المؤلفون: Cimino L., Neri P., Miserocchi E., Paroli M. P., Vannozzi L., Mastropasqua L., Gagliano C., Vadala M., Figus M., Florio F. R., Iaccheri B., Mora P., Fossarello M., Balestrieri P., Gualberti G., Marando F., Accorinti M.

المساهمون: Cimino, L., Neri, P., Miserocchi, E., Paroli, M. P., Vannozzi, L., Mastropasqua, L., Gagliano, C., Vadala, M., Figus, M., Florio, F. R., Iaccheri, B., Mora, P., Fossarello, M., Balestrieri, P., Gualberti, G., Marando, F., Accorinti, M.

مصطلحات موضوعية: QoL, Uveitis questionnaire, disease burden, work impairment

الوصف: Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between a novel psychometric 12-item questionnaire (U-qest) and other validated questionnaires to assess quality of life and work impairment in patients with non-infectious uveitis. Methods: Data were collected at baseline and 3 months postbaseline using U-qest and two other validated questionnaires: The National Eye Institute 25-Item Visual Function Questionnaire (VFQ-25) and the 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12). Results: A total of 136 patients (52.2% female) aged 47.9 ± 14.8 years (mean ± SD) were enrolled in 14 uveitis referral centres. U-qest correlated moderately with VFQ-25 and SF-12 at baseline and at 3 months. Both U-qest and VFQ-25 scores improved as disease improved; however, U-qest also detected improvement in patients for whom VFQ-25 scores did not improve. Disease activity was shown to significantly affect activity impairment. Patients and physicians expressed positive perceptions regarding the use and benefit of this instrument. U-qest showed very good reliability in terms of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91). Conclusions: U-qest can be considered a useful tool to assess the burden of uveitis on quality of life.

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/34399603; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000685793700001; volume:32; issue:4; firstpage:2282; lastpage:2290; journal:EUROPEAN JOURNAL OPHTALMOLOGY; http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1259087Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85112776768

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1177/11206721211034649Test
http://hdl.handle.net/11380/1259087Test

المؤلفون: Farci R, Carta A, Fossarello M

المساهمون: Farci, R, Carta, A, Fossarello, M

مصطلحات موضوعية: central serous chorioretinopathy, choroidal capillary layer, choroidal pattern, OCT angiography

الوصف: Background: This study aimed to evaluate the vascular pattern and capillary flow density (CFD) map on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images of patients affected by central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, OCTA (AngioVue RTVue XR Avanti, Optovue) 3 × 3 mm macula scans of both eyes of patients with CSC were taken at baseline; the images were segmented and compared with OCTA scans of fellow eyes without CSC as well as age-matched healthy subjects. OCTA images were processed by quantitative textural analysis (ImageJ software) to provide an objective grading of choroidal capillary alterations. The texture of OCTA images was examined by the autocorrelation method. Results: In eyes with CSC (40 eyes), we found six different morphological patterns of the choriocapillaris layer vasculature (CCL), likely corresponding to different grades of OCT choroidal hyporeflectivity and OCTA reduction of the decorrelation signal. Moreover, the OCTA capillary flow density map revealed capillary depletion in the superficial capillary plexus (p value = 0.0023), in the deep vascular network (p value = < 0.0001), and in the CCL (p value = 0.0001). Such findings were not observed in healthy subjects (13 eyes). Conclusions: OCTA in CSC is a useful tool that allows the identification of the clinical type of CSC by means of specific CCL patterns. Moreover, CFD depletion is observed in association with the inner retinal layers, pointing to an involvement of the inner blood retinal barrier in CSC. According to our results, it is plausible that the patterns observed herein may correlate to the different clinical subtypes of the disease.

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/34505926; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000694781800002; volume:260; issue:3; firstpage:1015; lastpage:1024; numberofpages:10; journal:GRAEFE'S ARCHIVE FOR CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL OPHTHALMOLOGY; http://hdl.handle.net/11584/328099Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85114696206

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-021-05306-wTest
http://hdl.handle.net/11584/328099Test

المؤلفون: Napoli PE, Nioi M, Fossarello M

المصدر: Risk Management and Healthcare Policy, Vol Volume 14, Pp 1629-1636 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: covid-19, dry eye diseases, sick building syndrome, ocular surface, coronavirus, sars-cov-2, tear film, lockdown, quarantine, display device, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270

