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1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Hiroshi Takase, Cheng-rong Yu, Rashid M. Mahdi, Daniel C. Douek, Gregory B, Frank M. Midgley, Rajpreet Dogra, Gloria Allende, Eliot Rosenkranz, Charles E. Egwuagu, Igal Gery
المساهمون: The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives
مصطلحات موضوعية: retinal antigen, susceptibility
الوصف: The majority of maturing T lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens is eliminated in the thymus upon exposure to their target antigens. This physiological process of negative selection requires that tissue-specific antigens be expressed by thymic cells, a phenomenon that has been well studied in experimental animals. Here, we have examined the expression in human thymi of four retinal antigens, that are capable of inducing autoimmune ocular disease retinal S-antigen (S-Ag), recoverin, RPE65 and inter-photoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)], as well as four melanocyte-specific antigens, two of which are used as targets for melanoma immunotherapy [gp100, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2]. Using reverse transcription (RT)–PCR, we found that all thymic samples from the 18 donors expressed mRNA transcripts of most or all the eight tested tissue antigens. Yet, the expression of the transcripts varied remarkably among the individual thymic samples. In addition, S-Ag, RPE65 and IRBP were detected by immunostaining in rare cells in sections of human thymi by antibodies against these proteins. Quantitative real-time RT–PCR analysis revealed that the retinal antigen transcripts in the human thymus are present at trace levels, that are lower by approximately five orders of magnitude than
وصف الملف: application/pdf
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المؤلفون: Gloria Allende, Alberto Pugliese, Isaac Snowhite, Jay M. Sosenko, Shari Messinger Cayetano, Ricardo L. Pastori
المصدر: Diabetologia. 60:1409-1422
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, 0301 basic medicine, Adolescent, Microarray, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Autoimmunity, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Disease, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Article, Islets of Langerhans, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Child, Autoantibodies, Retrospective Studies, Type 1 diabetes, Autoantibody, Infant, Retrospective cohort study, Glucose Tolerance Test, medicine.disease, MicroRNAs, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, 030104 developmental biology, ROC Curve, Child, Preschool, Immunology, Cohort, Female
الوصف: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are key regulators of gene expression and novel biomarkers for many diseases. We investigated the hypothesis that serum levels of some miRNAs would be associated with islet autoimmunity and/or progression to type 1 diabetes. We measured levels of 93 miRNAs most commonly detected in serum. This retrospective cohort study included 150 autoantibody-positive and 150 autoantibody-negative family-matched siblings enrolled in the TrialNet Pathway to Prevention Study. This was a young cohort (mean age = 11 years), and most autoantibody-positive relatives were at high risk because they had multiple autoantibodies, with 39/150 (26%, progressors) developing type 1 diabetes within an average 8.7 months of follow-up. We analysed miRNA levels in relation to autoantibody status, future development of diabetes and OGTT C-peptide and glucose indices of disease progression. Fifteen miRNAs were differentially expressed when comparing autoantibody-positive/negative siblings (range −2.5 to 1.3-fold). But receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis indicated low specificity and sensitivity. Seven additional miRNAs were differentially expressed among autoantibody-positive relatives according to disease progression; ROC returned significant AUC values and identified miRNA cut-off levels associated with an increased risk of disease in both cross-sectional and survival analyses. Levels of several miRNAs showed significant correlations (r values range 0.22–0.55) with OGTT outcomes. miR-21-3p, miR-29a-3p and miR-424-5p had the most robust associations. Serum levels of selected miRNAs are associated with disease progression and confer additional risk of the development of type 1 diabetes in young autoantibody-positive relatives. Further studies, including longitudinal assessments, are warranted to further define miRNA biomarkers for prediction of disease risk and progression.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::a1c91eb769c85b49ddff551a16c5d919Test
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-017-4294-3Test -
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المؤلفون: L. Chen, J. C. Hutton, Alberto Pugliese, Isaac Snowhite, George W. Burke, Gaetano Ciancio, Shari Messinger, Stavros Diamantopoulos, Philip Ruiz, Y. Y. Hopfner, Gloria Allende, Francesco Vendrame, S. K. Virdi, Helena Reijonen
