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1رسالة جامعية
المؤلفون: Baertsch, Laurenz
المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat Pompeu Fabra. Departament d'Economia i Empresa
مرشدي الرسالة: Calsamiglia, Caterina
المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)
مصطلحات موضوعية: Paid parental leave, Child penalty, Part-time work incentives, Public child care, Access to education, Centralized assignment, Academic achievement, Intergenerational transmission, Rural-urban migration, Investment in education, Permiso parental pagado, Penalización por hijo, Incentivos al trabajo a tiempo parcial, Guarderías públicas, Acceso a la educación, Asignación centralizada, Rendimiento académico, Transmisión intergeneracional, Migración rural-urbana, Inversión educativa
الوصف: This thesis studies inequalities in the areas of education and labor markets, as well as public policies designed to reduce these inequalities. The first chapter studies whether part-time work options in paid parental leave (PL) systems can mitigate the large earnings losses that mothers experience after child birth. Analyzing a German paid PL reform, we show that such policies can increase labor market attachment of mothers in the short run but do not affect their long run labor market outcomes. In the second chapter, I show that centralizing the admissions system of public schools can improve socio-economically disadvantaged students’ access to high quality education. However, this comes at the expense of increased income-based segregation as high income students leave for the private school sector. The last chapter analyzes to what extent and how individuals in occupations that are beneficially affected by structural transformations can transmit their gains in socio-economic status to their offspring. We document that the (grand)sons of machinists, an occupation particularly demanded in the United States during the Second Industrial Revolution, held occupations with higher earnings than the (grand)sons of comparable non-machinists. We identify rural-to-urban migration and secondary education as the main channels of intergenerational transmission.
الوصف (مترجم): Esta tesis estudia desigualdades en los ámbitos de la educación y los mercados laborales, así como políticas públicas diseñadas para reducir dichas desigualdades. El primer capítulo analiza si las opciones de trabajo a tiempo parcial en los sistemas de permiso parental pagado pueden mitigar las importantes pérdidas de ingresos que experimentan las madres tras el nacimiento de sus hijos. Analizando una reforma del permiso parental pagado en Alemania, mostramos que estas políticas pueden aumentar la vinculación de las madres al mercado laboral a corto plazo, pero no afectan a sus resultados en el mercado laboral a largo plazo. En el segundo capítulo, muestro que la centralización del sistema de admisión en escuelas públicas puede mejorar el acceso a la educación para estudiantes desfavorecidos socioeconómicamente. Sin embargo, esto se produce a expensas de un aumento de la segregación según ingresos, ya que los estudiantes de altos ingresos se reubican al sector de la educación privada. El último capítulo analiza hasta qué punto y de qué manera los individuos que ejercen ocupaciones que se ven beneficiadas por las transformaciones estructurales pueden transmitir sus logros socioeconómicos a su descendencia. Documentamos que los hijos (y nietos) de maquinistas, una ocupación especialmente demandada en Estados Unidos durante la Segunda Revolución Industrial, ocuparon puestos con mayores ingresos que los hijos y (nietos) de personas comparables que no eran maquinistas. Identificamos la migración del campo a la ciudad y la educación secundaria como los principales canales de esta transmisión intergeneracional.
Programa de doctorat en Economia, Finances i Empresaوصف الملف: application/pdf
الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/688353Test
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2دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Karasek, Deborah, Raifman, Sarah, Dow, William, Hamad, Rita, Goodman, Julia
المصدر: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 19(19)
مصطلحات موضوعية: California, low birth weight, paid parental leave, policy evaluation, preterm birth, Employment, Ethnicity, Female, Humans, Infant, Parental Leave, Pregnancy, Salaries and Fringe Benefits, San Francisco, United States
الوصف: Since 2017, San Franciscos Paid Parental Leave Ordinance (PPLO) has allowed parents who work for private-sector employers to take 6 weeks of fully paid postnatal parental leave. Previous studies have linked paid parental leave with health improvements for birthing people and babies, although evidence for birth outcomes is limited. We hypothesized that the PPLO may have improved birth outcomes via reduced stress during pregnancy due to anticipation of increased financial security and postnatal leave. We used linked California birth certificate and hospital discharge records from January 2013 to December 2018 (n = 1,420,781). We used quasi-experimental difference-in-difference (DD) models to compare outcomes among SF births before and after PPLO to outcomes among births in control counties. Births from January 2017 through December 2018 among working San Francisco (SF) people were considered exposed to PPLO; births during this time among working people outside of SF, as well as all births before 2017, served as controls. We conducted subgroup analyses by race/ethnicity, education and Medicaid coverage at delivery. Overall analyses adjusting for covariates and indicators for time and seasonality indicated no association between PPLO and birth outcomes. Our results indicate that PPLO may not have affected the birth outcomes we examined among marginalized groups who, due to structural racism, are at heightened risk of poor outcomes. We speculate that this result is due to the PPLOs design and focus on postnatal leave. Future work should examine the policys effects on other outcomes.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
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3دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Gerlinde Mauerer
المصدر: Social Sciences, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 490 (2023)
مصطلحات موضوعية: paid parental leave, childcare benefits, gender at work, childcare, empirical research, Austria, Social Sciences
الوصف: In recent decades, several countries have implemented paid parental leave for parents. This paper discusses the correlation between paid parental leave—which in Austria corresponds with receiving childcare benefits—and changing gender role attitudes in different-gender parent couples. It draws on evidence from 42 semi-structured couple interviews (n = 42, 2021–2022) in which couples were asked how they arranged childcare, employment, and household chores and how they reached agreements with employers. The empirical data were first analyzed based on content and then by applying constructivist-informed grounded theory to investigate whether and how gender affected couples’ efforts to reconcile childcare, employment, and household chores and how employers responded to parental arrangements that challenged traditional gender role attitudes. Compared to other countries, Austria offers rather generous childcare benefits, including long leave periods. In addition, Austria has introduced a partnership bonus for parents who share childcare benefits 50:50 or 60:40. However, the number of couples who take advantage of these benefits is still low. In the presented research, parents who succeeded in sharing these childcare benefits were interviewed. All interviewees had taken at least five months of paid parental leave. The data were analyzed using a content-oriented approach and by applying informed grounded theory. The results show that a substantial number of fathers continued working in minor employment while receiving childcare benefits, in line with the prevailing assumption among employers that the man is the main family breadwinner. By contrast, mothers had to strongly insist that they could continue working during the early transition to parenthood. However, on an individual level and in specific domains, Austrian parents were able to successfully overcome traditional gender inequalities in reconciling work and family with the support of the newly implemented childcare benefits. The observation that in Austria, the share of fathers who take the income-related form of parental leave is higher than that of fathers who claim other forms of childcare benefits points to the importance of all parents having access to well-compensated parental leave, regardless of their income level before the birth of a child.
