset. Of the data included in the adjusted dataset, 20% were adjusted with a mean adjustment of 2%. Due to the achieved internal consistency, the resulting product is well suited to produce an improved climatology or to study long-term changes in the oxygen content of the ocean. However, the adjusted dataset is not necessarily better suited than the unadjusted data to address questions that require a high level of accuracy, such as ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/1/87/2009Test/

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-1-87-2009Test
https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/1/87/2009Test/

المؤلفون: Tanhua, T., Steinfeldt, R., Key, R. M., Brown, P., Gruber, N., Wanninkhof, R., Perez, F., Körtzinger, A., Velo, A., Schuster, U., Heuven, S., Bullister, J. L., Stendardo, I., Hoppema, M., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Pierrot, D., Schirnick, C., Wallace, D. W. R.

المصدر: eISSN: 1866-3516

الوصف: Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean). The data have gone through rigorous quality control procedures to assure the highest possible quality and consistency. The data for the pertinent parameters in the CARINA database were objectively examined in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Systematic biases found in the data have been corrected in the three data products: merged data files with measured, calculated and interpolated data for each of the three CARINA regions, i.e. the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. These products have been corrected to be internally consistent. Ninety-eight of the cruises in the CARINA database were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean, defined here as the region south of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge and north of about 30° S. Here we present an overview of the Atlantic Ocean synthesis of the CARINA data and the adjustments that were applied to the data product. We also report the details of the secondary QC (Quality Control) for salinity for this data set. Procedures of quality control – including crossover analysis between stations and inversion analysis of all crossover data – are briefly described. Adjustments to salinity measurements were applied to the data from 10 cruises in the Atlantic Ocean region. Based on our analysis we estimate the internal consistency of the CARINA-ATL salinity data to be 4.1 ppm. With these adjustments the CARINA data products are consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the World Hydrographic Program in the 1990s, and is now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/2/17/2010Test/

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-17-2010Test
https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/2/17/2010Test/

المؤلفون: Iudicone, D., Rodgers, K. B., Stendardo, I., Aumont, O., Madec, G., Bopp, L., Mangoni, O., Ribera d'Alcala', M.

المصدر: eISSN: 1726-4189

الوصف: The scientific motivation for this study is to understand the processes in the ocean interior controlling carbon transfer across 30° S. To address this, we have developed a unified framework for understanding the interplay between physical drivers such as buoyancy fluxes and ocean mixing, and carbon-specific processes such as biology, gas exchange and carbon mixing. Given the importance of density in determining the ocean interior structure and circulation, the framework is one that is organized by density and water masses, and it makes combined use of Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. This is achieved through application to a global ice-ocean circulation model and an ocean biogeochemistry model, with both components being part of the widely-used IPSL coupled ocean/atmosphere/carbon cycle model. Our main new result is the dominance of the overturning circulation (identified by water masses) in setting the vertical distribution of carbon transport from the Southern Ocean towards the global ocean. A net contrast emerges between the role of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), associated with large northward transport and ingassing, and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), associated with a much smaller export and outgassing. The differences in their export rate reflects differences in their water mass formation processes. For SAMW, two-thirds of the surface waters are provided as a result of the densification of thermocline water (TW), and upon densification this water carries with it a substantial diapycnal flux of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). For AAIW, principal formatin processes include buoyancy forcing and mixing, with these serving to lighten CDW. An additional important formation pathway of AAIW is through the effect of interior processing (mixing, including cabelling) that serve to densify SAMW. A quantitative evaluation of the contribution of mixing, biology and gas exchange to the DIC evolution per water mass reveals that mixing and, secondarily, gas exchange, effectively nearly balance biology on ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/8/1031/2011Test/

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1031-2011Test
https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/8/1031/2011Test/

المؤلفون: Iudicone, Daniele, Rodgers, Keith B., Stendardo, I., Aumont, Olivier, Madec, Gurvan, Bopp, Laurent, Mangoni, O., Ribera d'Alcala, M.

المساهمون: Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn (SZN), Princeton University, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics ETH Zürich (IBP), Department of Environmental Systems Science ETH Zürich (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich)-Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH Zürich), Laboratoire de physique des océans (LPO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Sciences et Lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales Toulouse (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Oceanography Centre (NOC), Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement Gif-sur-Yvette (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Dipartimento delle Scienze Biologiche, University of Naples Federico II = Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II

المصدر: ISSN: 1726-4170.

