المؤلفون: R Shanmugasundaram, M Mortada, D E Cosby, M Singh, T J Applegate, B Syed, C M Pender, S Curry, G R Murugesan, R K Selvaraj

المصدر: PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 10, p e0223577 (2019)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Medicine, Science

الوصف: In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to study the effects of synbiotic supplementation on Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis (SE) proliferation, cecal content load, and broiler carcass contamination. Lactobacillus reuteri, Enterococcus faecium, Bifidobacterium animalis, and Pediococcus acidilactici culture supernatants decreased (P < 0.05) the in vitro proliferation of SE at 1:1 supernatant: pathogen dilution. A total of 240 Cobb-500 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (8 replicates/group with 10 birds/replicate): control (basal diet), antibiotic (Virginiamycin at 20 mg/kg feed), synbiotic (PoultryStar® ME at 0.5 g/kg feed containing L. reuteri, E. faecium, B. animalis, P. acidilactici and a Fructooligosaccharide) from day of hatch. At 21 d of age, all birds in experimental groups were orally inoculated with 250 μl of 1 X 109 CFU SE. Antibiotic supplementation increased (P < 0.05) body weight and feed consumption, compared to the control group. Birds in the synbiotic supplementation had intermediate body weight and feed consumption that were not significantly different from both the control and antibiotic group at 42 d of age in SE infected birds. No significant effects were observed in feed efficiency at 42 d of age among the groups. Antibiotic and synbiotic supplementation decreased (P < 0.05) SE load in cecal contents by 0.90 and 0.85 log units/ g and carcass SE load by 1.4 and 1.5 log units/mL of rinsate compared to the control group at 42 d of age (21 dpi). The relative abundance of IL-10, IL-1, TLR-4, and IFNγ mRNA was decreased (P < 0.05) in the antibiotic and synbiotic supplementation groups compared to the control birds at 42 d of age (21 dpi). It can be concluded that synbiotic supplementation decreased SE proliferation in vitro and decreased SE load in the cecal contents and broiler carcass.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/1932-6203Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/94591e0c58af44eabcf2e17c10162a9dTest

المؤلفون: S Tamilselvan, P Jambulingam, V Manoharan, R Shanmugasundaram, G Vivekanandan, A M Manonmani

المصدر: Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, Vol 52, Iss 3, Pp 193-200 (2015)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis, biopesticides, Culex quinquefasciatus, field evaluation, fly ash, mosquito control, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216

الوصف: Background & objectives: Fly ash is produced in huge quantities by the various thermal power stations in India. This thermal waste has been employed as a carrier material in the preparation of a biopesticidal water dispersible powder (WDP) formulation for use against mosquitoes. In the present investigation, this newly developed fly ash based WDP formulation was evaluated in natural breeding habitats of mosquito. Methods: Fly ash based WDP formulation of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (VCRC B17) was evaluated for its efficacy and residual activity in aquatic habitats supporting breeding of Culex quinquefasciatus, the vector of lymphatic filariasis in Neyveli Township, Neyveli Lignite Corporation, India for a period of one month. Results: At an application rate of 10 kg/ha, the WDP was effective for five days regardless of the habitat, and provided 80-100% reduction in larval abundance of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Interpretation & conclusion: The study indicates that for continued control of immature density and prevention of adult emergence, a weekly application of this formulation is necessary. This study also showed that fly ash based formulations can be used for immediate control of mosquitoes in different types of habitats and has also brought out a new avenue for the utilization of coal ash.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.mrcindia.orgjournal/article.asp?issn=0972-9062;year=2015;volume=52;issue=3;spage=193;epage=200;aulast=TamilselvanTest; https://doaj.org/toc/0972-9062Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/c9aaa4a629b34f3288fbf28d25dc6f7dTest

المؤلفون: R Shanmugasundaram, J Chandra Singh, Nitin S Kekre

المصدر: Indian Journal of Urology, Vol 23, Iss 3, Pp 234-239 (2007)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Calcifications, microliths, tumor, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923

الوصف: This review addresses the issues on etiopathogenesis of testicular microlithiasis (TM), associated clinical entities, evaluation and follow-up of patients with TM. A literature search of Medline/PubMed was carried out using the keywords ′testicular microlithiasis′ and ′testicular calcifications′ for published data in English language on TM from 1970 to 2006. TM is an uncommon entity among adult males, resulting from intratubular calcifications. The reported incidence of TM is highly variable. With the increasing frequency of ultrasound examination in scrotal and testicular conditions and with the advent of high frequency transducers, TM is increasingly being reported. TM is associated with many benign and malignant conditions of testes but the possible association of TM with testicular cancer has been a matter of concern. Though a few sporadic cases of testicular malignancies have been reported, it is believed that a conservative approach is warranted in the absence of high risk factors, in view of the low risks for invasive cancers. There is no uniform protocol for the evaluation and follow-up of the patients with TM. Those with high risk factors like contralateral testicular tumour, chromosomal anomalies, gonadal dysgenesis, cryptorchidism and definite ultrasound pattern of TM should be advised to have further evaluation. Incidentally detected asymptomatic TM during ultrasound examination does not warrant aggressive measures and it can be followed with self examination.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.indianjurol.com/article.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2007;volume=23;issue=3;spage=234;epage=239;aulastTest=Shanmugasundaram; https://doaj.org/toc/0970-1591Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3824Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/fd3bad19df9540b7b6646d7171f1321dTest

المؤلفون: S. Yadav, A.K. Singh, R.K. Selvaraj, T.J. Applegate, P. Bhattacharya, S.B. Shinall, L.S. Fenn, R. Shanmugasundaram, W.K. Kim

المصدر: Poultry Science, Vol 103, Iss 1, Pp 103189- (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: xylo-oligosaccharide, chicken, prebiotic, gut health, growth performance, Animal culture, SF1-1100

الوصف: ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the prebiotic effect of xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) supplemented in a corn-soybean meal (SBM) based conventional diet on growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and quantification of specific bacteria in the ceca of broilers. A total of 240 d of hatch Cobb 500 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 dietary treatments (corn-SBM-based control diet) containing 0, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% XOS.The broilers were raised for 21 d in 6 replicate cages, each containing 10 birds. Growth performance parameters were obtained weekly. Additionally, small intestinal tissues were collected to evaluate histomorphometry and whole ceca were collected to quantify bacterial populations on D21. The results showed that inclusion of XOS has similar body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) as the control group during the 21-day study. The results further indicate a tendency for the jejunum villus to crypt ratio (VH:CD) to increase in birds given 0.05 and 0.2% XOS (P = 0.08). Cecal bacteria quantification showed a linear increase in Bifidobacterium with increasing XOS levels (P < 0.0001) and a decrease Clostridium perfringens levels compared to birds fed the control diet (P < 0.0001). However, there were no differences in the total counts of Lactobacillus and E. coli. Together these results showed that while there were no differences in growth parameters up to 21 d, the histomorphology findings and the increase in Bifidobacterium, along with the reduction in C. perfringens observed in the XOS groups, suggest a beneficial impact of XOS inclusion on gut health. Further research with longer feeding periods and higher XOS levels should be conducted to explore potential positive effects on both growth and gut health parameters.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579123007083Test; https://doaj.org/toc/0032-5791Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/441355f9f2e64e8f99ac267da58c01c9Test

المؤلفون: R Shanmugasundaram, Ganesh Gopalakrishnan, Nitin S Kekre

المصدر: Indian Journal of Urology, Vol 24, Iss 2, Pp 269-270 (2008)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Menouria, magnetic resonance imaging, vesicouterine fistula, Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923

الوصف: Vesicouterine fistula (VUF) the least common of the urogynecological fistulae. Hysterosalphingography is the gold standard investigation in demonstrating the fistulous track. It is an invasive investigation. We report a case of VUF where magnetic resonance imaging was useful to diagnose the condition in a non-invasive manner especially when the clinical picture was confusing.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.indianjurol.com/article.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2008;volume=24;issue=2;spage=269;epage=270;aulastTest=Shanmugasundaram; https://doaj.org/toc/0970-1591Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3824Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/28f703a9715b42deb2828102ca5786dfTest

