المؤلفون: Liu, Shuo^1,2 (AUTHOR), Liang, Yufei³ (AUTHOR), Xu, Long¹ (AUTHOR), Dong, Jiajia^1,2,4 (AUTHOR) jiajiadong@sjtu.edu.cn

المصدر: European Journal of Organic Chemistry. 5/3/2024, Vol. 27 Issue 17, p1-5. 5p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CLICK chemistry, *METHYLENE compounds, *ALDEHYDES, *TRIAZOLES, *AZIDES

الشركة/الكيان: UNITED States. Bureau of Reclamation

مستخلص: Herein, we present a new application of fluorosulfonylazide (FSO2N3) for diazotizing a series of activated methylene compounds to deliver the corresponding diazo products. Notably, by the judicious choice of bases, the selective generation of the Bestmann‐Ohira reagent (BOR) or the Seyferth‐Gilbert reagent (SGR) has been realized from FSO2N3 and dimethyl‐2‐oxopropylphosphonate. We also investigated the kinetics of the homologation of aldehydes using these two reagents with K2CO3 as a base in MeOH, finding that a faster reaction rate was achieved by using SGR. Moreover, the facile one‐pot synthesis of terminal alkynes from aldehydes has been established, which could be further coupled with azides to deliver triazoles using CuAAC click chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Piraei, Reza¹ (AUTHOR), Niazkar, Majid² (AUTHOR) majid.niazkar@unibz.it, Afzali, Seied Hosein¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Acta Geophysica. Aug2024, Vol. 72 Issue 4, p2795-2814. 20p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RIVER sediments, *OPTIMIZATION algorithms, *BED load, *SEDIMENT transport, *RIVER engineering, *YANG-Baxter equation

الشركة/الكيان: UNITED States. Bureau of Reclamation

مستخلص: Knowing the amount of sediment transported in rivers is important in river and hydraulic engineering. In essence, sediment transport process is very complex, whose direct measurement is not only challenging but also costly. In this regard, several equations have been developed to estimate sediment discharge, while their estimations may be an order of magnitudes different from one another under specific circumstances. In a bid to improve the estimation of sediment transport, this study proposed a new data-driven equation based on 543 reliable field measurements at 25 rivers using the Modified honey bee mating optimization (MHBMO) algorithm. The data include mean flow velocity, water surface slope, mean flow depth, median particle size, water surface width, suspended load, and bed load measured in the field. The performance of the new equation was compared to those of Yang, Engelund and Hansen, Shen and Hung, and Ackers and White using 6 metrics. Moreover, another nature-inspired optimization algorithm, i.e., genetic algorithm (GA) was employed to enhance the comparison. Based on the results, the MHBMO-based equation outperformed other estimation models and served as the best method in the ranking analysis. For instance, it improves the determination coefficient of Yang's equation, which is one of the widely-used equations recommended by the United States Bureau of Reclamation by 15.2%. Despite being ranked the second, the GA-based equation was only marginally less precise than the MHBMO-based model. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis indicates that the sediment load is mostly sensitive to mean flow depth. Finally, it is postulated that applications of nature-inspired algorithms can help to improve the estimation of sediment transport. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Dhara, Debabrata^1,2 (AUTHOR), Endres, Lukas^1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Krummenacher, Ivo^1,2 (AUTHOR), Arrowsmith, Merle^1,2 (AUTHOR), Dewhurst, Rian D.^1,2 (AUTHOR), Engels, Bernd³ (AUTHOR), Bertermann, Rüdiger^1,2 (AUTHOR), Finze, Maik^1,2 (AUTHOR), Demeshko, Serhiy⁴ (AUTHOR), Meyer, Franc⁴ (AUTHOR), Fantuzzi, Felipe⁵ (AUTHOR) f.fantuzzi@kent.ac.uk, Braunschweig, Holger^1,2 (AUTHOR) h.braunschweig@uni-wuerzburg.de

المصدر: Angewandte Chemie. 4/24/2024, Vol. 136 Issue 18, p1-9. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *GALLIUM, *THALLIUM, *ALUMINUM