الوصف: Pietro Emanuele Napoli,1,* Matteo Nioi,2 Maurizio Fossarello1,3,* 1Department of Surgical Science, University of Cagliari, Eye Clinic, Cagliari, Italy; 2Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Forensic Medicine Unit, Cagliari, Italy; 3Clinica Oculistica, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this work.Correspondence: Pietro Emanuele Napoli Email pietronapoli@ymail.comAbstract: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led many countries of the world to impose a series of containment measures such as lockdowns (mass quarantines), curfews or similar restrictions (eg, stay-at-home orders, or shelter-in-place orders). All these restrictions were established in order to limit spread of COVID-19. Thus, approximately 3.9 billion people worldwide were under lockdown by early April 2020. During this time (home confinement), some solutions have been proposed by experts to improve work and school productivity, including smart working and online school lessons. However, many of the restrictive measures are likely to act as predisposing factors for dry eye disease (DED), directly or related to sick building syndrome (SBS). Herein, we discuss the implications of quarantine measures on eye health, in particular on DED associated with SBS, and introduce some potential preventive strategies for lockdown-related ocular surface disorders. Several risk factors are implicated in their pathogenesis, including environmental changes (eg, air quality) and modifications in personal behaviors (eg, the abuse of digital devices, malnutrition, and sleep/psychiatric disorders). Considering a number of predisposing factors for DED, it is possible to state that patients under lockdown are at risk of ocular surface alterations. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic era is expected to determine an increase in dry eye patients all around the world (a new phenomenon that we propose to name the “quarantine dry eye”) in the event that the restrictive measures will be recursively extended over time.Keywords: COVID-19, dry eye diseases, sick building syndrome, ocular surface, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, tear film, lockdown, quarantine, display device

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.dovepress.com/the-ldquoquarantine-dry-eyerdquo-the-lockdown-for-coronavirus-disease--peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-RMHPTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1179-1594Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/64582d57796a45639772f5aeebb2506bTest

المؤلفون: Fan, Q, Pozarickij, A, Tan, NYQ, Guo, X, Verhoeven, VJM, Vitart, V, Guggenheim, JA, Miyake, M, Tideman, JWL, Khawaja, AP, Zhang, L, MacGregor, S, Höhn, R, Chen, P, Biino, G, Wedenoja, J, Saffari, SE, Tedja, MS, Xie, J, Lanca, C, Wang, YX, Sahebjada, S, Mazur, J, Mirshahi, A, Martin, NG, Yazar, S, Pennell, CE, Yap, M, Haarman, AEG, Enthoven, CA, Polling, J, Consortium for Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM), UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium, Hewitt, AW, Jaddoe, VWV, van Duijn, CM, Hayward, C, Polasek, O, Tai, ES, Yoshikatsu, H, Hysi, PG, Young, TL, Tsujikawa, A, Wang, JJ, Mitchell, P, Pfeiffer, N, Pärssinen, O, Foster, PJ, Fossarello, M, Yip, SP, Williams, C, Hammond, CJ, Jonas, JB, He, M, Mackey, DA, Wong, TY, Klaver, CCW, Saw, SM, Baird, PN, Cheng, CY

المساهمون: School of Optometry, Department of Health Technology and Informatics

الوصف: 202205 bcvc ; Version of Record ; Published

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/10397/92797Test; WOS:000522040300003; 2-s2.0-85086778879; 133; SO-0104

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-020-0802-yTest
http://hdl.handle.net/10397/92797Test

المؤلفون: Napoli P. E., Nioi M., Fossarello M.

المساهمون: Napoli, P. E., Nioi, M., Fossarello, M.

مصطلحات موضوعية: COVID-19, dry eye disease, sick building syndrome, ocular surface, coronaviru, SARS-CoV-2, tear film, lockdown, quarantine, display device

الوصف: The pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has led many countries of the world to impose a series of containment measures such as lockdowns (mass quarantines), curfews or similar restrictions (eg, stay-at-home orders, or shelter-in-place orders). All these restrictions were established in order to limit spread of COVID-19. Thus, approximately 3.9 billion people worldwide were under lockdown by early April 2020. During this time (home confinement), some solutions have been proposed by experts to improve work and school productivity, including smart working and online school lessons. However, many of the restrictive measures are likely to act as predisposing factors for dry eye disease (DED), directly or related to sick building syndrome (SBS). Herein, we discuss the implications of quarantine measures on eye health, in particular on DED associated with SBS, and introduce some potential preventive strategies for lockdown-related ocular surface disorders. Several risk factors are implicated in their pathogenesis, including environmental changes (eg, air quality) and modifications in personal behaviors (eg, the abuse of digital devices, malnutrition, and sleep/psychiatric disorders). Considering a number of predisposing factors for DED, it is possible to state that patients under lockdown are at risk of ocular surface alterations. Accordingly, the COVID-19 pandemic era is expected to determine an increase in dry eye patients all around the world (a new phenomenon that we propose to name the “quarantine dry eye”) in the event that the restrictive measures will be recursively extended over time.

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/33907480; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000641856400001; volume:14; firstpage:1629; lastpage:1636; numberofpages:8; journal:RISK MANAGEMENT AND HEALTHCARE POLICY; http://hdl.handle.net/11584/314835Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85105000460

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.2147/RMHP.S277067Test
http://hdl.handle.net/11584/314835Test

المؤلفون: Farci R., Carta A., Cocco E., Frau J., Fossarello M., Diaz G.

