المؤلفون: Vibhanshu Dev GAUR, Mayur PATHAK, Tejinder Kumar JINDAL

المصدر: INCAS Bulletin, Vol 16, Iss 2, Pp 77-83 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: pulse detonation engine (pde), ignition system, arduino, control board, bluetooth, infrared, Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics, TL1-4050

الوصف: Pulse Detonation Engine has been a point of interest in the propulsion industry for some time and the interest has been rising due to its better output and results. But any system can perform its task efficiently based on the efficiency of its control system. In this paper we have presented a comparative study between multiple control systems- one based on Bluetooth technology, the other based on infrared sensor technology and one based on wired electrical system. For the wireless system, the signal received from either of the media is passed to the various sensors and systems connected through an Arduino board that further controls the solenoid valves and ignition system. Primarily, a control system circuit is developed using Arduino board and different sensors to connect the fuel supply and ignition system. In the next stage, Bluetooth sensors are connected using an android app and then an infrared sensor based system is integrated with the Arduino to control the engine and the performance of the two systems are compared. Whereas for wired system, every sub system is controlled through optical wires including the solenoid valves, the injection system and the sensors.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://bulletin.incas.ro/files/gaur_pathak_jindal__vol_16_iss_2_final.pdfTest; https://doaj.org/toc/2066-8201Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2247-4528Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/5eeec280d42b453890d6151b51d03b13Test

المؤلفون: B.A. Gambo, Robinson Ejilah, H. Dandakouta, A. Tokan

مصطلحات موضوعية: Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production, Biomedical Engineering, FOS Medical engineering, Engineering, Physical Sciences, Chemical Kinetics of Combustion Processes, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Chemical Engineering, FOS Chemical engineering, Plasma Applications for Environmentally Friendly Catalyst Preparation, Fuel Chemistry, Biodiesel, Engine Performance, Ignition system, Diesel fuel, Diesel engine, Compression physics, Environmental science, Carbureted compression ignition model engine, Automotive engineering, Waste management, Materials science, Compression ratio, Diesel cycle, Internal combustion engine, Aerospace engineering, Composite material

الوصف: The world is facing declining liquid fuel reserves at a time when energy demand is exploding. As the supply decreases and costs rise, everyone will be forced to adopt the alternative energy resources. In order to achieve a secure and stable energy supply that does not cause environmental damage, renewable energy sources must be explored and promising technologies should be developed. This study investigates the effects of exhaust gases of diesel-Cadoba farinosa forskk bio-ethanol blended fuel samples run on a compression ignition engine. The test fuels were prepared; BDE2 (97% Diesel and 2% bio-ethanol volumetric proportion), BDE4, BDE6, BDE8 and BDE10 with 1% biodiesel (palm oil methyl esters) was maintained throughout to prevent phase separation of the ethanol and diesel respectively. The engine performance and exhaust gas analysis were also conducted to investigate the effect of bio-ethanol as diesel fuel extender, with a TD110-115 single-cylinder, four-stroke and air-cooled, compression ignition engine ... : يواجه العالم انخفاض احتياطيات الوقود السائل في وقت يتفجر فيه الطلب على الطاقة. مع انخفاض العرض وارتفاع التكاليف، سيضطر الجميع إلى اعتماد موارد الطاقة البديلة. من أجل تحقيق إمدادات طاقة آمنة ومستقرة لا تسبب أضرارًا بيئية، يجب استكشاف مصادر الطاقة المتجددة وتطوير تقنيات واعدة. تبحث هذه الدراسة في آثار غازات العادم للديزل - كادوبا فارينوسا فورسك عينات الوقود المخلوطة بالإيثانول الحيوي التي تعمل على محرك إشعال انضغاطي. تم إعداد وقود الاختبار ؛ تم الحفاظ على BDE2 (97 ٪ ديزل و 2 ٪ إيثانول نسبة حجمية)، BDE4، BDE6، BDE8 و BDE10 مع 1 ٪ ديزل حيوي (إسترات ميثيل زيت النخيل) طوال الوقت لمنع الفصل الطوري للإيثانول والديزل على التوالي. تم أيضًا إجراء تحليل أداء المحرك وغاز العادم للتحقيق في تأثير الإيثانول الحيوي كموسع لوقود الديزل، مع جهاز اختبار محرك الإشعال بالضغط TD110 -115 أحادي الأسطوانة، رباعي الأشواط ومبرد بالهواء، في ظل ظروف تحميل مختلفة، وتم دمجه مع محلل غاز عادم السيارات SV -5Q تم استخدامه لمراقبة وقياس تركيز الانبعاثات الغازية، مثل ؛ درجة حرارة غاز العادم (EGT) وثاني أكسيد الكربون (CO 2 ) وأول أكسيد الكربون ...

