المؤلفون: P. Davini, J. von Hardenberg, S. Corti, H. M. Christensen, S. Juricke, A. Subramanian, P. A. G. Watson, A. Weisheimer, T. N. Palmer

المصدر: Geoscientific Model Development, Vol 10, Iss 3, Pp 1383-1402 (2017)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Geology, QE1-996.5

الوصف: The Climate SPHINX (Stochastic Physics HIgh resolutioN eXperiments) project is a comprehensive set of ensemble simulations aimed at evaluating the sensitivity of present and future climate to model resolution and stochastic parameterisation. The EC-Earth Earth system model is used to explore the impact of stochastic physics in a large ensemble of 30-year climate integrations at five different atmospheric horizontal resolutions (from 125 up to 16 km). The project includes more than 120 simulations in both a historical scenario (1979–2008) and a climate change projection (2039–2068), together with coupled transient runs (1850–2100). A total of 20.4 million core hours have been used, made available from a single year grant from PRACE (the Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe), and close to 1.5 PB of output data have been produced on SuperMUC IBM Petascale System at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre (LRZ) in Garching, Germany. About 140 TB of post-processed data are stored on the CINECA supercomputing centre archives and are freely accessible to the community thanks to an EUDAT data pilot project. This paper presents the technical and scientific set-up of the experiments, including the details on the forcing used for the simulations performed, defining the SPHINX v1.0 protocol. In addition, an overview of preliminary results is given. An improvement in the simulation of Euro-Atlantic atmospheric blocking following resolution increase is observed. It is also shown that including stochastic parameterisation in the low-resolution runs helps to improve some aspects of the tropical climate – specifically the Madden–Julian Oscillation and the tropical rainfall variability. These findings show the importance of representing the impact of small-scale processes on the large-scale climate variability either explicitly (with high-resolution simulations) or stochastically (in low-resolution simulations).

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.geosci-model-dev.net/10/1383/2017/gmd-10-1383-2017.pdfTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1991-959XTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1991-9603Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/1e85a68837bf40ed8c20a5af8a2604b2Test

المؤلفون: Jesús Lizana, Nicole D. Miranda, Sarah N. Sparrow, Peter A. G. Watson, Miriam Zachau Walker, David C. H. Wallom, Malcolm D. McCulloch

المصدر: Scientific Data, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-6 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Science

الوصف: Abstract Large ensembles of global temperature are provided for three climate scenarios: historical (2006–16), 1.5 °C and 2.0 °C above pre-industrial levels. Each scenario has 700 members (70 simulations per year for ten years) of 6-hourly mean temperatures at a resolution of 0.833° ´ 0.556° (longitude ´ latitude) over the land surface. The data was generated using the climateprediction.net (CPDN) climate simulation environment, to run HadAM4 Atmosphere-only General Circulation Model (AGCM) from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre. Biases in simulated temperature were identified and corrected using quantile mapping with reference temperature data from ERA5. The data is stored within the UK Natural and Environmental Research Council Centre for Environmental Data Analysis repository as NetCDF V4 files.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2052-4463Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/5a2db82378a247e1b50ca8cf6b35e042Test

المؤلفون: Kunhui Ye, Tim Woollings, Sarah N. Sparrow, Peter A. G. Watson, James A. Screen

المصدر: npj Climate and Atmospheric Science, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Environmental sciences, GE1-350, Meteorology. Climatology, QC851-999

الوصف: Abstract Very large (~2000 members) initial-condition ensemble simulations have been performed to advance understanding of mean climate and extreme weather responses to projected Arctic sea-ice loss under 2 °C global warming above preindustrial levels. These simulations better sample internal atmospheric variability and extremes for each model compared to those from the Polar Amplification Model Intercomparison Project (PAMIP). The mean climate response is mostly consistent with that from the PAMIP multi-model ensemble, including tropospheric warming, reduced midlatitude westerlies and storm track activity, an equatorward shift of the eddy-driven jet and increased mid-to-high latitude blocking. Two resolutions of the same model exhibit significant differences in the stratospheric circulation response; however, these differences only weakly modulate the tropospheric response. The response of temperature and precipitation extremes largely follows the seasonal-mean response. Sub-sampling confirms that large ensembles (e.g. ≥400) are needed to robustly estimate the seasonal-mean large-scale circulation response, and very large ensembles (e.g. ≥1000) for regional climate and extremes.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2397-3722Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/b51a1204a9654aed9e9f5fd169bf7386Test

المؤلفون: X. Wang, H. Firouzkouhi, J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, S. S. H. Ho, W. Carter, A. S. M. De Vos

المصدر: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 23, Pp 15375-15393 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999

