المؤلفون: Łukaszuk, Ewa¹ (AUTHOR) ewa.lukaszuk@uwm.edu.pl, Dziewulska, Daria¹ (AUTHOR), Stenzel, Tomasz¹ (AUTHOR) tomasz.stenzel@uwm.edu.pl

المصدر: Viruses (1999-4915). Jun2024, Vol. 16 Issue 6, p917. 15p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *PICORNAVIRUSES, *RECOMBINANT viruses, *PIGEONS, *POULTRY, *INTESTINAL diseases

مستخلص: Viruses from Picornaviridae family are known pathogens of poultry, although the information on their occurrence and pathogenicity in pigeons is scarce. In this research, efforts are made to broaden the knowledge on Megrivirus B and Pigeon picornavirus B prevalence, phylogenetic relationship with other avian picornaviruses and their possible connection with enteric disease in racing pigeons. As a result of Oxford Nanopore Sequencing, five Megrivirus and two pigeon picornavirus B-like genome sequences were recovered, among which three recombinant strains were detected. The recombinant fragments represented an average of 10.9% and 25.5% of the genome length of the Pigeon picornavirus B and Megrivirus B reference strains, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that pigeons are carriers of species-specific picornaviruses. TaqMan qPCR assays revealed 7.8% and 19.0% prevalence of Megrivirus B and 32.2% and 39.7% prevalence of Pigeon picornavirus B in the group of pigeons exhibiting signs of enteropathy and in the group of asymptomatic pigeons, respectively. In turn, digital droplet PCR showed a considerably higher number of genome copies of both viruses in sick than in asymptomatic pigeons. The results of quantitative analysis leave the role of picornaviruses in enteropathies of pigeons unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Nouwen, Lonneke V.¹ (AUTHOR), Breeuwsma, Martijn¹ (AUTHOR), Zaal, Esther A.² (AUTHOR), van de Lest, Chris H. A.² (AUTHOR), Buitendijk, Inge¹ (AUTHOR), Zwaagstra, Marleen¹ (AUTHOR), Balić, Pascal³ (AUTHOR), Filippov, Dmitri V.³ (AUTHOR), Berkers, Celia R.² (AUTHOR) C.R.Berkers@uu.nl, van Kuppeveld, Frank J. M.¹ (AUTHOR) C.R.Berkers@uu.nl

المصدر: PLoS Pathogens. 3/8/2024, Vol. 20 Issue 3, p1-23. 23p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *COXSACKIEVIRUSES, *PICORNAVIRUSES, *ACUTE flaccid paralysis, *METABOLIC regulation, *METABOLISM, *VIRUS diseases, *METABOLOMICS, *FOOT & mouth disease

مستخلص: Viruses actively reprogram the metabolism of the host to ensure the availability of sufficient building blocks for virus replication and spreading. However, relatively little is known about how picornaviruses—a large family of small, non-enveloped positive-strand RNA viruses—modulate cellular metabolism for their own benefit. Here, we studied the modulation of host metabolism by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a member of the enterovirus genus, and encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV), a member of the cardiovirus genus, using steady-state as well as 13C-glucose tracing metabolomics. We demonstrate that both CVB3 and EMCV increase the levels of pyrimidine and purine metabolites and provide evidence that this increase is mediated through degradation of nucleic acids and nucleotide recycling, rather than upregulation of de novo synthesis. Finally, by integrating our metabolomics data with a previously acquired phosphoproteomics dataset of CVB3-infected cells, we identify alterations in phosphorylation status of key enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism, providing insight into the regulation of nucleotide metabolism during infection. Author summary: The family Picornaviridae includes many well-known human and animal pathogens. These include the enteroviruses (e.g. poliovirus, coxsackievirus, EV-A71, EV-D68, and rhinoviruses), which cause a variety of diseases ranging from hand-foot-and-mouth disease, myocarditis, and conjunctivitis to aseptic meningitis and acute flaccid paralysis, as well as animal pathogens such as foot-and-mouth disease virus and encephalomyocarditis virus. Upon infection of their host, these viruses modulate several cellular processes for efficient replication and spreading, such as host cell gene expression, intracellular protein and membrane transport, and cell death pathways. However, little is known about the effects of picornaviruses on cellular metabolism. We here show that picornaviruses modulate nucleotide metabolism by inducing nucleic acid degradation and nucleotide recycling, while restricting nucleotide de novo synthesis. Insight into picornaviral modulation of cellular metabolism is important to increase our understanding of picornavirus-host interactions and may uncover novel therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Andino, Raul¹ (AUTHOR), Kirkegaard, Karla^2,3 (AUTHOR), Macadam, Andrew⁴ (AUTHOR), Racaniello, Vincent R⁵ (AUTHOR), Rosenfeld, Amy B^5,6 (AUTHOR) amy.rosenfeld@fda.hhs.gov