المصدر: American Journal of Transplantation
مصطلحات موضوعية: Graft Rejection, Male, Oncology, endocrine system diseases, medicine.medical_treatment, 030230 surgery, Kidney Function Tests, Postoperative Complications, 0302 clinical medicine, Recurrence, Risk Factors, immune system diseases, Immunology and Allergy, Pharmacology (medical), Child, Kidney transplantation, Graft Survival, Immunosuppression, Clinical Science, Prognosis, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Cohort, Original Article, Female, Pancreas Transplantation, Immunosuppressive Agents, Glomerular Filtration Rate, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Pancreas transplantation, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Autoantibodies, Immunosuppression Therapy, Transplantation, Type 1 diabetes, business.industry, Autoantibody, Infant, Original Articles, medicine.disease, Kidney Transplantation, Transplant Recipients, Regimen, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Immunology, business, Follow-Up Studies
الوصف: Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who are recipients of pancreas transplants are believed to rarely develop T1D recurrence in the allograft if effectively immunosuppressed. We evaluated a cohort of 223 recipients of simultaneous pancreas–kidney allografts for T1D recurrence and its risk factors. With long‐term follow‐up, recurrence was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Comparing the therapeutic regimens employed in this cohort over time, lack of induction therapy was associated with recurrence, but this occurs even with the current regimen, which includes induction; there was no influence of maintenance regimens. Longitudinal testing for T1D‐associated autoantibodies identified autoantibody positivity, number of autoantibodies, and autoantibody conversion after transplantation as critical risk factors. Autoantibodies to the zinc transporter 8 had the strongest and closest temporal association with recurrence, which was not explained by genetically encoded amino acid sequence donor–recipient mismatches for this autoantigen. Genetic risk factors included the presence of the T1D‐predisposing HLA‐DR3/DR4 genotype in the recipient and donor–recipient sharing of HLA‐DR alleles, especially HLA‐DR3. Thus, T1D recurrence is not uncommon and is developing in patients treated with current immunosuppression. The risk factors identified in this study can be assessed in the transplant clinic to identify recurrent T1D and may lead to therapeutic advances.
This study demonstrates that recurrence of islet autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes is a significant cause of immune‐mediated endocrine pancreas graft function in immunosuppressed recipients of simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplants, and defines risk factors for this condition.الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::fcbfe42af6d026feea7806b17643c92cTest
https://doi.org/10.1111/ajt.13426Test -
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المؤلفون: Rodolfo Alejandro, Ana Hernandez, Alberto Pugliese, Shari Messinger, Jay S. Skyler, Gloria Allende, Luigi F. Meneghini, Dongmei Han, Carlos A. Leyva, Davide Mineo, Norma S. Kenyon, Della Matheson, Bonnie B. Blomberg
المصدر: Clinical Immunology. 139:290-301
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Immunology, Biology, Article, Immunoglobulin G, Fas ligand, Young Adult, Internal medicine, Immunopathology, Gene expression, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, RNA, Messenger, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Gene Expression Profiling, FOXP3, Cytidine deaminase, Granzyme B, Gene expression profiling, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Endocrinology, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models, biology.protein, Cytokines, Female, Biomarkers
الوصف: There is a need for biomarkers to monitor the development and progression of type 1 DM. We analyzed mRNA expression levels for granzyme B, perforin, fas ligand, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Foxp3, IL-10, TGF-β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-17, Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) and Immunoglobulin G gamma chain (IgG) genes in peripheral blood of at-risk, new-onset and long-term type 1 DM, and healthy controls. The majority of the genes were suppressed in long-term type 1 DM compared to controls and new-onset patients. IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA levels were significantly higher in new-onset compared to at-risk and long-term groups. There was decreased mRNA expression for AID and IgG and up-regulation of IFN-γ with age in controls. Data suggest an overall depressed immunity in long-term type 1 DM. Increased gene expression levels for IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10 in new-onset patients from at-risk patients might be used as potential markers for progression of the disease.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::98abc9c28dfb6732a4a14000f57e5483Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2011.02.016Test -