الشركة/الكيان: UNITED States. Bureau of Reclamation

Abstract (German): Die Radikale des leichtesten Elements der Gruppe 13, Bor, sind gut bekannt und werden in zahlreichen Formen beobachtet. Im Gegensatz zu Bor ist die Radikalchemie mit den schwereren Elementen der Gruppe 13 (Aluminium, Gallium, Indium und Thallium) noch sehr wenig erforscht, was in erster Linie auf die synthetischen Herausforderungen zurückzuführen ist, die mit diesen Elementen verbunden sind. In diesem Artikel berichten wir über die Synthese und Isolierung planarer und verdrillter Konformere eines doppelt CAAC (cyclisches Alkyl(amino)carben)‐Radikal‐substituierten Dialans. Eine umfassende Charakterisierung durch spektroskopische Analysen und Röntgenkristallographie bestätigt ihre Identität, während quantenchemische Berechnungen ihren offenschaligen Charakter belegen und weitere Einblicke in ihre elektronischen Strukturen liefern. Die dialanverbrückten Diradikale weisen eine hohe Oxidationsanfälligkeit auf, wie elektrochemische Messungen sowie Reaktionen mit o‐Chloranil und einer Vielzahl organischer Azide zeigen. Diese Studie eröffnet eine bisher unbekannte Klasse von Dialuminiumsystemen und erweitert den Bereich der Diradikalchemie und ihrer möglichen Anwendungen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Jia, Ran^1,2 (AUTHOR) jiaran@mail.bnu.edu.cn, Fang, Xiuqi^1,3 (AUTHOR) xfang@bnu.edu.cn, Yang, Yundi¹ (AUTHOR) 202121051031@mail.bnu.edu.cn, Yokozawa, Masayuki² (AUTHOR) myokoz@waseda.jp, Ye, Yu^1,3 (AUTHOR) yeyuleaffish@bnu.edu.cn

المصدر: Earth System Science Data Discussions. 4/8/2024, p1-33. 33p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FARMS, *RECLAMATION of land, *HISTORIC buildings, *HISTORICAL source material, *AGRICULTURE

مصطلحات جغرافية: LIAONING Sheng (China)

مستخلص: Based on historical documents, population data, published results, remote sensing data products, statistical data and survey data, this study reconstructed the cropland area and the spatial pattern changes at 28 time points from 1000 to 2020 in Northeast China. 1000 to 1600 corresponds to historical provincial-level administrative districts, while 1700 to 2020 corresponds to modern county-level administrative districts. The main findings are as follows: (1) The cropland in Northeast China exhibited phase changes of expansion-reduction-expansion over the past millennium. (2) The cropland area in Northeast China increased from 0.55 × 104 km2 in 1000 to 37.90 × 104 km2 in 2020 and the average cropland fraction increased from 0.37 % to 26.27 %; (3) From 1000 to 1200, the cropland area exhibited an increasing trend, peaking in 1200. The scope of land reclamation was comparable to modern times, but the overall cropland fraction remained low. The cropland area significantly decreased between 1300 and 1600, with the main land reclamation area was reduced southward into Liaoning Province. From 1700 to 1850, the cropland area increased slowly, and the agricultural reclamation gradually expanded northward. After 1850, there was almost exponential growth, with the cropland area continuously expanding to the whole study area, and the growth trend persists until 2020; (4) The dataset of changes in cropland of administrative districts in Northeast China, reconstructed based on improved historical cropland reconstruction methods, significantly enhances time resolution and reliability. Additionally, the dataset shows the changing characteristics of cropland in Northeast China over the past millennium, especially over the past 300 years, which can provide a refined data base for building a historical cropland gridded dataset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Bräuchler, Birgit¹ birgit.braeuchler@anthro.ku.dk

المصدر: Science & Technology Studies. 2024, Vol. 37 Issue 2, p48-65. 18p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *ENVIRONMENTAL protection, *RECLAMATION of land, *WORLDVIEW, *LAND use planning, *GODS, *SOCIAL media, *GREEN technology

مستخلص: Different world views and ontologies require different technologies to deal with environmental issues. Land reclamation plans in Bali's south, meant to open up new space for tourist development, triggered strong but varied responses in the Balinese population, from rejection to enthusiasm. All actors claim to aim towards a prosperous Bali, and at the protection of a degrading environment, but notions of prosperity and protections and the means and technologies used differ tremendously which leads to ethical conflicts. This paper identifies three actor groups based on the technologies they use to mediate relationships in the ecologies they inhabit. Drawing on modern interventionist technology and development and implied universal moralities, scientists aim to manage environment and normalize ecologies for economic benefits or environmental protection. In contrast, religious Balinese actors, for whom environments are dwelling places of spirits and gods, make use of their bodies as means of mediation to communicate with the non-human and restore the balance between environment, humans and god. A third kind of technology used in the reclamation case is a broad mix of media, from traditional theatre to new social media, that are meant to mediate between locally rooted ontologies and global activism, communicate resistance to a broad public, and thus save a (sacred) environment and Bali. In the Bali case, technologies appear ambivalent as they contain contradictory forces and their relationship with the environment is highly complex, which makes consequences quite unpredictable and ethics quite diverse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Woodson, David¹ (AUTHOR) david.woodson@colorado.edu, Rajagopalan, Balaji² (AUTHOR) balajir@colorado.edu, Zagona, Edith³ (AUTHOR) zagona@colorado.edu

المصدر: Journal of Water Resources Planning & Management. Apr2024, Vol. 150 Issue 4, p1-14. 14p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *WATER management, *RANDOM forest algorithms, *WATERSHEDS, *STREAMFLOW, *WATER reuse, *DROUGHT forecasting, *DROUGHTS

مصطلحات جغرافية: ARIZONA

الشركة/الكيان: UNITED States. National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration , UNITED States. Bureau of Reclamation

مستخلص: There is an increasing need for skillful runoff season (i.e., spring) streamflow forecasts that extend beyond a 12-month lead time for water resources management, especially under multiyear droughts and particularly in basins with highly variable streamflow, large storage capacity, proclivity to droughts, and many competing water users such as in the Colorado River Basin (CRB). Ensemble streamflow prediction (ESP) is a probabilistic prediction method widely used in hydrology, including at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Colorado Basin River Forecasting Center (CBRFC) to forecast flows that the Bureau of Reclamation uses in their water resources operational decision models. However, it tends toward climatology at 5-month and longer lead times, causing decreased skill, particularly in forecasts critical for management decisions. We developed a modeling approach for seasonal streamflow forecasts using a machine learning technique, random forest (RF), for runoff season flows (April 1–July 31 total) at the important gauge of Lees Ferry, Arizona, on the CRB. The model predictors include antecedent basin conditions, large-scale climate teleconnections, climate model projections of temperature and precipitation, and the mean ESP forecast from CBRFC. The RF model is fitted and validated separately for lead times spanning 0 to 18 months over the period 1983–2017. The performance of the RF model forecasts and CBRFC ESP forecasts are separately assessed against observed streamflows in a cross validation mode. Forecast performance was evaluated using metrics including relative bias, root mean square error, ranked probability skill score, and reliability. Measured by ranked probability skill score, RF outperforms a climatological benchmark at all lead times and outperforms CBRFC's ESP hindcasts for lead times spanning 6 to 18 months. For the 6- to 18-month lead times, the RF ensemble median had a root mean square error that was between ∼410 - and ∼620-thousand acre-feet lower than that of the ESP ensemble median (i.e., RF reduced ensemble median RMSE by −9% to −12% relative to ESP). Reliability was comparable between RF and ESP. More skillful long-lead cross-validated forecasts using machine learning methods show promise for their use in real time forecasts and better informed and efficient water resources management; however, further testing in various decision models is needed to examine RF forecasts' downstream impacts on key water resources metrics like robustness, reliability, and vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Ye, Junzhi^1,2 (AUTHOR) yejunzhi22@mails.ucas.ac.cn, Hu, Yunfeng^1,2,3 (AUTHOR) fengzm@igsnrr.ac.cn, Feng, Zhiming^1,2 (AUTHOR) zhenl@igsnrr.ac.cn, Zhen, Lin^1,2 (AUTHOR), Shi, Yu⁴ (AUTHOR) shiyu174274@nwafu.edu.cn, Tian, Qi⁴ (AUTHOR) 2019050777@nwafu.edu.cn, Zhang, Yunzhi⁵ (AUTHOR) zhangyunzhi@lreis.ac.cn

المصدر: Remote Sensing. Mar2024, Vol. 16 Issue 6, p1089. 20p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RECLAMATION of land, *FARMS, *LAND cover, *LAND use, *GLOBAL warming, *SODIC soils

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHINA

مستخلص: The farming–pastoral zone in northern China is one of the most ecologically sensitive areas globally, having experienced extensive cropland abandonment and land reclamation over decades, primarily influenced by policy adjustment and global warming. However, the spatiotemporal patterns and suitability of long-term cropland change remain poorly understood. Using the annual China land cover dataset (CLCD), we provide a cropland abandonment and land reclamation mapping approach based on actual land use processes (rather than land cover conditions) to investigate spatiotemporal features of abandonment and reclamation and evaluate the rationality. Our findings show that: (1) Returning farmland to forest and grassland has been a clear trend in the study area over the past 30 years. Specifically, cropland use has undergone three phases of change, i.e., cropland contraction and expansion alternately (before 2000), followed by substantial abandonment (after 2000), and low-intensity reclamation (after 2010). (2) In the last decade, the intensity of the abandonment of cropland with high and moderate suitability is low. The rate of abandonment decreased, while the intensity of land reclamation was relatively high. The rate of the reclamation increased, and the spatial distribution of cropland tended to be reasonable. Our study emphasizes the importance of monitoring actual cropland changes based on land use processes, and this method can be effectively extended to regional or global long-term cropland monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Ibitoye, Matthew Olomolatan¹ geomattim@gmail.com, Herbert, Tata² htata@futa.edu.ng, Afolabi, Olaoluwa Oyelayo rehosurveys@yahoo.com