المصدر: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2023 Supplement, Vol. 228, pS427-S445. 19p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *PICORNAVIRUSES, *VIRUS diseases, *HUMORAL immunity, *HAND, foot & mouth disease, *ANIMAL models in research, *PATHOGENIC microorganisms

مستخلص: Picornaviruses are nonenveloped particles with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. This virus family includes poliovirus, hepatitis A virus, rhinoviruses, and Coxsackieviruses. Picornaviruses are common human pathogens, and infection can result in a spectrum of serious illnesses, including acute flaccid myelitis, severe respiratory complications, and hand-foot-mouth disease. Despite research on poliovirus establishing many fundamental principles of RNA virus biology and the first transgenic animal model of disease for infection by a human virus, picornaviruses are understudied. Existing knowledge gaps include, identification of molecules required for virus entry, understanding cellular and humoral immune responses elicited during virus infection, and establishment of immune-competent animal models of virus pathogenesis. Such knowledge is necessary for development of pan-picornavirus countermeasures. Defining enterovirus A71 and D68, human rhinovirus C, and echoviruses 29 as prototype pathogens of this virus family may provide insight into picornavirus biology needed to establish public health strategies necessary for pandemic preparedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Wang, Qianqian^1,2 (AUTHOR), Meng, Hailan¹ (AUTHOR), Ge, Dong³ (AUTHOR), Shan, Hu¹ (AUTHOR), Geri, Letu^1,2 (AUTHOR) geriletusy@imau.edu.cn, Liu, Fuxiao¹ (AUTHOR) laudawn@126.com

المصدر: Virology. Aug2023, Vol. 585, p155-163. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *PICORNAVIRUSES, *CYTOSKELETAL proteins, *VIRAL nonstructural proteins, *SWINE diseases, *VIRAL replication

مستخلص: Senecavirus A (SVA) is an emerging virus, causing vesicular disease in swine. SVA is a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA virus, which is the only member of the genus Senecavirus in the family Picornaviridae. SVA genome encodes 12 proteins: L, VP4, VP2, VP3, VP1, 2A, 2B, 2C, 3A, 3B, 3C and 3D. The VP1 to VP4 are structural proteins, and the others are nonstructural proteins. The replication of SVA in host cells is a complex process coordinated by an elaborate interplay between the structural and nonstructural proteins. Structural proteins are primarily involved in the invasion and assembly of virions. Nonstructural proteins modulate viral RNA translation and replication, and also take part in antagonizing the antiviral host response and in disrupting some cellular processes to allow virus replication. Here, we systematically reviewed the molecular functions of SVA structural and nonstructural proteins by reference to literatures of SVA itself and other picornaviruses. • Systematically summarizing characteristics of Senecavirus A (SVA). • Critically reviewing advances in research on all SVA proteins. • Comparing some proteins of SVA with those of other picornaviruses. • Providing perspectives on development of novel diagnostics and vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Nwokorogu, Vivian C., Pillai, Santhosh, San, James E., Pillay, Charlene, Nyaga, Martin M., Sabiu, Saheed

المصدر: BMC Genomics; 6/24/2024, Vol. 25 Issue 1, p1-20, 20p

مصطلحات موضوعية: RNA, METAGENOMICS, CHICKENS, GENETIC variation, VIRAL shedding, PICORNAVIRUSES, AVIAN influenza A virus

مصطلحات جغرافية: DURBAN (South Africa), SOUTH Africa

مستخلص: Background: Virome studies on birds, including chickens are relatively scarce, particularly from the African continent. Despite the continuous evolution of RNA viruses and severe losses recorded in poultry from seasonal viral outbreaks, the information on RNA virome composition is even scantier as a result of their highly unstable nature, genetic diversity, and difficulties associated with characterization. Also, information on factors that may modulate the occurrence of some viruses in birds is limited, particularly for domesticated birds. Viral metagenomics through advancements in sequencing technologies, has enabled the characterization of the entire virome of diverse host species using various samples. Methods: The complex RNA viral constituents present in 27 faecal samples of asymptomatic chickens from a South African farm collected at 3-time points from two independent seasons were determined, and the impact of the chicken's age and collection season on viral abundance and diversity was further investigated. The study utilized the non-invasive faecal sampling method, mRNA viral targeted enrichment steps, a whole transcriptome amplification strategy, Illumina sequencing, and bioinformatics tools. Results: The results obtained revealed a total of 48 viral species spanning across 11 orders, 15 families and 21 genera. Viral RNA families such as Coronaviridae, Picornaviridae, Reoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Picorbirnaviridae and Retroviridae were abundant, among which picornaviruses, demonstrated a 100% prevalence across the three age groups (2, 4 and 7 weeks) and two seasons (summer and winter) of the 27 faecal samples investigated. A further probe into the extent of variation between the different chicken groups investigated indicated that viral diversity and abundance were significantly influenced by age (P = 0.01099) and season (P = 0.00099) between chicken groups, while there was no effect on viral shedding within samples in a group (alpha diversity) for age (P = 0.146) and season (P = 0.242). Conclusion: The presence of an exceedingly varied chicken RNA virome, encompassing avian, mammalian, fungal, and dietary-associated viruses, underscores the complexities inherent in comprehending the causation, dynamics, and interspecies transmission of RNA viruses within the investigated chicken population. Hence, chickens, even in the absence of discernible symptoms, can harbour viruses that may exhibit opportunistic, commensal, or pathogenic characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of BMC Genomics is the property of BioMed Central and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Yan Li, Lei Zhang, Ling Wang, Jing Li, Yanwei Zhao, Fuxiao Liu, Qianqian Wang

المصدر: Frontiers in Microbiology; 2024, p1-13, 13p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PICORNAVIRUSES, INITIATION factors (Biochemistry), GENETIC translation, HEPATITIS C virus, VIRAL proteins, VIRAL replication

مستخلص: The Picornaviridae is a family of icosahedral viruses with single-stranded, highly diverse positive-sense RNA genomes. Virions consist of a capsid, without envelope, surrounding a core of RNA genome. A typical genome of picornavirus harbors a well-conserved and highly structured RNA element known as the internal ribosome entry site (IRES), functionally essential for viral replication and protein translation. Based on differences in their structures and mechanisms of action, picornaviral IRESs have been categorized into five types: type I, II, III, IV, and V. Compared with the type IV IRES, the others not only are structurally complicated, but also involve multiple initiation factors for triggering protein translation. The type IV IRES, often referred to as hepatitis C virus (HCV)-like IRES due to its structural resemblance to the HCV IRES, exhibits a simpler and more compact structure than those of the other four. The increasing identification of picornaviruses with the type IV IRES suggests that this IRES type seems to reveal strong retention and adaptation in terms of viral evolution. Here, we systematically reviewed structural features and biological functions of the type IV IRES in picornaviruses. A comprehensive understanding of the roles of type IV IRESs will contribute to elucidating the replication mechanism and pathogenesis of picornaviruses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Frontiers in Microbiology is the property of Frontiers Media S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Tsu, Brian V.¹ (AUTHOR), Agarwal, Rimjhim¹ (AUTHOR), Gokhale, Nandan S.² (AUTHOR), Kulsuptrakul, Jessie³ (AUTHOR), Ryan, Andrew P.¹ (AUTHOR), Fay, Elizabeth J.¹ (AUTHOR), Castro, Lennice K.¹ (AUTHOR), Beierschmitt, Christopher¹ (AUTHOR), Yap, Christina⁴ (AUTHOR), Turcotte, Elizabeth A.⁵ (AUTHOR), Delgado-Rodriguez, Sofia E.¹ (AUTHOR), Vance, Russell E.^5,6 (AUTHOR), Hyde, Jennifer L.⁴ (AUTHOR), Savan, Ram² (AUTHOR), Mitchell, Patrick S.⁴ (AUTHOR) psmitche@uw.edu, Daugherty, Matthew D.¹ (AUTHOR) psmitche@uw.edu

المصدر: PLoS Biology. 6/8/2023, Vol. 21 Issue 6, p1-25. 25p. 1 Diagram, 4 Graphs.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CORONAVIRUSES, *PICORNAVIRUSES, *SARS-CoV-2, *PICORNAVIRUS infections

مستخلص: Hosts have evolved diverse strategies to respond to microbial infections, including the detection of pathogen-encoded proteases by inflammasome-forming sensors such as NLRP1 and CARD8. Here, we find that the 3CL protease (3CLpro) encoded by diverse coronaviruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), cleaves a rapidly evolving region of human CARD8 and activates a robust inflammasome response. CARD8 is required for cell death and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines during SARS-CoV-2 infection. We further find that natural variation alters CARD8 sensing of 3CLpro, including 3CLpro-mediated antagonism rather than activation of megabat CARD8. Likewise, we find that a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in humans reduces CARD8's ability to sense coronavirus 3CLpros and, instead, enables sensing of 3C proteases (3Cpro) from select picornaviruses. Our findings demonstrate that CARD8 is a broad sensor of viral protease activities and suggests that CARD8 diversity contributes to inter- and intraspecies variation in inflammasome-mediated viral sensing and immunopathology. This study describes an innate immune mechanism for sensing coronavirus and picornavirus infection by detecting the activity of virus-encoded proteases. Genetic variants among mammalian hosts affect which viruses can be sensed by this host 'tripwire' system, confirming its importance in the evolutionary arms race between viruses and the host immune response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Chunhui Yin, Haomiao Zhao, Xiaoyi Xia, Zhengyang Pan, Daoqun Li, Leiliang Zhang