وصف الملف: electronic resource
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4دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Wilson, Moira, McLeod, Keith
المصدر: Policy Quarterly; Vol. 19 No. 4 (2023): Policy Quarterly; 22-33 ; 2324-1101 ; 2324-1098
مصطلحات موضوعية: Cash transfers, Paid parental leave, Child wellbeing, Labour supply, Baby bonus, Family tax credit
الوصف: The Aotearoa New Zealand government’s 2018 Families Package increased financial assistance for families as part of a strategy to reduce child poverty, improve child and youth wellbeing, and provide parents with more choice around working and caring in their children’s first three years of life. Mothers who had children born after implementation of the package qualified for substantially more financial assistance in the pre-natal period and in their children’s first three years than previous cohorts. This article examines the size of the income gains. Using linked administrative data, we estimate that by the time children turned three, having a birth on or after 1 July 2018 increased financial assistance received by mothers by almost $6,800 on average when compared to pre-reform cohorts (a 5% increase in total income). For Mäori mothers, the average increase was almost $9,600 (a 7% increase in total income). This natural experiment offers new opportunities for research on the causal effects of increased financial assistance in children’s early years on life-course outcomes.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
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5دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Mary Daly, Sunwoo Ryu, Ertugrul Polat
مصطلحات موضوعية: Policy and administration not elsewhere classified, United States, Parental leave, COVID-19, Paid parental leave, Cash (social insurance), Parents, Indirect
الوصف: The Paid Sick Leave was provided for parents caring for children during school closures
الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.22128368.v1Test
https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Paid_Sick_Leave/22128368Test -
6دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Mary Daly, Sunwoo Ryu, Ertugrul Polat
مصطلحات موضوعية: Policy and administration not elsewhere classified, United States, Parental leave, COVID-19, Paid parental leave, Cash (social insurance), Parents, Indirect
الوصف: The Paid Expanded Family and Medical Leave was provided for parents caring for children during school closures
العلاقة: https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Paid_Expanded_Family_and_Medical_Leave/22128371Test
الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.22128371.v1Test
https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Paid_Expanded_Family_and_Medical_Leave/22128371Test -
7دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Mary Daly, Sunwoo Ryu, Ertugrul Polat
مصطلحات موضوعية: Policy and administration not elsewhere classified, Switzerland, Parental leave, COVID-19, Paid parental leave, Cash (social insurance), Parents, Indirect
الوصف: The government compensated for the loss of parents' earnings caused by the closure of ECEC settings and schools
الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.22128308.v1Test
https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Compensation_for_Loss_of_Earnings_During_ECEC_School_Closure/22128308Test -
8دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Mary Daly, Sunwoo Ryu, Ertugrul Polat
مصطلحات موضوعية: Policy and administration not elsewhere classified, Sweden, Parental leave, COVID-19, Paid parental leave, Cash (social insurance), Parents, Indirect
الوصف: A temporary parental benefit (viss tillfällig föräldrapenning) was provided so that people could take time off from their work to take care for children
الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.22128293.v1Test
https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Temporary_Parental_Benefit/22128293Test -
9دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Mary Daly, Sunwoo Ryu, Ertugrul Polat
مصطلحات موضوعية: Policy and administration not elsewhere classified, South Korea, Parental leave, COVID-19, Paid parental leave, Cash (social insurance), Parents, Indirect
الوصف: The Emergency Grant for Family Care Leave (가족돌봄비용 긴급지원금) was provided to allow people to take time off from work to care for their children and other family members
العلاقة: https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Emergency_Grant_for_Family_Care_Leave/22128260Test
الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.22128260.v1Test
https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Emergency_Grant_for_Family_Care_Leave/22128260Test -
10دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Mary Daly, Sunwoo Ryu, Ertugrul Polat
مصطلحات موضوعية: Policy and administration not elsewhere classified, Slovenia, Parental leave, COVID-19, Paid parental leave, Cash (social insurance), Parents, Indirect
الوصف: Salary compensation for workers due to quarantine or inability to work due to childcare obligations (Nadomestilo plače delavcem zaradi odrejene karantene ali nezmožnosti opravljanja dela zaradi višje sile zaradi obveznosti varstva) was provided
الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.25446/oxford.22128230.v1Test
https://figshare.com/articles/online_resource/Salary_Compensation_for_Workers_Due_to_Quarantine_or_Childcare_Obligations/22128230Test
النص الكامل