العلاقة: https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/xjv50-jc515Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.60692/dvq0n-mkh2510.60692/xjv50-jc515Test

المؤلفون: A. D. Shirokov, D. A. Feoktistov, T. G. Оreshenko, M. S. Fedorov, A. V. Chubar

المصدر: Космические аппараты и технологии, Vol 7, Iss 1, Pp 44-50 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: ignition system, test bench, spacecraft, propulsion system, low-thrust engine, Motor vehicles. Aeronautics. Astronautics, TL1-4050

الوصف: The article discusses the key role of the use of automation in the stands, as well as the ignition system of the stand of low-thrust engines and the features of its operation as part of the stand. The ignition system scheme was developed, assembled and worked out, on the basis of which the ignition of the components of the propulsion system mixture will be carried out. The ignition system was tested by directly connecting the power supply to the circuit, which during the tests showed its suitability for use due to the long and continuous operation of the system. The power was turned on by controlling relay switches based on the Arduino MEGA 2560. Also, an algorithm was developed for the operation of the automation system for switching on, off and checking the entire system before testing the propulsion system on the stand of low-thrust engines to ensure automation and safety of using the stand. This algorithm includes control of two channels of the oxidizer and fuel pipeline, emergency power off, opening and closing of cut-off valves, taking readings and checking pressure gauges and flow meters, as well as shutting down the system after testing low-thrust engines using an Arduino MEGA controller.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://journal-niss.ru/en/archive_view.php?num=298Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2618-7957Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/83572f24b9ee49bd8820f61212a1093bTest

المؤلفون: А.V. Gritsenko, K. V. Glemba, G. N. Salimonenko

المصدر: Интеллект. Инновации. Инвестиции, Vol 5, Pp 58-73 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: diagnostics, test mode, ignition system, breakdown voltage, spark gap, toxicity parameters, Economics as a science, HB71-74

الوصف: It is known that the proportion of failures of the elements of the power supply system of automobile piston engines reaches 45% of all its failures, including 9% of cases are failures of the elements of the ignition system. An analysis of this statistics shows that spark plugs are most susceptible to wear, overheating and significant loading. The range of resource parameters of spark plugs offered by manufacturers within 10-60 thousand km aggravates the situation of timely replacement. It was revealed that the period for replacing spark plugs can be adjusted, since their guaranteed resource sometimes does not correspond to the declared one. It has been determined that the means used for diagnosing the ignition system (in the classic version: a motor-tester, a gas analyzer) do not allow to accentuate the load on a separate element and bring it to an extreme operating mode, in which hidden failures appear. The sensitivity and reliability of existing methods are at a low level, because Many factors influence the shape of the oscillogram, including interference in the measuring circuit and measurement errors, the need for frequent calibration of the measuring channels, which introduces a significant error in the diagnostic process. The purpose of the research is to increase the reliability of diagnosing the elements of the ignition system of automobile engines based on the analysis of toxicity parameters during selective sampling of exhaust gases in test modes. A method for troubleshooting and assessing the technical condition of the elements of the ignition system in test modes with selective sampling of exhaust gases is proposed, for the implementation of which a software and hardware complex for test diagnostics has been developed. On the basis of the developed methods, a methodology for the comprehensive determination of the technical condition of spark plugs in the engines of VAZ and GAZ vehicles was created based on the results of the analysis of the composition of exhaust gases on comparative nomograms. Scientific novelty: a mathematical model of the change in the secondary voltage depending on the spark interelectrode gap of the spark plug has been developed; the relationship between the breakdown voltage in the interelectrode gap of the spark plug and the air density in the chamber of the test device is established, where the most significant factor is the discrepancy between the interelectrode gap of the spark plug to its nominal value: the dependence of the parameters of the composition and content of harmful substances in the exhaust gases on the technical condition of the elements of the ignition system in individual engine cylinders. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of continuous monitoring of the elements of the ignition system by the test method, in particular the spark plugs of the ignition system, taking into account the individual contribution of each spark plug to the exhaust process and the content of toxicity parameters in the exhaust gases. Further research on this topic should be extended to other brands of cars, as well as gas engine installations with elements of automating the diagnostic process.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://intellekt-izdanie.osu.ru/en/archive_new/5-2022/5-2022-pp.-58-73.htmlTest; https://doaj.org/toc/2077-7175Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/7ffdabb392004a9eaf2dcb3f5dbb6ffbTest

المؤلفون: S.Ramasubramanian, V.S.Shaisundaram, B.Hariharan, Tushar S Kumar, M Nourahamad

مصطلحات موضوعية: IC engine, modelling, analysis, nodes, electronic ignition system

الوصف: A wide variety of lasers have a growing number of applications in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine. This article provides a concise overview of the fundamental principles, operational aspects, and application areas pertaining to lasers for fuel ignition. The purpose of this article is the current relevance of lasers for fuel ignition, as well as how they function in combustion engines, their applications, benefits, and drawbacks. In essence, there are four different ways that laser light can initiate an ignition event. There are a few different names for these processes, including photochemical ignition, resonant breakdown, thermal initiation, and non-resonant breakdown. The non-resonant initiation of combustion technique is currently the method that is utilised the most frequently as a result of its ease of use and flexibility in terms of the laser wavelength that can be chosen. There are different types of ignition systems, conventional spark plugs can be replaced by lasers instead. The vehicles will continue to be powered by internal combustion engines for the foreseeable future. The continued use of internal combustion engine vehicles is responsible for a significant amount of pollution and has a negative impact on the environment. To mitigate this problem, advancements in combustion technology and treatment methods are required. The concept of the ignition process can be altered by the laser ignition system. When compared to a normal ignition system, it has many benefits.

العلاقة: https://zenodo.org/record/7652952Test; https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7652952Test; oai:zenodo.org:7652952

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7652952Test
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7652951Test
https://zenodo.org/record/7652952Test

المؤلفون: Meherzi Radhouane, Chokri Boubahri, Jamel Bessrour

مصطلحات موضوعية: Estimating Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Emissions, Automotive Engineering, FOS Mechanical engineering, Engineering, Physical Sciences, Chemical Kinetics of Combustion Processes, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Chemical Engineering, FOS Chemical engineering, Catalytic Nanomaterials, Materials Chemistry, Materials Science, Fuel Consumption, Fuel Chemistry, NOx Reduction, Vehicle Emissions, NOx, Gasoline, Octane rating, Spark-ignition engine, Engine power, Ignition system, Fuel efficiency, Automotive engineering, Environmental science, Ethanol, Chemistry, Engine efficiency, Octane, Petrol engine