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المؤلفون: Ulf Dahl, Juan Diez, Alberto Pugliese, Camillo Ricordi, Douglas Hanahan, Markus Zeller, Eliot Rosenkranz, Armando J. Mendez, Gloria Allende, Carlos A. Garcia, Rajpreet Dogra, Zhu Alexander Cao, Kamalaveni R. Prabakar
المصدر: Scopus-Elsevier
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Transcription, Genetic, Lymphoid Tissue, CD14, Transgene, Immunology, CD11c, Mice, Transgenic, Spleen, Thymus Gland, Biology, Autoantigens, Epitope, Immunophenotyping, Epitopes, Mice, Mice, Inbred NOD, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Insulin, Immunology and Allergy, Proinsulin, Mice, Knockout, Antigen Presentation, Mice, Inbred BALB C, Mice, Inbred C3H, C-Peptide, Histocompatibility Antigens Class II, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Cell Differentiation, Dendritic Cells, Middle Aged, In vitro, CD11c Antigen, Cell biology, Mice, Inbred C57BL, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Mice, Inbred CBA, Female, Muramidase
الوصف: The natural expression of tissue-specific genes in the thymus, e.g., insulin, is critical for self-tolerance. The transcription of tissue-specific genes is ascribed to peripheral Ag-expressing (PAE) cells, which discordant studies identified as thymic epithelial cells (TEC) or CD11c+ dendritic cells (DC). We hypothesized that, consistent with APC function, PAE-DC should constitutively display multiple self-epitopes on their surface. If recognized by Abs, such epitopes could help identify PAE cells to further define their distribution, nature, and function. We report that selected Abs reacted with self-epitopes, including a proinsulin epitope, on the surface of CD11c+ cells. We find that Proins+CD11c+ PAE cells exist in human thymus, spleen, and also circulate in blood. Human thymic Proins+ cells appear as mature DC but express CD8α, CD20, CD123, and CD14; peripheral Proins+ cells appear as immature DC. However, DC derived in vitro from human peripheral blood monocytes include Proins+ cells that uniquely differentiate and mature into thymic-like PAE-DC. Critically, we demonstrate that human Proins+CD11c+ cells transcribe the insulin gene in thymus, spleen, and blood. Likewise, we show that mouse thymic and peripheral CD11c+ cells transcribe the insulin gene and display the proinsulin epitope; moreover, by using knockout mice, we show that the display of this epitope depends upon insulin gene transcription and is independent of Ag capturing. Thus, we propose that PAE cells include functionally distinct DC displaying self-epitopes through a novel, transcription-dependent mechanism. These cells might play a role in promoting self-tolerance, not only in the thymus but also in the periphery.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::c7d368d8f1da46cf8603c981cecddacaTest
https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.175.4.2111Test -
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المؤلفون: Charles E. Egwuagu, Alberto Pugliese, Eliot Rosenkranz, G. DiRusso, Hiroshi Takase, Rashid M. Mahdi, Cheng Rong Yu, Daniel C. Douek, Frank M. Midgley, Gloria Allende, Rajpreet Dogra, Igal Gery
المصدر: International Immunology. 17:1131-1140
مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, cis-trans-Isomerases, DNA, Complementary, Lipoproteins, T-Lymphocytes, Immunology, Gene Expression, Thymus Gland, medicine.disease_cause, Autoantigens, Article, Autoimmunity, MART-1 Antigen, Antigen, Antigens, Neoplasm, Recoverin, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Tissue Distribution, RNA, Messenger, Eye Proteins, Pan-T antigens, Arrestin, Membrane Glycoproteins, Base Sequence, biology, Calcium-Binding Proteins, Infant, General Medicine, Molecular biology, eye diseases, Neoplasm Proteins, Retinol-Binding Proteins, Child, Preschool, Cis-trans-Isomerases, biology.protein, Melanocytes, Female, Antibody, Carrier Proteins, Oxidoreductases, Immunostaining, gp100 Melanoma Antigen
الوصف: The majority of maturing T lymphocytes that recognize self-antigens is eliminated in the thymus upon exposure to their target antigens. This physiological process of negative selection requires that tissue-specific antigens be expressed by thymic cells, a phenomenon that has been well studied in experimental animals. Here, we have examined the expression in human thymi of four retinal antigens, that are capable of inducing autoimmune ocular disease retinal S-antigen (S-Ag), recoverin, RPE65 and inter-photoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (IRBP)], as well as four melanocyte-specific antigens, two of which are used as targets for melanoma immunotherapy [gp100, melanoma antigen recognized by T cells 1, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1 and TRP-2]. Using reverse transcription (RT)–PCR, we found that all thymic samples from the 18 donors expressed mRNA transcripts of most or all the eight tested tissue antigens. Yet, the expression of the transcripts varied remarkably among the individual thymic samples. In addition, S-Ag, RPE65 and IRBP were detected by immunostaining in rare cells in sections of human thymi by antibodies against these proteins. Quantitative real-time RT–PCR analysis revealed that the retinal antigen transcripts in the human thymus are present at trace levels, that are lower by approximately five orders of magnitude than those in the retina. Our observations thus support the notions that thymic expression is a common feature for all tissue-specific antigens and that the levels of expression play a role in determining the susceptibility to autoimmunity against these molecules.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e22d469eb826642db720349c41176018Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/intimm/dxh275Test -
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المؤلفون: Helena Reijonen, Alberto Pugliese, Francesco Vendrame, Hirohito Ichii, Stavros Diamantopoulos, Nathan Standifer, Gloria Allende, Phillip Ruiz, Zhibin Chen, Elsa M. Laughlin, Linda Chen, Ben A. Falk, Camillo Ricordi, Antonello Pileggi, George W. Burke, Armando J. Mendez, Gerald T. Nepom, Hidenori Takahashi, Gaetano Ciancio, Isaac Snowhite, Kelly Geubtner, Ainhoa Martin-Pagola, R. Damaris Molano, Junichiro Sageshima
المصدر: Vendrame, F; Pileggi, A; Laughlin, E; Allende, G; Martin-Pagola, A; Molano, RD; et al.(2010). Recurrence of type 1 diabetes after simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation, despite immunosuppression, is associated with autoantibodies and pathogenic autoreactive CD4 T-cells. Diabetes, 59(4), 947-957. doi: 10.2337/db09-0498. UC Davis: Retrieved from: http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/6m79n86sTest
Diabetesمصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Male, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Biopsy, T-Lymphocytes, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Autoimmunity, medicine.disease_cause, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Daclizumab, Recurrence, Internal Medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Transplantation, Homologous, Diabetic Nephropathies, 030304 developmental biology, Autoantibodies, Autoimmune disease, 0303 health sciences, Thymoglobulin, business.industry, Autoantibody, Immunosuppression, medicine.disease, Kidney Transplantation, 3. Good health, Transplantation, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Immunology, Original Article, Female, Pancreas Transplantation, Immunology and Transplantation, business, Insulitis, medicine.drug
الوصف: OBJECTIVE To investigate if recurrent autoimmunity explained hyperglycemia and C-peptide loss in three immunosuppressed simultaneous pancreas-kidney (SPK) transplant recipients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We monitored autoantibodies and autoreactive T-cells (using tetramers) and performed biopsy. The function of autoreactive T-cells was studied with in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS Autoantibodies were present pretransplant and persisted on follow-up in one patient. They appeared years after transplantation but before the development of hyperglycemia in the remaining patients. Pancreas transplant biopsies were taken within ∼1 year from hyperglycemia recurrence and revealed β-cell loss and insulitis. We studied autoreactive T-cells from the time of biopsy and repeatedly demonstrated their presence on further follow-up, together with autoantibodies. Treatment with T-cell–directed therapies (thymoglobulin and daclizumab, all patients), alone or with the addition of B-cell–directed therapy (rituximab, two patients), nonspecifically depleted T-cells and was associated with C-peptide secretion for >1 year. Autoreactive T-cells with the same autoantigen specificity and conserved T-cell receptor later reappeared with further C-peptide loss over the next 2 years. Purified autoreactive CD4 T-cells from two patients were cotransplanted with HLA-mismatched human islets into immunodeficient mice. Grafts showed β-cell loss in mice receiving autoreactive T-cells but not control T-cells. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate the cardinal features of recurrent autoimmunity in three such patients, including the reappearance of CD4 T-cells capable of mediating β-cell destruction. Markers of autoimmunity can help diagnose this underappreciated cause of graft loss. Immune monitoring during therapy showed that autoimmunity was not resolved by the immunosuppressive agents used.
وصف الملف: application/pdf
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2d65f8f5df65f046e8a0d8072bc34977Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20640940Test -
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المؤلفون: Junichiro Sageshima, Gloria Allende, Ainhoa Martin-Pagola, Camillo Ricordi, Roberto Gianani, Alberto Pugliese, Gaetano Ciancio, Helena Reijonen, Gerald T. Nepom, Juan Domínguez-Bendala, George W. Burke, G. Sisino, Philip Ruiz
مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Ductal cells, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Autoimmunity, Pancreas transplantation, Biology, Article, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Internal Medicine, medicine, Humans, Insulin, Pancreas, Cell Proliferation, Type 1 diabetes, Pancreatic Ducts, Chromogranin A, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Immunohistochemistry, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Ki-67 Antigen, biology.protein, Female, Pancreas Transplantation, Beta cell
الوصف: We investigated whether beta cell neoformation occurs in the transplanted pancreas in patients with type 1 diabetes who had received a simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplant (SPK) and later developed recurrence of autoimmunity.We examined pancreas transplant biopsies from nine SPK patients with or without recurrent autoimmunity or recurrent diabetes and from 16 non-diabetic organ donors. Tissues were analysed by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence.Numerous cytokeratin-19 (CK-19)(+) pancreatic ductal cells stained for insulin in six SPK recipients with recurrent autoimmunity, in five of whom diabetes requiring insulin therapy recurred. These cells also stained for the transcription factor pancreatic-duodenal homeobox-1 (Pdx-1), which is implicated in pancreatic development and beta cell differentiation. The number of insulin(+) ductal cells varied, being highest in the patient with the most severe beta cell loss and lowest in the normoglycaemic patient. In the patient with the most severe beta cell loss, we detected insulin(+)CK-19(+)Pdx-1(+) cells staining for the proliferation-related Ki-67 antigen (Ki-67), indicating proliferation. We were unable to detect Ki-67(+) beta cells within the islets in any SPK patient. Some insulin(+)CK-19(-) ductal cells contained chromogranin A, suggesting further endocrine differentiation. Insulin(+) cells were rarely noted in the pancreas transplant ducts in three SPK patients without islet autoimmunity and in six of 16 non-diabetic organ donors; these insulin(+) cells were never CK-19(+).Insulin(+) pancreatic ductal cells, some apparently proliferating, were found in the transplanted pancreas with recurrent islet autoimmunity/diabetes. Replicating beta cells were not detected within islets. The observed changes may represent attempts at tissue remodelling and beta cell regeneration involving ductal cells in the human transplanted pancreas, possibly stimulated by hyperglycaemia and chronic inflammation.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::c263c59e5c11726a4c80ebc9523a4010Test
https://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3019613Test/ -
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المؤلفون: George W. Burke, Joseph M. Ferreira, Gloria Allende, Alberto Pugliese, Stavros Diamantopoulos, Gaetano Ciancio
المصدر: Diabetes Care
مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, medicine.medical_treatment, Insulin Antibodies, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, 030230 surgery, Pancreas transplantation, Gastroenterology, ABO Blood-Group System, 03 medical and health sciences, Islets of Langerhans, 0302 clinical medicine, Pancreatectomy, Internal medicine, Diabetes mellitus, Internal Medicine, medicine, Cadaver, Humans, Kidney transplantation, Autoantibodies, Retrospective Studies, Advanced and Specialized Nursing, Type 1 diabetes, business.industry, Glutamate Decarboxylase, Autoantibody, Clinical Care/Education/Nutrition/Psychosocial Research, Immunosuppression, medicine.disease, Kidney Transplantation, Tissue Donors, 3. Good health, medicine.anatomical_structure, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Immunology, Pancreas Transplantation, Pancreas, business
الوصف: OBJECTIVE—Of deceased pancreas donors, 3–4% may have autoantibodies (AAb) to pancreatic islet cell antigens; these autoantibodies are well-established markers of type 1 diabetes. We investigated whether donor AAb positivity could affect the outcome of pancreas transplantation. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We retrospectively tested AAb in 135 donors whose pancreata and kidneys were transplanted in type 1 diabetes patients. We measured AAb to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-AAb), the tyrosine-phosphatase-like protein IA2 (IA2-AAb), and insulin (insulin-AAb). We then evaluated pancreas transplant outcome data. RESULTS—Four of 135 (2.96%) donors were AAb positive: three donors had GAD-AAb, and one donor had insulin-AAb. Their respective recipients became insulin independent on follow-up. Three of the four recipients had normal, insulin-producing grafts 3–5.8 years after transplant. The recipient of the insulin-AAb–positive donor pancreas developed chronic rejection following discontinuation of immunosuppression 3.3 years after transplant. CONCLUSIONS—Single AAb positivity did not affect the outcome of pancreas transplantation in our study.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6b0b1310071dd3c03de3be62226b1b28Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18556338Test -
10دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Hiroshi Takase, Cheng-rong Yu, Rashid M. Mahdi, Daniel C. Douek, Gregory B. Dirusso, Frank M. Midgley, Rajpreet Dogra, Gloria Allende, Eliot Rosenkranz, Alberto Pugliese, Charles E. Egwuagu, Igal Gery
المساهمون: The Pennsylvania State University CiteSeerX Archives
مصطلحات موضوعية: autoimmunity, retinal antigen, susceptibility to disease, tolerance, tumor immunity
الوصف: humans: a remarkable variability among individuals
وصف الملف: application/pdf