مصطلحات موضوعية: [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography

الوصف: International audience ; The scientific motivation for this study is to understand the processes in the ocean interior controlling carbon transfer across 30° S. To address this, we have developed a unified framework for understanding the interplay between physical drivers such as buoyancy fluxes and ocean mixing, and carbon-specific processes such as biology, gas exchange and carbon mixing. Given the importance of density in determining the ocean interior structure and circulation, the framework is one that is organized by density and water masses, and it makes combined use of Eulerian and Lagrangian diagnostics. This is achieved through application to a global ice-ocean circulation model and an ocean biogeochemistry model, with both components being part of the widely-used IPSL coupled ocean/atmosphere/carbon cycle model. Our main new result is the dominance of the overturning circulation (identified by water masses) in setting the vertical distribution of carbon transport from the Southern Ocean towards the global ocean. A net contrast emerges between the role of Subantarctic Mode Water (SAMW), associated with large northward transport and ingassing, and Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW), associated with a much smaller export and outgassing. The differences in their export rate reflects differences in their water mass formation processes. For SAMW, two-thirds of the surface waters are provided as a result of the densification of thermocline water (TW), and upon densification this water carries with it a substantial diapycnal flux of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). For AAIW, principal formatin processes include buoyancy forcing and mixing, with these serving to lighten CDW. An additional important formation pathway of AAIW is through the effect of interior processing (mixing, including cabelling) that serve to densify SAMW. A quantitative evaluation of the contribution of mixing, biology and gas exchange to the DIC evolution per water mass reveals that mixing and, secondarily, gas exchange, effectively ...

العلاقة: hal-00716182; https://hal.science/hal-00716182Test; https://hal.science/hal-00716182/documentTest; https://hal.science/hal-00716182/file/bg-8-1031-2011.pdfTest; IRD: fdi:010053580

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-8-1031-2011Test
https://hal.science/hal-00716182Test
https://hal.science/hal-00716182/documentTest
https://hal.science/hal-00716182/file/bg-8-1031-2011.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Tanhua, Toste, Steinfeldt, R., Key, R. M., Brown, P., Gruber, N., Wanninkhof, R., Perez, F., Körtzinger, Arne, Velo, A., Schuster, U., van Heuven, S., Talley, L., Bullister, J. L., Stendardo, I., Hoppema, M., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Pierrot, D., Schirnick, Carsten, Wallace, Douglas W.R.

الوصف: Water column data of carbon and carbon-relevant hydrographic and hydrochemical parameters from 188 previously non-publicly available cruise data sets in the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, Atlantic and Southern Ocean have been retrieved and merged into a new database: CARINA (CARbon dioxide IN the Atlantic Ocean). The data have gone through rigorous quality control procedures to assure the highest possible quality and consistency. The data for the pertinent parameters in the CARINA database were objectively examined in order to quantify systematic differences in the reported values, i.e. secondary quality control. Systematic biases found in the data have been corrected in the three data products: merged data files with measured, calculated and interpolated data for each of the three CARINA regions, i.e. the Arctic Mediterranean Seas, the Atlantic and the Southern Ocean. These products have been corrected to be internally consistent. Ninety-eight of the cruises in the CARINA database were conducted in the Atlantic Ocean, defined here as the region south of the Greenland-Iceland-Scotland Ridge and north of about 30° S. Here we present an overview of the Atlantic Ocean synthesis of the CARINA data and the adjustments that were applied to the data product. We also report the details of the secondary QC (Quality Control) for salinity for this data set. Procedures of quality control – including crossover analysis between stations and inversion analysis of all crossover data – are briefly described. Adjustments to salinity measurements were applied to the data from 10 cruises in the Atlantic Ocean region. Based on our analysis we estimate the internal consistency of the CARINA-ATL salinity data to be 4.1 ppm. With these adjustments the CARINA data products are consistent both internally as well as with GLODAP data, an oceanographic data set based on the World Hydrographic Program in the 1990s, and is now suitable for accurate assessments of, for example, oceanic carbon inventories and uptake rates and for model validation.

وصف الملف: text

العلاقة: https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/8501/2/essd-2-17-2010.pdfTest; Tanhua, T. , Steinfeldt, R., Key, R. M., Brown, P., Gruber, N., Wanninkhof, R., Perez, F., Körtzinger, A. , Velo, A., Schuster, U., van Heuven, S., Talley, L., Bullister, J. L., Stendardo, I., Hoppema, M., Olsen, A., Kozyr, A., Pierrot, D., Schirnick, C. and Wallace, D. W. R. (2010) Atlantic Ocean CARINA data: overview and salinity adjustments. Open Access Earth System Science Data, 2 . pp. 17-34. DOI 10.5194/essd-2-17-2010 .

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2-17-2010Test
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/8501Test/
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/8501/2/essd-2-17-2010.pdfTest
https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/2/17/2010Test/

المؤلفون: Stendardo, I., Gruber, N., Körtzinger, Arne

الوصف: In the CARINA (Carbon dioxide in the Atlantic Ocean) project, a new dataset with many previously unpublished hydrographic data from the Atlantic, Arctic and Southern Ocean was assembled and subjected to careful quality control (QC) procedures. Here, we present the dissolved oxygen measurements in the Atlantic region of the dataset and describe in detail the secondary QC procedures that aim to ensure that the data are internally consistent. This is achieved by a cross-over analysis, i.e. the comparison of deep ocean data at places that were sampled by different cruises at different times. Initial adjustments to the individual cruises were then determined by an inverse procedure that computes a set of adjustments that requires the minimum amount of adjustment and at the same time reduces the offsets in an optimal manner. The initial adjustments were then reviewed by the CARINA members, and only those that passed the following two criteria were adopted: (i) the region is not subject to substantial temporal variability, and (ii) the adjustment must be based on at least three stations from each cruise. No adjustment was recommended for cruises that did not fit these criteria. The final CARINA-Oxygen dataset has 103414 oxygen samples from 9491 stations obtained during 98 cruises covering three decades. The sampling density of the oxygen data is particularly good in the North Atlantic north of about 40° N especially after 1987. In contrast, the sample density in the South Atlantic is much lower. Some cruises appear to have poor data quality, and were subsequently omitted from the adjusted dataset. Of the data included in the adjusted dataset, 20% were adjusted with a mean adjustment of 2%. Due to the achieved internal consistency, the resulting product is well suited to produce an improved climatology or to study long-term changes in the oxygen content of the ocean. However, the adjusted dataset is not necessarily better suited than the unadjusted data to address questions that require a high level of accuracy, such as ...

وصف الملف: text

العلاقة: https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/2755/1/926_Stendardo_2009_CarinaOxygenDataInThe_Artzeit_pubid12856.pdfTest; Stendardo, I., Gruber, N. and Körtzinger, A. (2009) CARINA oxygen data in the Atlantic Ocean. Open Access Earth System Science Data, 1 . pp. 87-109. DOI 10.5194/essd-1-87-2009 .

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-1-87-2009Test
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/2755Test/
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/2755/1/926_Stendardo_2009_CarinaOxygenDataInThe_Artzeit_pubid12856.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Tanhua, Toste, Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, Carsten, van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Kozyr, A., Alvarez, M., Bakker, D.C.E., Brown, P., Falck, E., Jeansson, E., Lo Monaco, C., Olafsson, J., Perez, F.F., Pierrot, D., Rios, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Schuster, U., Steinfeldt, R., Stendardo, I., Anderson, L.G., Bates, N.R., Bellerby, R.G.J., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J.L., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, E.P., Köhler, J., Körtzinger, Arne, Metzl, N., Murata, A., Musielewicz, S., Omar, A.M., Olsson, K.A., de la Paz, M., Pfeil, B., Rey, F., Rhein, M., Skjelvan, I., Tilbrook, B., Wanninkhof, R., Mintrop, L., Wallace, Douglas W.R., Key, R.M.

وصف الملف: text

العلاقة: https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/6422/1/CARINA_data_Synthesis_Project.pdfTest; Tanhua, T. , Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, C. , van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Kozyr, A., Alvarez, M., Bakker, D. C. E., Brown, P., Falck, E., Jeansson, E., Lo Monaco, C., Olafsson, J., Perez, F. F., Pierrot, D., Rios, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Schuster, U., Steinfeldt, R., Stendardo, I., Anderson, L. G., Bates, N. R., Bellerby, R. G. J., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J. L., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. P., Köhler, J., Körtzinger, A. , Metzl, N., Murata, A., Musielewicz, S., Omar, A. M., Olsson, K. A., de la Paz, M., Pfeil, B., Rey, F., Rhein, M., Skjelvan, I., Tilbrook, B., Wanninkhof, R., Mintrop, L., Wallace, D. W. R. and Key, R. M. (2009) CARINA Data Synthesis Project. Open Access . ORNL/CDIAC . 157, Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U. S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, TN, USA, VII, 11 pp. DOI 157.; 157

الإتاحة: https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/6422Test/
https://oceanrep.geomar.de/id/eprint/6422/1/CARINA_data_Synthesis_Project.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Stendardo, I., Rhein, M., Steinfeldt, R.

المصدر: Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans; Sep2020, Vol. 125 Issue 9, p1-23, 23p

مصطلحات موضوعية: MERIDIONAL overturning circulation, HILBERT-Huang transform, FRESH water, WESTERLIES, OCEAN

مستخلص: The North Atlantic Current (NAC) supplies the subpolar gyre with warm and saline water from the subtropics as part of the upper branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). In the context of climate changes, the North Atlantic Ocean is one of the key regions to investigate the variability of the overturning circulation in which salinity and freshwater variability are playing a central role. Through the gravest empirical mode (GEM) method, we reconstructed salinity and velocity fields in the same spatiotemporal resolution as the sea surface height (SSH) product. The time series of salinity, freshwater, and volume transport are characterized by strong interannual variability related to most of the recently developed subpolar gyre indices. The variability of the freshwater transport in the study area is as high or even higher than the freshwater fluxes from the Arctic Ocean and thus needs to be considered for the impact of freshwater on the subpolar North Atlantic. Our analysis also revealed that the NAC import into the subpolar gyre is not only occurring in the western Atlantic close to the western boundary current. One o the NAC branches that forms at the Mann Eddy contributes about 15% of the volume transport and 28% of the freshwater transport crossing from the western into the eastern Atlantic north of 45°N. This branch has not been subject to the strong lateral mixing with freshwater at the western boundary, and thus, the salinity of this NAC pathway is higher than the one at the western boundary. Plain Language Summary: The northward prolongation of the Gulf Stream is called North Atlantic Current (NAC). The NAC transports warm and salty water from the subtropics to the north, and part of it even reaches the Arctic Ocean. Up to now, the pathways north of 40°N and their strengths and fluctuations are only poorly known. In this study, we used satellite data and measurements in the ocean to calculate the amount of water (volume transport) and salt (here expressed as negative salinity transport and dubbed freshwater transport) between 40°N and 53°N. Our results show that all transports are very variable during the time period from 1993 to 2016. The fluctuation of the NAC freshwater transport is comparable with the amount of freshwater coming from the Arctic Ocean into our study region and thus cannot be neglected. We also saw that the NAC splits into several branches that cross from the western into the eastern Atlantic Ocean. It has been often considered that the southernmost branches turn back to the subtropics. Our results show, however, that some fraction of them instead flows into the eastern subpolar region and influences the amount of salinity there. Key Points: North Atlantic Current branches forming at the Mann Eddy contribute to the salinity distribution in the subpolar eastern North AtlanticTime series of salinity, freshwater, and volume transport show strong variability related to most of the subpolar gyre indicesNorth Atlantic freshwater transport variability is as high or higher than the fluxes from the Arctic ocean [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Geophysical Research. Oceans is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Tanhua, T., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, C., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Kozyr, A., Alvarez, M., Bakker, D.C.E., Brown, P., Falck, E., Jeansson, E., Lo Monaco, C., Olafsson, J., Perez, F.F., Pierrot, D., Rios, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Shuster, U., Steinfeldt, R., Stendardo, I., Andreson, L.G., Bates, N.R., Bellerby, R.G.J., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J.L., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, E.P., Köhler, J., Körtzinger, A., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Musielewicz, S., Omar, A.M., Olsson, K.A., de la Paz, M., Pfeil, B., Rey, F., Rhein, M., Skjelvan, I., Tilbrook, B., Wanninkhof, R., Mintrop, L., Wallace, D.W.R., Key, R.M.

العلاقة: Tanhua, T., Olsen, A., Hoppema, M., Jutterström, S., Schirnick, C., van Heuven, S., Velo, A., Lin, X., Kozyr, A., Alvarez, M., Bakker, D.C.E., Brown, P., Falck, E., Jeansson, E., Lo Monaco, C., Olafsson, J., Perez, F.F., Pierrot, D., Rios, A.F., Sabine, C.L., Shuster, U., Steinfeldt, R., Stendardo, I., Andreson, L.G., Bates, N.R., Bellerby, R.G.J., Blindheim, J., Bullister, J.L., Gruber, N., Ishii, M., Johannessen, T., Jones, E.P., Köhler, J., Körtzinger, A., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Musielewicz, S., Omar, A.M., Olsson, K.A., de la Paz, M., Pfeil, B., Rey, F., Rhein, M., Skjelvan, I., Tilbrook, B., Wanninkhof, R., Mintrop, L., Wallace, D.W.R. and Key, R.M. (2009) CARINA data Synthesis Project (CDIAC Numeric Data Package, NDP-091) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center

الإتاحة: https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/358255Test/