الوصف: This research aims to study the effect of various blends of an alternative fuel environment (ethanol, isooctane) on the performance of a spark ignition gasoline engine. The blends were obtained from two additives: ethanol and isooctane. The tests were carried out on an engine test bench following DIN 70020. The results show that the petrol additives achieve excellent ecological results. On the other hand, the engine performance was slightly reduced compared with that obtained with pure fuel. We noted a variation in engine performance for the E10 (10% ethanol + 90% pure petrol) and I10 (10% isooctane + 90% pure petrol) blends, namely a reduction in nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions of 7.5% for E10 and 5% for I10 compared with pure petrol. However, using E10 and I10 blends did not increase the specific fuel consumption. Thus, the increase in the octane rating resulted in a decrease in NOx emissions. The use of 96 octane fuels, which corresponds to I40 (40% isooctane + 60% petrol), is expected even ... : نبذة مختصرة يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تأثير الخلائط المختلفة لبيئة الوقود البديلة (الإيثانول، الأيزو أوكتان) على أداء محرك البنزين لإشعال الشرارة. تم الحصول على الخلائط من مادتين مضافتين: الإيثانول والأيزو أوكتان. تم إجراء الاختبارات على مقعد اختبار المحرك وفقًا لمعيار المعهد الألماني للتوحيد القياسي 70020. تظهر النتائج أن إضافات البنزين تحقق نتائج بيئية ممتازة. من ناحية أخرى، انخفض أداء المحرك قليلاً مقارنةً بالأداء الذي تم الحصول عليه بالوقود النقي. لاحظنا تباينًا في أداء المحرك لخلائط E10 (10 ٪ إيثانول + 90 ٪ بنزين نقي) و I10 (10 ٪ أيزو أوكتان + 90 ٪ بنزين نقي)، أي انخفاض في انبعاثات أكاسيد النيتروجين بنسبة 7.5 ٪ لـ E10 و 5 ٪ لـ I10 مقارنة بالبنزين النقي. ومع ذلك، فإن استخدام خلائط E10 و I10 لم يزيد من استهلاك الوقود المحدد. وبالتالي، أدت الزيادة في تصنيف الأوكتان إلى انخفاض في انبعاثات أكاسيد النيتروجين. من المتوقع استخدام 96 أوكتان من الوقود، وهو ما يتوافق مع I40 (40 ٪ أيزو أوكتان + 60 ٪ بنزين)، على الرغم من وجود انخفاض بنسبة 8 ٪ في عزم دوران المحرك وانخفاض بنسبة 5 ٪ في الطاقة. كما لاحظنا أن المزيج (20 ٪ ...

العلاقة: https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/bdkm3-0ja48Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.60692/s8kg1-n8e6710.60692/bdkm3-0ja48Test

المؤلفون: Alpha Chukwumela Ajie, Mohammed Moore Ojapah, Ogheneruona E. Diemuodeke

مصطلحات موضوعية: Technical Aspects of Biodiesel Production, Biomedical Engineering, FOS Medical engineering, Engineering, Physical Sciences, Chemical Kinetics of Combustion Processes, Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes, Chemical Engineering, FOS Chemical engineering, Tribological Properties of Lubricants and Additives, Mechanical Engineering, FOS Mechanical engineering, Waste Cooking Oil, Engine Performance, Biodiesel, Fuel Chemistry, Internal Combustion Engines, Diesel fuel, Diesel engine, Brake specific fuel consumption, Waste management, Environmental science, Combustion, Ignition system, Biofuel, Winter diesel fuel, Pulp and paper industry, Materials science, Automotive engineering, Compression ratio

الوصف: With their higher sustainability index, biofuels, environmentally-friendly and renewable nature is a viable alternative energy source in the transportation sector. This study presents the effect of waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel on performance, combustion, and emission from a compression ignition engine. The biodiesel was blended with diesel in varying proportions of 5% biodiesel and 95% diesel (designated as B5), 10% biodiesel in diesel (B10), 15% biodiesel in diesel (B15), 20% biodiesel in diesel (B20), 50% biodiesel in diesel (B50), and 85% biodiesel in diesel (B85). Simulation of a 2-cylinder diesel engine fueled with diesel, biodiesel blends and pure biodiesel was carried out using Ricardo Wave software and the results obtained were validated. The engine speed was varied from 1200 rpm to 3200 rpm at full load condition using a positive valve overlap of 32°. Performance results showed that WCO biodiesel blends at 1200 rpm produce brake-specific fuel consumption of, 0.240109 kg/kWhr, 0.241996 kg/kWhr, ... : مع ارتفاع مؤشر الاستدامة، يعد الوقود الحيوي والطبيعة الصديقة للبيئة والمتجددة مصدرًا بديلًا للطاقة في قطاع النقل. تعرض هذه الدراسة تأثير نفايات زيت الطهي (WCO) الديزل الحيوي على الأداء والاحتراق والانبعاثات من محرك الاشتعال بالضغط. تم مزج الديزل الحيوي مع الديزل بنسب متفاوتة من 5 ٪ من الديزل الحيوي و 95 ٪ من الديزل (المصنفة على أنها B5)، و 10 ٪ من الديزل الحيوي في الديزل (B10)، و 15 ٪ من الديزل الحيوي في الديزل (B15)، و 20 ٪ من الديزل الحيوي في الديزل (B20)، و 50 ٪ من الديزل الحيوي في الديزل (B50)، و 85 ٪ من الديزل الحيوي في الديزل (B85). تم إجراء محاكاة لمحرك ديزل ثنائي الأسطوانات مزود بوقود الديزل وخلائط الديزل الحيوي والديزل الحيوي النقي باستخدام برنامج ريكاردو ويف وتم التحقق من صحة النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها. تباينت سرعة المحرك من 1200 دورة في الدقيقة إلى 3200 دورة في الدقيقة في حالة الحمل الكامل باستخدام تداخل صمام إيجابي قدره 32درجة. أظهرت نتائج الأداء أن خلائط الديزل الحيوي لمنظمة الجمارك العالمية عند 1200 دورة في الدقيقة تنتج استهلاك وقود خاص بالفرامل يبلغ 0.240109 كجم/كيلو واط ساعة، 0.241996 ...

العلاقة: https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/2kcnr-zp481Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.60692/h2024-9nk2010.60692/2kcnr-zp481Test

المؤلفون: Falfari S., Cazzoli G., Mariani V., Bianchi G. M.

المساهمون: Falfari S., Cazzoli G., Mariani V., Bianchi G.M.

مصطلحات موضوعية: hydrogen, gas injection, under-expanded jet, laminar flame speed, ignition delay time, oil-fuel dilution, internal combustion engine, ignition system for highly dilute mixture

الوصف: Hydrogen is the energy vector that will lead us toward a more sustainable future. It could be the fuel of both fuel cells and internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines are today the only motors characterized by high reliability, duration and specific power, and low cost per power unit. The most immediate solution for the near future could be the application of hydrogen as a fuel in modern internal combustion engines. This solution has advantages and disadvantages: specific physical, chemical and operational properties of hydrogen require attention. Hydrogen is the only fuel that could potentially produce no carbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions. It also allows high engine efficiency and low nitrogen oxide emissions. Hydrogen has wide flammability limits and a high flame propagation rate, which provide a stable combustion process for lean and very lean mixtures. Near the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, hydrogen-fueled engines exhibit abnormal combustions (backfire, pre-ignition, detonation), the suppression of which has proven to be quite challenging. Pre-ignition due to hot spots in or around the spark plug can be avoided by adopting a cooled or unconventional ignition system (such as corona discharge): the latter also ensures the ignition of highly diluted hydrogen-air mixtures. It is worth noting that to correctly reproduce the hydrogen ignition and combustion processes in an ICE with the risks related to abnormal combustion, 3D CFD simulations can be of great help. It is necessary to model the injection process correctly, and then the formation of the mixture, and therefore, the combustion process. It is very complex to model hydrogen gas injection due to the high velocity of the gas in such jets. Experimental tests on hydrogen gas injection are many but never conclusive. It is necessary to have a deep knowledge of the gas injection phenomenon to correctly design the right injector for a specific engine. Furthermore, correlations are needed in the CFD code to predict the laminar ...

وصف الملف: ELETTRONICO

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000955701400001; volume:16; issue:6; firstpage:1; lastpage:13; numberofpages:13; journal:ENERGIES; https://hdl.handle.net/11585/923071Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85151948533; https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2545Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062545Test
https://hdl.handle.net/11585/923071Test
https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/16/6/2545Test

المؤلفون: Sugiono, Didik, Lostari , Aini, Indah Riani, Novi, Kusdyanto, Aries

المصدر: Infotekmesin; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2023): Infotekmesin: Januari, 2023; 135-140 ; Infotekmesin; Vol 14 No 1 (2023): Infotekmesin: Januari, 2023; 135-140 ; 2685-9858 ; 2087-1627 ; 10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i1