المصدر: Frontiers in Cellular & Infection Microbiology; 2024, p1-15, 15p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PICORNAVIRUSES, ENTEROVIRUS diseases, ZINC-finger proteins, GUANIDINIUM chlorides, ANTIVIRAL agents, PROTEINS, VIRAL proteins

مستخلص: Picornaviruses, which are positive-stranded, non-enveloped RNA viruses, are known to infect people and animals with a broad spectrum of diseases. Among the nonstructural proteins in picornaviruses, 2C proteins are highly conserved and exhibit multiple structural domains, including amphipathic α-helices, an ATPase structural domain, and a zinc finger structural domain. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the functional structures of picornaviruses' 2C protein. We summarize the mechanisms by which the 2C protein enhances viral replication. 2C protein interacts with various host factors to form the replication complex, ultimately promoting viral replication. We review the mechanisms through which picornaviruses' 2C proteins interact with the NF-κB, RIG-I, MDA5, NOD2, and IFN pathways, contributing to the evasion of the antiviral innate immune response. Additionally, we provide an overview of broadspectrum antiviral drugs for treating various enterovirus infections, such as guanidine hydrochloride, fluoxetine, and dibucaine derivatives. These drugs may exert their inhibitory effects on viral infections by targeting interactions with 2C proteins. The review underscores the need for further research to elucidate the precise mechanisms of action of 2C proteins and to identify additional host factors for potential therapeutic intervention. Overall, this review contributes to a deeper understanding of picornaviruses and offers insights into the antiviral strategies against these significant viral pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Frontiers in Cellular & Infection Microbiology is the property of Frontiers Media S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Cui, Ning, Yang, Xiao, Sui, Hong, Tan, Liugang, Wang, Weihua, Su, Shuai, Qi, Lihong, Huang, Qinghua, Hrabchenko, Nataliia, Xu, Chuantian

المصدر: Animal Microbiome; 2/28/2024, Vol. 6 Issue 1, p1-11, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CRANES (Birds), DNA viruses, PICORNAVIRUSES, RNA viruses, PARVOVIRUSES, BIOSPHERE reserves, COMMUNICABLE diseases

مصطلحات جغرافية: SHANDONG Sheng (China)

مستخلص: Background: The red-crowned crane is one of the vulnerable bird species. Although the captive population has markedly increased over the last decade, infectious diseases can lead to the death of young red-crowned cranes while few virological studies have been conducted. Methods: Using a viral metagenomics approach, we analyzed the virome of tissues of the dead captive red-crowned crane with diarrhea symptoms in Dongying Biosphere Reserve, Shandong Province, China and feces of individual birds breeding at the corresponding captive breeding center, which were pooled separately. Results: There is much more DNA and RNA viruses in the feces than that of the tissues. RNA virus belonging to the families Picornaviridae, and DNA viruses belonging to the families Parvoviridae, associated with enteric diseases were detected in the tissues and feces. Genomes of the picornavirus, genomovirus, and parvovirus identified in the study were fully characterized, which further suggested that infectious viruses of these families were possibly presented in the diseased red-crowned crane. Conclusion: RNA virus belonging to the families Picornaviridae, and DNA viruses belonging to the families Genomoviridae and Parvoviridae were possibly the causative agent for diarrhea of red-crowned crane. This study has expanded our understanding of the virome of red-crowned crane and provides a baseline for elucidating the etiology for diarrhea of the birds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Savard, Christian, Wang, Leyi

المصدر: Viruses (1999-4915); Feb2024, Vol. 16 Issue 2, p307, 9p

مصطلحات موضوعية: BOS, SHEEP, CATTLE, PICORNAVIRUSES, SPECIES

مصطلحات جغرافية: CANADA

مستخلص: Boosepivirus is a new genus in the Picornaviridae family. Boosepiviruses (BooVs) are genetically classified into three species: A, B, and C. Initially, Boosepivirus A and B were identified in cattle, whereas Boosepivirus C was detected in sheep. Recent evidence showed that Boosepivirus B was detected in sheep and Boosepivirus C was identified in goats, suggesting that Boosepvirus might cross the species barrier to infect different hosts. Different from BooV B, BooV A is less studied. In the present study, we reported identification of two North American BooV A strains from cattle. Genomic characterization revealed that US IL33712 (GenBank accession #PP035161) and Canada 1087562 (GenBank accession #PP035162) BooV A strains are distantly related to each other, and US IL33712 is more closely correlated to two Asian BooV A strains. US-strain-specific insertions, NorthAmerican-strain-specific insertions, and species A-specific insertions are observed and could contribute to viral pathogenicity and host adaptation. Our findings highlight the importance of continued surveillance of BooV A in animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Viruses (1999-4915) is the property of MDPI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)