المصدر: African Journal on Land Policy & Geospatial Sciences. Feb2024, Vol. 7 Issue 1, p113-125. 13p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RECLAMATION of land, *LOCAL government, *LAND cover, *WETLAND management, *URBAN planning

مستخلص: Context and background Land reclamation in Eti-Osa and Lagos Island, Lagos State, has led to infrastructure development but also created hazards like water overflow due to inadequately maintained drainage systems and uncontrolled urban growth. Goal and Objectives This study aimed to determine the area covered by land reclamation in Eti-Osa and Lagos Island, Lagos State, between 1992 and 2022, to mitigate hazards associated with reclaimed land for sustainable urban development. Methodology The spatiotemporal land use and land cover (LULC) were determined using historic Landsat images from different years (1992, 2002, 2013, and 2022). The reclaimed areas were extracted from the classified LULC, with the initial LULC map serving as the baseline data. The reclaimed areas were then detected by overlaying the LULC maps from 2002, 2013, and 2022, determining the area converted from water bodies and wetlands to bare land and built-up areas. Results The results showed that land use and land cover types in the study area included bare land, built-up areas, forests, shrubs, water bodies, and wetlands. The increase in built-up areas and bare land from 1992 to 2022 indicates urban development, while land reclamation on water bodies and wetlands has contributed to urban development. The study recommends the development of green infrastructure and sustainable urban drainage to absorb and store storm runoff, avoiding flood hazards and providing an absorption and storage area for storm runoff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Mao, Zhen¹ (AUTHOR) maozhen@cumt.edu.cn, Harris, Jim² (AUTHOR) j.a.harris@cranfield.ac.uk, Zhang, Zheyu¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Diversity (14242818). Feb2024, Vol. 16 Issue 2, p86. 17p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RECLAMATION of land, *COAL mining, *SOIL microbiology, *MICROBIAL communities, *ECOLOGICAL impact, *MICROBIAL inoculants

مستخلص: Extensive coal mining causes significant ecological and environmental impacts on the local ecosystem, especially on the terrestrial ecosystem. Mining activities induce the degradation of topsoil physico–chemical characteristics and the succession of soil microbial communities. The soil microbial community is sensitive to soil disturbance and restoration practices, being significant in soil reconstruction and land restoration. Microbes could be effective instruments to restore or reclaim disturbed terrestrial ecosystems and indispensable, unambiguous, indicators to assess reclaimed soils. In the present review, we aimed to provide insight into the effects of mining and subsequent land reclamation on soil microorganisms and the importance and application of microorganisms in the reclamation process. We address changes in the diversity and structure of the soil microbial community after reclamation and discuss the main driving factors of the community. We hypothesize that there is a discernible pattern or regularity in the variation of microbial community composition during the process of restoration succession. By employing the life strategy concept, the study attempts to identify and understand how microbial communities evolve during land reclamation. Land reclamation could improve the nutrients in the soil while increasing the proportion of saprotrophic microorganisms. In community succession, vegetation, soil properties, and reclamation time are key determining factors. Whereas bacteria, fungi, and archaea showed different responses to these factors, as they responded differently to varied soil environments, nutrition, and plants, and occupied different biological niches. Finally, we describe the applications of microorganisms as land reclamation monitors or promoters. This knowledge and understanding can provide comprehensive insight into the soil health condition and strong support for forecasting and decision-making in mine land restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Koshel, Anton¹ koshel_a@nubip.edu.ua, Kolhanova, Iryna¹ kolganova_i@nubip.edu.ua, Tykhenko, Ruslan¹ rvtyhenko@ukr.net, Openko, Ivan¹ ivan_openko@ukr.net

المصدر: Engineering for Rural Development - International Scientific Conference. 2024, p226-231. 6p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *RECLAMATION of land, *ECOLOGICAL assessment, *CONSERVATION of natural resources, *SOIL fertility

مصطلحات جغرافية: UKRAINE

مستخلص: The environmental and economic assessment of the effectiveness of land management projects for the reclamation of disturbed lands in Ukraine is a topical issue in the context of preserving ecological balance and restoring natural resources. This article is aimed at analysing the impact of land management projects on the ecological state of disturbed lands and their economic feasibility for Ukrainian society. Given the huge ploughing of the territory of Ukraine, especially its steppe and forest-steppe parts, attention should be paid to the use of reclaimed areas as a reserve that ensures the preservation of the gene pool of natural flora and fauna. Focusing on reclamation methods and their impact on the natural environment, the article examines the cost and efficiency of such projects in the context of restoring soil fertility, reducing soil and water pollution, and improving the quality of the natural environment. The results of the study will contribute to the formation of reclamation strategies that will be effective from both an ecological and an economic point of view for Ukraine, especially in the post-war period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]