المؤلفون: R Shanmugasundaram, J Chandra Singh, Nitin S Kekre

المصدر: Indian Journal of Urology, Vol 23, Iss 3, Pp 334-335 (2007)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.indianjurol.com/article.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2007;volume=23;issue=3;spage=334;epage=335;aulastTest=Shanmugasundaram; https://doaj.org/toc/0970-1591Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3824Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/b3e42050bf2e4d83b7e9dbd0b20c94ecTest

المؤلفون: R Shanmugasundaram, Nitin S Kekre

المصدر: Indian Journal of Urology, Vol 23, Iss 4, Pp 485-486 (2007)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Diseases of the genitourinary system. Urology, RC870-923

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.indianjurol.com/article.asp?issn=0970-1591;year=2007;volume=23;issue=4;spage=485;epage=486;aulastTest=Shanmugasundaram; https://doaj.org/toc/0970-1591Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1998-3824Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/a8bf05672d354ca5b8dcc232fe588477Test

المؤلفون: J.D. Liu, R. Shanmugasundaram, B. Doupovec, D. Schatzmayr, G.R. Murugesan, T.J. Applegate

المصدر: Poultry Science, Vol 102, Iss 6, Pp 102677- (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: deoxynivalenol, fumonisins, FITC-d permeability, cecal Salmonella load, Animal culture, SF1-1100

الوصف: ABSTRACT: Fumonisins (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are two common mycotoxins in poultry feed. Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) is a primary foodborne bacterium in broilers. This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of naturally occurring FUM and DON and their combination at subclinical doses on broiler performance during a S. Enteritidis challenge. The experiment consisted of five treatments: NCC, no-challenge no-mycotoxin treatment; CC, Salmonella challenge + no-mycotoxin treatment; DON, DON 0.6 mg/kg + Salmonella challenge; FUM, FUM 14 mg/kg + Salmonella challenge; DON + FUM + T-2 + neosolaniol, DON 0.6 mg/kg + FUM 14 mg/kg + T-2 toxin 0.6 mg/kg + 0.8 mg/kg neosolaniol + Salmonella challenge. On d 4, birds were challenged with either 0 or 1 × 109 CFU/mL S. Enteritidis orally. There were no significant effects on growth performance among treatments at 0, 3, 7, and 14 d of post-inoculation (dpi). On 14 dpi, the combined DON + FUM + T-2 + neosolaniol significantly increased the Salmonella load by 1.5 logs compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). FUM significantly increased the cecal tonsil IL-10 gene expression by 1.2-fold at 7 dpi (P < 0.05) and downregulated TNF-α by 1.8-fold on 14 dpi compared to the control, nonchallenge groups (P < 0.05). On 7 dpi, the combined DON + FUM + T-2 + neosolaniol reduced occludin by 4.4-fold (P < 0.05) when compared to the control groups. Similarly, combined DON + FUM+ T-2 + neosolaniol decreased zona-occluden transcription by 2.3 and 7.6-fold on 3 and 14 dpi, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, combined DON + FUM + T-2 + neosolaniol decreased Claudin-1 by 2.2-fold and Claudin-4 by 5.1-fold on 14 dpi when compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). In conclusion, short-term exposure to a subclinical dose of combined DON + FUM + T-2 + neosolaniol had an impact on broiler intestinal tight junction proteins and cecal Salmonella abundance under experimental Salmonella challenge.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032579123002006Test; https://doaj.org/toc/0032-5791Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/d2423fa2dcec41f4b900184f8aa9d270Test

المؤلفون: E.E. Cason, W.G. Al Hakeem, D. Adams, R. Shanmugasundaram, R Selvaraj

المصدر: Journal of Applied Poultry Research, Vol 32, Iss 2, Pp 100315- (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: broiler, synbiotic, antibiotic growth promoter, Campylobacter jejuni, immunology, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Food processing and manufacture, TP368-456

الوصف: SUMMARY: Synbiotic supplementation alters gut microbiota via competitive exclusion, improving production performance, decreasing cecal Campylobacter jejuni load and colonization, and improving immunological responses while offering an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. This study aimed to determine effects of synbiotic supplementation as an antibiotic replacement in C. jejuni challenged broilers. Three thirt-six 1-day-old broiler chicks were distributed into 4 treatment groups: Control, Synbiotic, Antibiotic + Challenge, and Synbiotic + Challenge, with 6 replicate pens per treatment. Antibiotic (Virginiamycin) and synbiotic (PoultryStar Me) were supplemented in feed 20 mg/kg and 20 g/1,000 birds/day, respectively. At 21 d of age, birds were orally inoculated with PBS or 1 × 108 CFU/bird C. jejuni. Feed intake and body weight were measured on a weekly basis. On 3, 7, and 14 dpi, intestinal permeability, anti-C. jejuni IgA bile concentration, C. jejuni content (ceca, ileal tissue, and liver), splenocyte MNC nitric oxide production, cecal tonsil CD4+:CD8+ and CD4+:CD25+ ratios, and cecal cytokine immune gene and tight junction protein expression were quantified and statistically analyzed. We found that synbiotic supplementation limited cecal C. jejuni colonization more effectively than antibiotic supplementation, upregulated tight junction protein expression, and positively altered cytokine and chemokine gene expression in response to challenge. We conclude that synbiotic supplementation decreases C. jejuni loads in broilers and beneficially modulates the immune response to C. jejuni challenge, compared to antibiotic supplementation, and that synbiotics can be applied to replace antibiotic growth promoter usage during poultry C. jejuni infection.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1056617122000769Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1056-6171Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/311e1db6576b4de48a700233032a731aTest

المؤلفون: R. Shanmugasundaram, D. Adams, S. Ramirez, G. R. Murugesan, T. J. Applegate, S. Cunningham, A. Pokoo-Aikins, A. E. Glenn

المصدر: Frontiers in Physiology, Vol 13 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, necrotic enteritis, tight junction proteins, immune response, broiler chicken, Physiology, QP1-981

الوصف: Fumonisins (FB) and deoxynivalenol (DON) are mycotoxins which may predispose broiler chickens to necrotic enteritis (NE). The objective of this study was to identify the effects of subclinical doses of combined FB and DON on NE. A total of 480 day-old male broiler chicks were divided into four treatment groups; 1) control group (basal diet + Clostridium perfringens); 2) necrotic enteritis group (basal diet + Eimeria maxima + C. perfringens); 3) FB + DON group (basal diet + 3 mg/kg FB + 4 mg/kg DON + C. perfringens); and 4) FB + DON + NE group (basal diet + 3 mg/kg FB + 4 mg/kg DON + E. maxima + C. perfringens). Birds in NE and FB + DON + NE groups received 2.5 × 103E. maxima on day 14. All birds were inoculated with C. perfringens on days 19, 20, and 21. On day 35, birds in the NE, FB + DON, and FB + DON + NE groups had 242, 84, and 339 g lower BWG and a 19-, 2-, and 22-point increase in FCR respectively, than in the control group. Subclinical doses of FB + DON increased (p < 0.05) the NE lesion scores compared to the control group on day 21. On day 21, birds in the NE, FB + DON, and FB + DON + NE groups had increased (p < 0.05) serum FITC-D, lower (p < 0.05) jejunal tight junction protein mRNA, and increased (p < 0.05) cecal tonsil IL-1 mRNA compared to control group. On day 21, birds in the NE group had decreased (p < 0.05) villi height to crypt depth ratio compared to the control group and the presence of FB + DON in NE-induced birds further decreased the villi height to crypt depth ratio. Birds in the NE, FB + DON, and FB + DON + NE groups had increased (p < 0.05) C. perfringens, lower (p < 0.05) Lactobacillus loads in the cecal content, and a lower (p < 0.05) CD8+: CD4+ cell ratio in the cecal tonsils compared to the control group. It can be concluded that subclinical doses of combined FB and DON predispose C. perfringens-inoculated birds to NE, and the presence of FB + DON in NE-induced birds exacerbated the severity of NE.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphys.2022.934660/fullTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1664-042XTest

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/f51ff26114154faa94e0b806e554e238Test