الوصف: Open burning of household solid waste is a large source of air pollutants worldwide, especially in the Global South. However, waste burning emissions are either missing or have large uncertainties in local, regional, or global emission inventories due to limited emission factor (EF) and activity data. Detailed particulate matter (PM) chemical speciation data are even less available. This paper reports source profiles and EFs for PM2.5 species as well as acidic and alkali gases measured from laboratory combustion of 10 waste categories that represent open burning in South Africa. Carbonaceous materials contributed more than 70 % of PM2.5 mass. Elemental carbon (EC) was most abundant from flaming materials (e.g., plastic bags, textiles, and combined materials), and its climate forcing exceeded the corresponding CO2 emissions by a factor of 2–5. Chlorine had the highest EFs among elements measured by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) for all materials. Vegetation emissions showed high abundances of potassium, consistent with its use as a marker for biomass burning. Fresh PM2.5 emitted from waste burning appeared to be acidic. Moist vegetation and food discards had the highest hydrogen fluoride (HF) and PM fluoride EFs due to fluorine accumulation in plants, while burning rubber had the highest hydrogen chloride (HCl) and PM chloride EFs due to high chlorine content in the rubber. Plastic bottles, plastic bags, rubber, and food discards had the highest EFs for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nitro-PAHs as well as their associated toxicities. Distinct differences between odd and even carbon preferences were found for alkanes from biological and petroleum-based materials: dry vegetation, paper, textiles, and food discards show preference for the odd-numbered alkanes, while the opposite is true for plastic bottles, plastic bags, and rubber. As phthalates are used as plasticizers, their highest EFs were found for plastic bottles and bags, rubber, and combined materials. Data from this study will be useful for health and climate impact assessments, speciated emission inventories, source-oriented dispersion models, and receptor-based source apportionment.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/15375/2023/acp-23-15375-2023.pdfTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/38447be434284c17ac0ae336efef13b5Test

المؤلفون: Ibrahim M. Alanazi, Abdullah R. Alzahrani, Mohammad A. Alsaad, Abdulaziz L. Moqeem, Abdulmohsen M. Hamdi, Mohiuddin M. Taher, David G. Watson, M. Helen Grant

المصدر: Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, Vol 32, Iss 4, Pp 102011- (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Mephedrone, Glutathione, Metabolomics, LC-MS/MS, Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950

الوصف: Mephedrone is an illegal drug that is used recreationally. Few studies have been conducted to investigate the mechanisms by which mephedrone is harming cells. In this research, we investigated the effect of mephedrone using toxicology coupled with LC-MS/MS based metabolomics in the two CNS derived cell lines. Methods of assessment such as neutral red (NR) assay, dimethylthiazolyl diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactose dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement, and morphology were performed to identify the effect on cell viability and to identify the best concentration to be used in a metabolomics study. A concentration of 100 μM of mephedrone was used in the metabolomic experiment because at this concentration mephedrone had induced several intracellular changes. Although there no clear indicators of cellular damage caused by mephedrone. In astrocytes there was a clear indication that cell membrane function might be impaired by depletion of ether lipids.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319016424000616Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1319-0164Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/164bf90c8c8a4345abf1b04acbaef7bfTest

المؤلفون: X. Wang, H. Firouzkouhi, J. C. Chow, J. G. Watson, W. Carter, A. S. M. De Vos

المصدر: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol 23, Pp 8921-8937 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999

الوصف: Open burning of household and municipal solid waste is a frequent practice in many developing countries. Due to limited resources for collection and proper disposal, solid waste is often disposed of in neighborhoods and open-burned in piles to reduce odors and create space for incoming waste. Emissions from these ground-level and low-temperature burns cause air pollution, leading to adverse health effects among community residents. In this study, laboratory combustion experiments were conducted to characterize gas and particle emissions from 10 waste categories representative of those burned in South Africa: paper, leather/rubber, textiles, plastic bottles, plastic bags, vegetation (with three different moisture content levels), food discards, and combined materials. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon monoxide (CO) were measured in real time to calculate modified combustion efficiencies (MCEs). MCE is used along with video observations to determine fuel-based emission factors (EFs) during flaming and smoldering phases as well as the entire combustion process. Fuel elemental composition and moisture content have strong influences on emissions. Plastic bags have the highest carbon content and the highest combustion efficiency, leading to the highest EFs for CO2. Textiles have the highest nitrogen and sulfur content, resulting in the highest EFs for nitrogen oxides (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2). Emissions are similar for vegetation with 0 % and 20 % moisture content; however, EFs for CO and particulate matter (PM) from the vegetation with 50 % moisture content are 3 and 20–30 times, respectively, those from 0 % and 20 % moisture content. This study also shows that neglecting carbon in the ash and PM can lead to significant overestimation of EFs. Results from this study are applicable to emission inventory improvements as well as air quality management to assess the health and climate effects of household-waste open burning.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/23/8921/2023/acp-23-8921-2023.pdfTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7316Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1680-7324Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/f70c4d0ea5dd44c3896a6155890292a8Test