مصطلحات موضوعية: ignition system, CDI, performance of a vehicle

الوصف: The ignition system is a system that greatly affects the performance of a vehicle. Capacity Discharge Ignition (CDI) is a component in the ignition system that works to set the right ignition timing, therefore combustion can be maximized. This study aimed to compare the use of a factory CDI with a CDI from another vehicle, namely the 110 cc Shogun, to determine the performance of a 125 cc GL Max motorbike including torque, power, and fuel consumption to efficiency. The data collection was carried out at speeds of 25 km/hour to 65 km/hour for each gear with an increase of 10 km/hour. The results showed that the larger the gear or teeth, the value of torque, power, and efficiency will also increase. The best results were obtained in the 110 cc Shogun CDI variation with respective values of 7.96 Nm, 6.8 pk, and 81.14%. Meanwhile, the value of the most economical fuel consumption is still the standard CDI GL Max 125 cc with a value of 0.12 kg/pk.hour in the highest gear. ; Perkembangan teknologi pada bidang otomotif, khususnya pada sistem pengapian pada sepeda motor bensin 4 langkah termodifikasi adalah pada sistem pengapian seperti CDI. Sistem pengapian merupakan salah satu dari komponen sepeda motor yang paling sering mengalami perkembangan. Pada penelitian ini menganalisa pengaruh CDI standar dengan CDI shogun 110cc yang digunakan pada motor honda GL Max 125c. Prosedur pengambilan data secara real, dengan metode on road test untuk memperoleh data primer dan analisis secara deskriptif. Hasil pengujian dan analisa menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio gear dengan kontrol variabel kecepatan dan Rpm serta jarak tempuh memilki pengaruh pada performa mesin antara lain kecetapan, percepatan, daya, torsi, Sfc (konsumsi bahan bakar) pada mesin motor tersebut.Hasil pengujian untuk kecepatan dan percepatan nilainya semakin menurun, nilai enrgy CDI standar dan CDI Shogun110cc mengalami penurunan seiring peningkatan gigi, Untuk daya mengalami Peningkatan terbesar pada CDI shogun 110cc daripada CDI standar dan torsi mengalami ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://ejournal.pnc.ac.id/index.php/infotekmesin/article/view/1656/511Test; https://ejournal.pnc.ac.id/index.php/infotekmesin/article/view/1656Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i1.1656Test
https://doi.org/10.35970/infotekmesin.v14i1Test
https://ejournal.pnc.ac.id/index.php/infotekmesin/article/view/1656Test

المؤلفون: Stefania Falfari, Giulio Cazzoli, Valerio Mariani, Gian Marco Bianchi

المصدر: Energies; Volume 16; Issue 6; Pages: 2545

مصطلحات موضوعية: hydrogen, gas injection, under-expanded jets, laminar flame speed, ignition delay time, oil–fuel dilution, internal combustion engines, ignition system for highly dilute mixture

الوصف: Hydrogen is the energy vector that will lead us toward a more sustainable future. It could be the fuel of both fuel cells and internal combustion engines. Internal combustion engines are today the only motors characterized by high reliability, duration and specific power, and low cost per power unit. The most immediate solution for the near future could be the application of hydrogen as a fuel in modern internal combustion engines. This solution has advantages and disadvantages: specific physical, chemical and operational properties of hydrogen require attention. Hydrogen is the only fuel that could potentially produce no carbon, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide emissions. It also allows high engine efficiency and low nitrogen oxide emissions. Hydrogen has wide flammability limits and a high flame propagation rate, which provide a stable combustion process for lean and very lean mixtures. Near the stoichiometric air–fuel ratio, hydrogen-fueled engines exhibit abnormal combustions (backfire, pre-ignition, detonation), the suppression of which has proven to be quite challenging. Pre-ignition due to hot spots in or around the spark plug can be avoided by adopting a cooled or unconventional ignition system (such as corona discharge): the latter also ensures the ignition of highly diluted hydrogen–air mixtures. It is worth noting that to correctly reproduce the hydrogen ignition and combustion processes in an ICE with the risks related to abnormal combustion, 3D CFD simulations can be of great help. It is necessary to model the injection process correctly, and then the formation of the mixture, and therefore, the combustion process. It is very complex to model hydrogen gas injection due to the high velocity of the gas in such jets. Experimental tests on hydrogen gas injection are many but never conclusive. It is necessary to have a deep knowledge of the gas injection phenomenon to correctly design the right injector for a specific engine. Furthermore, correlations are needed in the CFD code to predict the laminar ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: I2: Energy and Combustion Science; https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16062545Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16062545Test