المساهمون: Farci, R., Carta, A., Cocco, E., Frau, J., Fossarello, M., Diaz, G.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Axon, Capillarie, Case-Control Studie, Cross-Sectional Studie, False Positive Reaction, Human, Multiple Sclerosi, Nerve Fiber, Retina, Tomography, Optical Coherence

الوصف: Objectives To evaluate retinal axonal density and retinal capillary flow density (CFD) variations in patients affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) as documented by Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A). Material and methods A cross-sectional study was performed in a tertiary university eye hospital on 94 eyes from 48 MS patients compared to 37 eyes from 23 matched controls. MS patients were divided in two groups: those with previous episodes of optic neuritis (MS ON+, 71.4%) and those without any previous visual complaint (no optic neuritis group, MS ON, 28.6%). Patients underwent macular and optic nerve head OCT-A with Optovue XR Avanti (Optovue, Freemont, California) after that preliminary evaluation of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) was achieved for each single eye by SD-OCT. CFD was evaluated in three different retinal layers of MS patients and controls: superficial capillary plexus (SCP), deep capillary plexus (DCP) and the choriocapillaris layer (CL). Each layer was analyzed in 18 preset subregions automatically detected by the system. CFD values were then correlated to the RNFL thickness and GCC thickness in the groups: p values were computed by t-tests between each group of MS patients and controls. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results A significant difference in the overall CFD values was found between ON+ and ON- patients when compared to controls in 18 subregions of SCP. Furthermore, a significant difference was found between MS patients and controls in 16 subregions analyzed corresponding to the CL layer without difference between the two MS subgroups (ON+ and ON-) Conclusions OCT-A when performed at the optic nerve head level and at the macular region is characterized by a reduction of retinal perfusion in a significant portion of MS patients independently if they had a previous history of optic nerve inflammation or not.

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/32702050; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000575913700048; volume:15; issue:7; numberofpages:12; journal:PLOS ONE; http://hdl.handle.net/11584/309447Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85088503251

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236090Test
http://hdl.handle.net/11584/309447Test

المؤلفون: Napoli PE, Braghiroli M, Iovino C, Demarinis G, Fossarello M

المصدر: Drug Design, Development and Therapy, Vol Volume 13, Pp 2001-2008 (2019)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Dry Eye Disease, Persistent Epithelial Defects, Cyclosporine Eye Drops, Recurrent Corneal Erosion, Corneal Adhesion., Therapeutics. Pharmacology, RM1-950

الوصف: Pietro Emanuele Napoli1,* Mirco Braghiroli,1,* Claudio Iovino,1 Giuseppe Demarinis,1 Maurizio Fossarello1,21Department of Surgical Sciences, Eye Clinic, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; 2Clinica Oculistica, San Giovanni di Dio Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy*These authors contributed equally to this work Background: Effective and tolerable therapeutic strategies for patients with refractory persistent epithelial defects (PEDs) are limited and generally provide poor outcomes. This retrospective case review describes four refractory cases of PEDs associated with recurrent corneal erosions (RCEs) and dry eye disease (DED), which were successfully treated with cyclosporine eye drops.Methods: Patients were treated with cyclosporine A 0.05% eye drops twice a day for at least 12 months. At enrolling time, each patient was asked to suspend topical steroids or other eye drops used for ocular surface abnormalities with the exception of lubricants and eye washing. A complete evaluation of ocular surface symptoms was performed including the McMonnies Dry Eye Questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein break-up time, the fluorescein staining of the cornea and conjunctiva (according to the Oxford grading system), the Schirmer I test, and the meibomian secretion after digital pressure application on the lids. This set of exams was carried out at baseline and repeated at all follow-up assessments.Results: All participants that did not benefit from previous therapies, including corticosteroids tapering schedule, showed an important improvement in the clinical picture after two months with topical cyclosporine medication. Moreover, after 12 months of continuous therapy, all patients showed a clinical improvement in DED signs and symptoms, related to the absence of new RCE episodes. The treatment was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported.Conclusion: Although a small number of cases were available of our analysis, the treatment with cyclosporine eye drops represents a promising approach in the management of refractory PEDs with associated ocular comorbidities, since it may reduce the RCE episodes and improve the tear film stability, in absence of systemic or local side effects.Keywords: dry eye disease, persistent epithelial defects, cyclosporine eye drops, recurrentcorneal erosion, corneal adhesion

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.dovepress.com/a-study-of-refractory-cases-of-persistent-epithelial-defects-associate-peer-reviewed-article-DDDTTest; https://doaj.org/toc/1177-8881Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/bc46d78d5328488995437048962451e7Test

المؤلفون: Riva, Ivano, Legramandi, Lorenzo, Rulli, Eliana, Konstas, Anastasios G, Katsanos, Andreas, Oddone, Francesco, Weinreb, Robert N, Quaranta, Luciano, the Italian study Group on QoL in Glaucoma: Varano L, Carchedi T, Talarico S, Parravano F, Motolese I, Bagaglia SA, Rossi GCM, Lateri S, Bossolesi L, Carmassi L, Rolle T, Piccini R, Ratiglia R, Rossi A, Gandolfi S, Tagliavini, Ungaro N, Fossarello M, Cuccu A, Zucca I, Uva M, Bonacci E, Cardarella G, