المؤلفون: Hoda Shamsnajafabadi, Zahra-Soheila Soheili

المصدر: International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine, Vol 20, Iss 8, Pp 627-643 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: amniotic fluid, stem cells, differentiation, regeneration, tissue engineering., Gynecology and obstetrics, RG1-991, Reproduction, QH471-489

الوصف: Abstract Amniotic fluid (AF) is a clear yellow fluid that surrounds the fetus during pregnancy. The amniotic sac consists of 2 layers: the amnion and the chorion. Osmotic and hydrostatic forces cause the maternal plasma to pass through the fetal skin and generate the AF. AF allows the fetus to grow inside the uterus, supports it from injuries, retains consistent pressure and temperature, and enables the exchange of body chemicals with the mother. At first, it consists of water and electrolytes but after the 12-14 th wk the liquid also contains carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, phospholipids, urea, hormones, and some biochemical products. AF appearance is characterized by the grade of cloudiness and the number of flakes of the vernix. The volume of AF increases with the fetus's growth. Its appearance depends on the gestational age. In addition to differentiated cells, stem cells are also found within the AF. These cells express embryonic-specific cell markers and bear high self-renewal capacity and telomerase activity. AF stem cells possess the potential to differentiate into osteogenic, cardiac, skeletal muscle, lung, neuronal, kidney, bone, cartilage, ovarian and hepatic cells in vitro. They represent a great promise in regenerative medicine for the reconstruction of bio-artificial tissues and organs in vivo. The purpose of this paper was to briefly review the development and function of AF and the application of its stem cells in cell therapy.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2476-4108Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2476-3772Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/8ddaffc3be1948efb48d43b015f10fe2Test

المؤلفون: Paraíso-Luna, Juan, Aguareles, José, Martín, Ricardo, Ayo-Martín, Ane C., Simón-Sánchez, Samuel, García-Rincón, Daniel, Costas-Insua, Carlos, García-Taboada, Elena, de Salas-Quiroga, Adán, Díaz-Alonso, Javier, Liste, Isabel, Sánchez-Prieto, José, Cappello, Silvia, Guzmán, Manuel, Galve-Roperh, Ismael

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: The endocannabinoid (eCB) system, via the cannabinoid CB 1 receptor, regulates neurodevelopment by controlling neural progenitor proliferation and neurogenesis. CB 1 receptor signalling in vivo drives corticofugal deep layer projection neuron development through the regulation of BCL11B and SATB2 transcription factors. Here, we investigated the role of eCB signalling in mouse pluripotent embryonic stem cell-derived neuronal differentiation. Characterization of the eCB system revealed increased expression of eCB-metabolizing enzymes, eCB ligands and CB 1 receptors during neuronal differentiation. CB 1 receptor knockdown inhibited neuronal differentiation of deep layer neurons and increased upper layer neuron generation, and this phenotype was rescued by CB 1 re-expression. Pharmacological regulation with CB 1 receptor agonists or elevation of eCB tone with a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor promoted neuronal differentiation of deep layer neurons at the expense of upper layer neurons. Patch-clamp analyses revealed that enhancing cannabinoid signalling facilitated neuronal differentiation and functionality. Noteworthy, incubation with CB 1 receptor agonists during human iPSC-derived cerebral organoid formation also promoted the expansion of BCL11B+ neurons. These findings unveil a cell-autonomous role of eCB signalling that, via the CB 1 receptor, promotes mouse and human deep layer cortical neuron development.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev192161Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.192161Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.192161Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev192161Test

المؤلفون: Ishii, Ryutaro, Yanagisawa, Hiromi, Sada, Aiko

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Adult tissues contain label-retaining cells (LRCs), which are relatively slow-cycling and considered to represent a property of tissue stem cells (SCs). In the ocular surface epithelium, LRCs are present in the limbus and conjunctival fornix; however, the character of these LRCs remains unclear, owing to lack of appropriate molecular markers. Using three CreER transgenic mouse lines, we demonstrate that the ocular surface epithelium accommodates spatially distinct populations with different cell division dynamics. In the limbus, long-lived Slc1a3CreER-labeled SCs either migrate centripetally toward the central cornea or slowly expand their clones laterally within the limbal region. In the central cornea, non-LRCs labeled with Dlx1CreER and K14CreER behave as short-lived progenitor cells. The conjunctival epithelium in the bulbar, fornix and palpebral compartment is regenerated by regionally unique SC populations. Severe damage to the cornea leads to the cancellation of SC compartments and conjunctivalization, whereas milder limbal injury induces a rapid increase of laterally expanding clones in the limbus. Taken together, our work defines compartmentalized multiple SC/progenitor populations of the mouse eye in homeostasis and their behavioral changes in response to injury.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev197590Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.197590Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.197590Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev197590Test

المؤلفون: Tsata, Vasiliki, Kroehne, Volker, Wehner, Daniel, Rost, Fabian, Lange, Christian, Hoppe, Cornelia, Kurth, Thomas, Reinhardt, Susanne, Petzold, Andreas, Dahl, Andreas, Loeffler, Markus, Reimer, Michell M., Brand, Michael

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in loss of neurons, oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths, all of which are not efficiently restored. The scarcity of oligodendrocytes in the lesion site impairs re-myelination of spared fibres, which leaves axons denuded, impedes signal transduction and contributes to permanent functional deficits. In contrast to mammals, zebrafish can functionally regenerate the spinal cord. Yet, little is known about oligodendroglial lineage biology and re-myelination capacity after SCI in a regeneration-permissive context. Here, we report that, in adult zebrafish, SCI results in axonal, oligodendrocyte and myelin sheath loss. We find that OPCs, the oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, survive the injury, enter a reactive state, proliferate and differentiate into oligodendrocytes. Concomitantly, the oligodendrocyte population is re-established to pre-injury levels within 2 weeks. Transcriptional profiling revealed that reactive OPCs upregulate the expression of several myelination-related genes. Interestingly, global reduction of axonal tracts and partial re-myelination, relative to pre-injury levels, persist at later stages of regeneration, yet are sufficient for functional recovery. Taken together, these findings imply that, in the zebrafish spinal cord, OPCs replace lost oligodendrocytes and, thus, re-establish myelination during regeneration.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev193946Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.193946Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.193946Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev193946Test

المؤلفون: Begeman, Ian J., Shin, Kwangdeok, Osorio-Méndez, Daniel, Kurth, Andrew, Lee, Nutishia, Chamberlain, Trevor J., Pelegri, Francisco J., Kang, Junsu

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Heart regeneration in regeneration-competent organisms can be accomplished through the remodeling of gene expression in response to cardiac injury. This dynamic transcriptional response relies on the activities of tissue regeneration enhancer elements (TREEs); however, the mechanisms underlying TREEs are poorly understood. We dissected a cardiac regeneration enhancer in zebrafish to elucidate the mechanisms governing spatiotemporal gene expression during heart regeneration. Cardiac lepb regeneration enhancer ( cLEN ) exhibits dynamic, regeneration-dependent activity in the heart. We found that multiple injury-activated regulatory elements are distributed throughout the enhancer region. This analysis also revealed that cardiac regeneration enhancers are not only activated by injury, but surprisingly, they are also actively repressed in the absence of injury. Our data identified a short (22 bp) DNA element containing a key repressive element. Comparative analysis across Danio species indicated that the repressive element is conserved in closely related species. The repression mechanism is not operational during embryogenesis and emerges when the heart begins to mature. Incorporating both activation and repression components into the mechanism of tissue regeneration constitutes a new paradigm that might be extrapolated to other regeneration scenarios.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev194019Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.194019Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.194019Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/24/dev194019Test

المؤلفون: Soubigou, Anael, Ross, Ethan G., Touhami, Yousef, Chrismas, Nathan, Modepalli, Vengamanaidu

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Somatic cells dissociated from an adult sponge can reorganize and develop into a juvenile-like sponge, a remarkable phenomenon of regeneration. However, the extent to which regeneration recapitulates embryonic developmental pathways has remained enigmatic. We have standardized and established a sponge Sycon ciliatum regeneration protocol from dissociated cells. Morphological analysis demonstrated that dissociated sponge cells follow a series of morphological events resembling postembryonic development. We performed high-throughput sequencing on regenerating samples and compared the data with that from regular postlarval development. Our comparative transcriptomic analysis revealed that sponge regeneration is as equally dynamic as embryogenesis. We found that sponge regeneration is orchestrated by recruiting pathways similar to those utilized in embryonic development. We also demonstrated that sponge regeneration is accompanied by cell death at early stages, revealing the importance of apoptosis in remodelling the primmorphs to initiate re-development. Because sponges are likely to be the first branch of extant multicellular animals, we suggest that this system can be explored to study the genetic features underlying the evolution of multicellularity and regeneration.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/22/dev193714Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.193714Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.193714Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/22/dev193714Test

المؤلفون: Magadi, Srivathsa S., Voutyraki, Chrysanthi, Anagnostopoulos, Gerasimos, Zacharioudaki, Evanthia, Poutakidou, Ioanna K., Efraimoglou, Christina, Stapountzi, Margarita, Theodorou, Vasiliki, Nikolaou, Christoforos, Koumbanakis, Konstantinos A., Fullard, John F., Delidakis, Christos

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Neural stem cells divide during embryogenesis and juvenile life to generate the entire complement of neurons and glia in the nervous system of vertebrates and invertebrates. Studies of the mechanisms controlling the fine balance between neural stem cells and more differentiated progenitors have shown that, in every asymmetric cell division, progenitors send a Delta-Notch signal to their sibling stem cells. Here, we show that excessive activation of Notch or overexpression of its direct targets of the Hes family causes stem-cell hyperplasias in the Drosophila larval central nervous system, which can progress to malignant tumours after allografting to adult hosts. We combined transcriptomic data from these hyperplasias with chromatin occupancy data for Dpn, a Hes transcription factor, to identify genes regulated by Hes factors in this process. We show that the Notch/Hes axis represses a cohort of transcription factor genes. These are excluded from the stem cells and promote early differentiation steps, most likely by preventing the reversion of immature progenitors to a stem-cell fate. We describe the impact of two of these ‘anti-stemness’ factors, Zfh1 and Gcm, on Notch/Hes-triggered tumorigenesis.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/22/dev191544Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.191544Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.191544Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/22/dev191544Test

المؤلفون: Bulajic, Milica, Srivastava, Divyanshi, Dasen, Jeremy S., Wichterle, Hynek, Mahony, Shaun, Mazzoni, Esteban O.

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Although Hox genes encode for conserved transcription factors (TFs), they are further divided into anterior, central and posterior groups based on their DNA-binding domain similarity. The posterior Hox group expanded in the deuterostome clade and patterns caudal and distal structures. We aimed to address how similar Hox TFs diverge to induce different positional identities. We studied Hox TF DNA-binding and regulatory activity during an in vitro motor neuron differentiation system that recapitulates embryonic development. We found diversity in the genomic binding profiles of different Hox TFs, even among the posterior group paralogs that share similar DNA-binding domains. These differences in genomic binding were explained by differing abilities to bind to previously inaccessible sites. For example, the posterior group HOXC9 had a greater ability to bind occluded sites than the posterior HOXC10, producing different binding patterns and driving differential gene expression programs. From these results, we propose that the differential abilities of posterior Hox TFs to bind to previously inaccessible chromatin drive patterning diversification. This article has an associated ‘ The people behind the papers ’ interview.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/22/dev194761Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.194761Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.194761Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/22/dev194761Test

المؤلفون: Ninche, Ninche, Kwak, Mingyu, Ghazizadeh, Soosan

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Salivary glands exert exocrine secretory function to provide saliva for lubrication and protection of the oral cavity. Its epithelium consists of several differentiated cell types, including acinar, ductal and myoepithelial cells, that are maintained in a lineage-restricted manner during homeostasis or after mild injuries. Glandular regeneration following a near complete loss of secretory cells, however, may involve cellular plasticity, although the mechanism and extent of such plasticity remain unclear. Here, by combining lineage-tracing experiments with a model of severe glandular injury in the mouse submandibular gland, we show that de novo formation of acini involves induction of cellular plasticity in multiple non-acinar cell populations. Fate-mapping analysis revealed that, although ductal stem cells marked by cytokeratin K14 and Axin2 undergo a multipotency switch, they do not make a significant contribution to acinar regeneration. Intriguingly, more than 80% of regenerated acini derive from differentiated cells, including myoepithelial and ductal cells, that appear to dedifferentiate to a progenitor-like state before re-differentiation into acinar cells. The potential of diverse cell populations serving as a reserve source for acini widens the therapeutic options for hyposalivation.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/19/dev192807Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.192807Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.192807Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/19/dev192807Test

المؤلفون: She, Peilu, Zhang, Huifang, Peng, Xiangwen, Sun, Jianjian, Gao, Bangjun, Zhou, Yating, Zhu, Xuejiao, Hu, Xueli, Lai, Kaa Seng, Wong, Jiemin, Zhou, Bin, Wang, Linhui, Zhong, Tao P.

مصطلحات موضوعية: STEM CELLS AND REGENERATION

الوصف: Teleost zebrafish and neonatal mammalian hearts exhibit the remarkable capacity to regenerate through dedifferentiation and proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes (CMs). Although many mitogenic signals that stimulate zebrafish heart regeneration have been identified, transcriptional programs that restrain injury-induced CM renewal are incompletely understood. Here, we report that mutations in gridlock ( grl ; also known as hey2 ), encoding a Hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor, enhance CM proliferation and reduce fibrosis following damage. In contrast, myocardial grl induction blunts CM dedifferentiation and regenerative responses to heart injury. RNA sequencing analyses uncover Smyd2 lysine methyltransferase (KMT) as a key transcriptional target repressed by Grl. Reduction in Grl protein levels triggered by injury induces smyd2 expression at the wound myocardium, enhancing CM proliferation. We show that Smyd2 functions as a methyltransferase and modulates the Stat3 methylation and phosphorylation activity. Inhibition of the KMT activity of Smyd2 reduces phosphorylated Stat3 at cardiac wounds, suppressing the elevated CM proliferation in injured grl mutant hearts. Our findings establish an injury-specific transcriptional repression program in governing CM renewal during heart regeneration, providing a potential strategy whereby silencing Grl repression at local regions might empower regeneration capacity to the injured mammalian heart.

وصف الملف: text/html

العلاقة: http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/18/dev190678Test; http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.190678Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.190678Test
http://dev.biologists.org/cgi/content/short/147/18/dev190678Test