المؤلفون: Eramo, Vanessa¹ (AUTHOR), Carboni, Cristian² (AUTHOR), Lembo, Micaela¹ (AUTHOR), Forniti, Roberto¹ (AUTHOR), Botondi, Rinaldo¹ (AUTHOR) rbotondi@unitus.it

المصدر: Ozone: Science & Engineering. Jul/Aug2024, Vol. 46 Issue 4, p365-376. 12p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGAL growth, *MICROBIAL growth, *OZONE, *QUALITY control, *CHEESE ripening, *CHEESE

مستخلص: The cheese ripening period, in which biochemical changes occur under specific temperature and humidity conditions, is crucial for making the finished product marketable. However, the food matrix can become a growth medium for developing spoilage microorganisms and fungi. In dairy factory, contamination of the crust area can be monitored with several wasteful and time-expensive methods, i.e., the use of saline solutions and/or the brushing of cheese wheels. This study investigates the effectiveness of different ozone treatments, 400 ppb, 8 hours (overnight) every other day until the end of ripening, and 300 ppb, 8 hours per day (overnight) for the entire ripening duration compared to control sample in normal atmosphere, in controlling microbial and fungal growth during the ripening of Toma Piemontese PDO cheese. Results showed that ozone treatments significantly affect spoilage microflora, preserving the overall quality parameters (i.e., weight loss, customer value, and greater sensory nuances). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Akhilesh Kumar Maurya^1,2 (AUTHOR), Mishra, Gaurav K.^1,2 (AUTHOR) gmishrak@gmail.com, Joseph, Siljo³ (AUTHOR), Upreti, Dalip K.¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Biology Bulletin. Jun2024, Vol. 51 Issue 3, p546-549. 4p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGI, *FUNGAL growth, *SPECIES

مصطلحات جغرافية: INDIA

مستخلص: Two species of lichenicolous fungi viz. Didymocyrtis cladoniicola (Diederich, Kocourk. and Etayo) Ertz and Diederich, and Epicladonia simplex D. Hawksw., inhabiting Cladonia species are discovered as new records for India, besides four species known earlier from India. Cladonia, a dimorphic genus is one of the most suitable hosts for the fungal spores to colonize easily for the growth of lichenicolous fungi. The brief taxonomic descriptions of species, distribution and illustrations are provided to facilitate their identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Hameed, Tara¹ (AUTHOR), Motsi, Natasha¹ (AUTHOR), Bignell, Elaine² (AUTHOR), Tanaka, Reiko J.¹ (AUTHOR) r.tanaka@imperial.ac.uk

المصدر: PLoS Computational Biology. 5/16/2024, Vol. 20 Issue 5, p1-20. 20p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGAL growth, *OPACITY (Optics), *DRUG discovery, *FUNGAL morphology, *DRUG monitoring, *ANTIFUNGAL agents

مستخلص: Quantifying fungal growth underpins our ability to effectively treat severe fungal infections. Current methods quantify fungal growth rates from time-course morphology-specific data, such as hyphal length data. However, automated large-scale collection of such data lies beyond the scope of most clinical microbiology laboratories. In this paper, we propose a mathematical model of fungal growth to estimate morphology-specific growth rates from easy-to-collect, but indirect, optical density (OD600) data of Aspergillus fumigatus growth (filamentous fungus). Our method accounts for OD600 being an indirect measure by explicitly including the relationship between the indirect OD600 measurements and the calibrating true fungal growth in the model. Therefore, the method does not require de novo generation of calibration data. Our model outperformed reference models at fitting to and predicting OD600 growth curves and overcame observed discrepancies between morphology-specific rates inferred from OD600 versus directly measured data in reference models that did not include calibration. Author summary: Quantifying fungal growth is essential for antifungal drug discovery and monitoring antifungal resistance. As fungal growth is complex, with fungal morphology (shape) dynamically changing over time, previous studies have quantified fungal growth by estimating growth rates during specific fungal morphologies (morphology-specific growth rates) or by mathematically modelling fungal growth. However, collecting time-series data that captures the morphological information required for mathematical model fitting or estimating morphology-specific growth rates is prohibitively time consuming for large-scale drug testing in most microbiology laboratories. Alternatively, fungal growth can be quickly, although indirectly, quantified by measuring the optical density (OD) of a broth culture. However, changes in OD are not always reflective of true changes in fungal growth because OD is an indirect measure. This paper proposes a method to model fungal growth and estimate a morphology-specific growth rate from indirect OD600 measurements of the major mould pathogen, Aspergillus fumigatus. We explicitly model the relationship between measured indirect OD600 data and true fungal growth (calibration). The presented work serves as the much-needed foundation for estimating and comparing morphology-specific fungal growth rates in varying antifungal drug concentrations using only OD600 data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Zarei, Mehdi^1,2 (AUTHOR) mehdizarei@shirazu.ac.ir, Abdar, Narges¹ (AUTHOR) n.abdar@hafez.shirazu.ac.ir, Shahriari, Amir Ghaffar² (AUTHOR) shahriari.ag@eghlid.ac.ir, Mirmazloum, Iman³ (AUTHOR) shahriari.ag@eghlid.ac.ir, Geösel, András⁴ (AUTHOR) geosel.andras@uni-mate.hu

المصدر: Agronomy. May2024, Vol. 14 Issue 5, p1013. 12p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGAL growth, *COPPER, *SOIL salinity, *VESICULAR-arbuscular mycorrhizas, *COLONIZATION (Ecology)

مستخلص: Soil salinity is an emerging phenomenon threatening arid and semiarid areas due to changing climatic events. Salinity, in combination with other elemental contaminants, can often harm crop performance and productivity. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the mitigating effect of Claroideoglomus etunicatum, an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF), on combined boron (B) toxicity and salt stress symptoms in maize plants. After the stress and AMF treatments, plants were subjected to a wide range of analyses, such as AMF colonization rates, ion leakage, plant biomass, and concentration of B, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron, zinc, copper, and manganese in root and shoot tissues. The results showed that the combined stress did not affect the AMF colonization rate. AMF inoculation significantly increased plant biomass, the K+/Na+ ratio, and shoot B, sodium, and copper concentrations, but reduced root B concentrations and ion leakage. AMF inoculation slightly increased root dry weight and the sodium, potassium, zinc, copper and Mn contents in shoots under combined B and salinity stress, while AMF reduced the electrolyte leakage in leaves. It is inferred that AMF can ameliorate B toxicity in maize by improving biomass and reducing B concentration in plant tissues. Our research implies that C. etunicatum could be a valuable candidate for assisting in the remediation of boron-contaminated and saline soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Song, Donghui¹ (AUTHOR), Liu, Haomin² (AUTHOR), Huang, Yikun¹ (AUTHOR), Dongari-Bagtzoglou, Anna³ (AUTHOR), Lei, Yu^1,2 (AUTHOR) yu.lei@uconn.edu

المصدر: Analytical Letters. 2024, Vol. 57 Issue 15, p2412-2425. 14p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGAL growth, *CANDIDA albicans, *DRUG resistance in bacteria, *RAPID tooling, *MYCOSES, *ANTIFUNGAL agents

مستخلص: Invasive fungal infections are a major health threat with high morbidity and mortality, highlighting the urgent need for rapid diagnostic tools to detect antifungal resistance. Traditional culture-based antifungal susceptibility testing (AFST) methods often fall short due to their lengthy process. In our previous research, we developed a whole-slide imaging (WSI) technique for the high-throughput assessment of bacterial antibiotic resistance. Building on this foundation, this study expands the application of WSI by adapting it for rapid AFST through high-throughput monitoring of the growth of hundreds of individual fungi. Due to the distinct "budding" growth patterns of fungi, we developed a unique approach that utilizes specific cell number change to determine fungi replication, instead of cell area change used for bacteria in our previous study, to accurately determine the growth rates of individual fungal cells. This method not only accelerates the determination of antifungal resistance by directly observing individual fungal cell growth, but also yields accurate results. Employing Candida albicans as a representative model organism, reliable minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of fluconazole inhibiting 100% cells of Candida albicans (denoted as MIC100) was obtained within 3h using the developed method, while the modified broth dilution method required 72h for the similar reliable result. In addition, our approach was effectively utilized to test blood culture samples directly, eliminating the need to separate the fungi from whole blood samples spiked with Candida albicans. These features indicate the developed method holds great potential serving as a general tool in rapid antifungal susceptibility testing and MIC determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Marqués‐Gálvez, José Eduardo¹ (AUTHOR) joseeduardo.marques@um.es, Pandharikar, Gaurav¹ (AUTHOR), Basso, Veronica¹ (AUTHOR), Kohler, Annegret¹ (AUTHOR), Lackus, Nathalie D.² (AUTHOR), Barry, Kerrie³ (AUTHOR), Keymanesh, Keykhosrow³ (AUTHOR), Johnson, Jenifer³ (AUTHOR), Singan, Vasanth³ (AUTHOR), Grigoriev, Igor V.^3,4 (AUTHOR), Vilgalys, Rytas⁵ (AUTHOR), Martin, Francis¹ (AUTHOR), Veneault‐Fourrey, Claire¹ (AUTHOR) claire.veneault-fourrey@inrae.fr

المصدر: New Phytologist. Apr2024, Vol. 242 Issue 2, p658-674. 17p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGAL colonies, *FUNGAL growth, *PLANT colonization, *ECTOMYCORRHIZAS, *JASMONIC acid, *MONOTERPENES

مستخلص: Summary: The jasmonic acid (JA) signalling pathway plays an important role in the establishment of the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. The Laccaria bicolor effector MiSSP7 stabilizes JA corepressor JAZ6, thereby inhibiting the activity of Populus MYC2 transcription factors. Although the role of MYC2 in orchestrating plant defences against pathogens is well established, its exact contribution to ECM symbiosis remains unclear. This information is crucial for understanding the balance between plant immunity and symbiotic relationships.Transgenic poplars overexpressing or silencing for the two paralogues of MYC2 transcription factor (MYC2s) were produced, and their ability to establish ectomycorrhiza was assessed. Transcriptomics and DNA affinity purification sequencing were performed.MYC2s overexpression led to a decrease in fungal colonization, whereas its silencing increased it. The enrichment of terpene synthase genes in the MYC2‐regulated gene set suggests a complex interplay between the host monoterpenes and fungal growth. Several root monoterpenes have been identified as inhibitors of fungal growth and ECM symbiosis.Our results highlight the significance of poplar MYC2s and terpenes in mutualistic symbiosis by controlling root fungal colonization. We identified poplar genes which direct or indirect control by MYC2 is required for ECM establishment. These findings deepen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying ECM symbiosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Jabinski, Stanislav^1,2, Rangel, Wesley D. M.², Kopáček, Marek^1,3, Jílková, Veronika², Jansa, Jan⁴, Meador, Travis B.^1,2,3 travis.meador@bc.cas.cz

المصدر: Applied & Environmental Microbiology. Apr2024, Vol. 90 Issue 4, p1-17. 17p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FUNGAL growth, *BIOMARKERS, *STABLE isotopes, *GLUTAMIC acid, *NUTRIENT cycles, *FUNGAL enzymes

مستخلص: Fungi are among the few organisms on the planet that can metabolize recalcitrant carbon (C) but are also known to access recently produced plant photosynthate. Therefore, improved quantification of growth and substrate utilization by different fungal ecotypes will help to define the rates and controls of fungal production, the cycling of soil organic matter, and thus the C storage and CO2 buffering capacity in soil ecosystems. This pure-culture study of fungal isolates combined a dual stable isotope probing (SIP) approach, together with rapid analysis by tandem pyrolysis-gas chromatography- isotope ratio mass spectrometry to determine the patterns of water-derived hydrogen (H) and inorganic C assimilated into lipid biomarkers of heterotrophic fungi as a function of C substrate. The water H assimilation factor (aW) and the inorganic C assimilation into C18:2 fatty acid isolated from five fungal species growing on glucose was lower (0.62% ± 0.01% and 4.7% ± 1.6%, respectively) than for species grown on glutamic acid (0.90% ± 0.02% and 7.4% ± 3.7%, respectively). Furthermore, the assimilation ratio (RIC/aW) for growth on glucose and glutamic acid can distinguish between these two metabolic modes. This dual-SIP assay thus delivers estimates of fungal activity and may help to delineate the predominant substrates that are respired among a matrix of compounds found in natural environments. IMPORTANCE Fungal decomposers play important roles in food webs and nutrient cycling because they can feed on both labile and more recalcitrant forms of carbon. This study developed and applied a dual stable isotope assay (13C-dissolved inorganic carbon/2H) to improve the investigation of fungal activity in the environment. By determining the incorporation patterns of hydrogen and carbon into fungal lipids, this assay delivers estimates of fungal activity and the different metabolic pathways that they employ in ecological and environmental systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Prakash, Sankar Hari¹ (AUTHOR), Rajeshkumar, S.² (AUTHOR), Khan, Mohammad Ahmed³ (AUTHOR), Prabu, C. Sathesh⁴ (AUTHOR), Khan, Maksudur Rahman⁵ (AUTHOR), Arunkumar, E.⁶ (AUTHOR), Mohana Roopan, Selvaraj¹ (AUTHOR) mohanaroopan.s@vit.ac.in

المصدر: ChemistrySelect. 3/26/2024, Vol. 9 Issue 12, p1-11. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *PRESERVATION of fruit, *FUNGAL growth, *GRAPE seed extract, *NANOPARTICLE synthesis, *FOURIER transform infrared spectroscopy, *BANANAS

مستخلص: Biological processes were used to create Ag@AgCl nanoparticles in an eco‐friendly manner. Grape seed extracts were used to create Ag@AgCl nanoparticles for this study. The antifungal activity of nanoparticles was tested using fruit‐rotting fungi. UV‐Vis spectrophotometry was used to analyze the nanoparticles to determine the extent of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band formation. The phytochemicals employed in nanoparticle synthesis were studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). X‐ray diffraction (XRD) studies revealed that the Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were crystalline. Field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) was used to determine the morphological structure of the nanoparticles. FE‐SEM images determined the average particle size of Ag@AgCl. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDAX was used to examine the elemental composition. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were employed. Fungi that cause fruit deterioration have been isolated from bananas and papaya fruits. The Ag@AgCl nanoparticles were evaluated for fungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifer, Alternaria species, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, and Fusarium oxosporum. An agar‐well diffusion study indicated that these nanoparticles had good antifungal sensitivity against fungal infections. However, this study was adequate to allow the inhibitory activity to proceed to the optimization phase, where we dealt with RSM‐based desirability function prediction. The results also demonstrate that the model performs well, implying that it can provide an accurate estimate of output. usingthe impact,the desirability of each factorzoneson [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Gao, Yizhou¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Yitong¹ (AUTHOR), He, Siming¹ (AUTHOR), Li, Haibo¹ (AUTHOR), Wang, Yuqing¹ (AUTHOR), Wu, Zhihong¹ (AUTHOR) wulab_zust@163.com

المصدر: Phytopathology Research. 1/11/2024, Vol. 6 Issue 1, p1-17. 17p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *GLUCOKINASE, *FUNGAL growth, *FUSARIUM, *GLUCOSE, *PHYTOPATHOGENIC fungi, *SECONDARY metabolism, *POST-translational modification

مستخلص: O-GlcNAcylation, an important post-translational modification catalyzed by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), plays critical roles in several biological processes. In this study, we present our findings on the function of FpOGT in regulating physiological processes and pathogenicity of Fusarium proliferatum (Fp), the alfalfa root rot fungus. The deletion of FpOGT impaired mycelial growth and altered macroconidia morphology in Fp. Furthermore, ΔFpOGT mutant displayed altered tolerance to various stressors, including cell wall perturbing agents, osmotic stressors, metal ionic stressors, and fungicides. Deletion of FpOGT significantly decreased Fp virulence toward alfalfa. The transcriptome analysis demonstrated that FpOGT plays a regulatory role in glucose metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP), by influencing the expression of relevant genes. The downregulation of the glucokinase gene, FpGCK, was observed in ΔFpOGT, and the disruption of FpGCK led to a decrease in Fp virulence. Additionally, FpOGT affected the expression levels of the FpGCK-AS1 isoform, thereby impacting glucokinase function. The molecular docking analysis elucidated the plausible physical interaction between FpOGT and FpGCK, thereby offering valuable insights into their interrelationship. These findings underscore the indispensable involvement of FpOGT, the sole O-GlcNAc transferase in Fp, in various biological processes and the pathogenicity through its regulation of fundamental metabolic processes. Consequently, this study emphasizes the significance and elucidates the molecular mechanism underlying the role of O-GlcNAc transferase in diverse fundamental biological processes and the pathogenicity of phytopathogenic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Hunter, Reginald Makhi Sabur¹ (AUTHOR), Manchester, Atalya Destiny¹ (AUTHOR), Gremillion, Sara Katherine² (AUTHOR), Cantonwine, Emily Gayle¹ (AUTHOR) egcantonwine@valdosta.edu

المصدر: Mycologia. Jan/Feb2024, Vol. 116 Issue 1, p213-225. 13p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *IMAGE analysis, *FUNGAL growth, *PHENOTYPIC plasticity, *PLANT growing media, *LEAF spots

مستخلص: Despite significant research on early and late leaf spot diseases of peanut, in vitro study of the respective causal agents, Passalora arachidicola and Nothopassalora personata, has been limited due to cultural challenges that make growth of these fungi difficult to quantify with traditional methods. Studies were conducted to evaluate the practicality of image analysis to assess radial growth and tissue volume by correlating these assessments to dry mass. Image analysis was also used to estimate radial growth rates for these fungi over time. Tissue area and volume were significantly correlated to dry mass for P. arachidicola in two separate experiments, and for N. personata when medium had been removed from tissues prior to dry mass assessments. Tissue area densities were the same for P. arachidicola and Pseudocercospora smilacicola, evaluated as a nonstromatal cercosporoid comparison, whereas tissue volume densities were greater for P. archidicola and N. personata than P. smilacicola. A quadratic relationship was observed between radial growth and incubation time for all isolates evaluated. Growth rates of P. arachidicola isolates were 2 to 4 times faster than N. personata during the first week of incubation and slowed over time. Growth rates of NP18R, a phenotype variant of N. personata, increased after neighboring colonies met and was nearly 2.5 times faster than the fastest rates observed for P. arachidicola. These experiments demonstrate that when fungal tissues are observable, image analysis is a useful assessment tool for P. arachidicola and N. personata. Care should be taken to monitor fungal phenotypic changes in these species because phenotype degeneration can affect growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]