المؤلفون: Melina A. Kunar, Derrick G. Watson

المصدر: Cognitive Research, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 1-17 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Mammogram, Artificial Intelligence, Visual search, Computer-Aided Detection (CAD), Over-reliance, Framing, Consciousness. Cognition, BF309-499

الوصف: Abstract Computer-Aided Detection (CAD) has been proposed to help operators search for cancers in mammograms. Previous studies have found that although accurate CAD leads to an improvement in cancer detection, inaccurate CAD leads to an increase in both missed cancers and false alarms. This is known as the over-reliance effect. We investigated whether providing framing statements of CAD fallibility could keep the benefits of CAD while reducing over-reliance. In Experiment 1, participants were told about the benefits or costs of CAD, prior to the experiment. Experiment 2 was similar, except that participants were given a stronger warning and instruction set in relation to the costs of CAD. The results showed that although there was no effect of framing in Experiment 1, a stronger message in Experiment 2 led to a reduction in the over-reliance effect. A similar result was found in Experiment 3 where the target had a lower prevalence. The results show that although the presence of CAD can result in over-reliance on the technology, these effects can be mitigated by framing and instruction sets in relation to CAD fallibility.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2365-7464Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/fb8e5cf0dd454ec7ab3fba874eda8e7aTest

المؤلفون: Ariel N. James, Colleen J. Minnihan, Duane G. Watson

المصدر: Journal of Cognition, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 29-29 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: eye movements, sentence processing, reading, working memory, cognitive control, auditory word processing, Consciousness. Cognition, BF309-499

الوصف: This article details a correction to: James, A.N., Minnihan, C.J. and Watson, D.G., 2023. Language Experience Predicts Eye Movements During Online Auditory Comprehension. Journal of Cognition, 6(1), p.30. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/joc.285Test

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://account.journalofcognition.org/index.php/up-j-jc/article/view/354Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2514-4820Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/d6f107f3af0a4ac595db1e6ebc8a4f51Test

المؤلفون: Torrey Holland, Robinson Karunanithy, Christopher Mandrell, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Dennis G. Watson, Poopalasingam Sivakumar

المصدر: Standards, Vol 2, Iss 4, Pp 474-483 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: infrared spectroscopy, sonication, emulsion, glycol, antifreeze contamination, matrix effect, Mathematics, QA1-939, Applied mathematics. Quantitative methods, T57-57.97

الوصف: An in-depth experimental study of the matrix effect of antifreeze (ethylene glycol) and water contamination of engine oil through FT-IR spectroscopy. With a comparison of the percent by volume concentration of contaminated fresh 15W-40 engine oil, there appeared to be a noticeable reduction in the O–H stretching signal in the infrared spectrum when ethylene glycol based antifreeze was included as a contaminant. The contaminants of distilled water, a 50/50 mixture of water and commercial ethylene glycol antifreeze, and straight ethylene glycol antifreeze were compared and a signal reduction in the O–H stretch was clearly evident when glycol was present. Doubling the volume of the 50/50 mixture as compared to water alone still resulted in a weaker O–H stretching signal. The possibility that this signal reduction was due to the larger ethylene glycol molecule having fewer O–H bonds in a given sample size was eliminated by comparing samples with the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume. The strong hydrogen bonding between that of water and glycol appeared to reduce the O–H stretching signal, even after comparing the different sample types at concentrations with the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume. Tukey’s highly significant difference was used to show that samples of the 50/50 mixture and straight glycol were not reliably distinguishable from one another when comparing the same number of O–H bonds per unit volume but readily distinguishable from that of water as the lone contaminant.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2305-6703/2/4/32Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2305-6703Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/90cf13042dce4da796eb37ab86e0a286Test

المؤلفون: Abhinav Mathur, Joakim Edman, Livia Liang, Neil W. Scott, Henry G. Watson

المصدر: eJHaem, Vol 3, Iss 4, Pp 1305-1309 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: essential thrombocythaemia, hydroxycarbamide, melanoma, myeloproliferative neoplasm, non‐melanoma skin cancer, polycythaemia vera, Diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs, RC633-647.5

الوصف: Abstract Hydroxycarbamide (HC) is used as a cytoreductive treatment in myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN). Observational studies have raised the possibility that HC contributes to the development of secondary malignancies, including skin tumours in MPN patients. In this retrospective observational study, we report a single‐centre experience of 324 HC‐treated MPN patients with long‐term follow‐up, compared to 47 MPN patients not on HC. Thirty‐three patients (10.2%) (HC) versus one patient (2.1%) (no HC) developed skin tumours during follow‐up (Hazard ratios [HR] 5.70, 95% confidence intervals 0.66–48.09, p = 0.112). However, male gender, age at MPN diagnosis, type of MPN (polycythaemia rubra vera) and previous history of skin cancer were prognostic variables associated with development of skin cancer.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2688-6146Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/e227082c1857411d91eeb12e2888d670Test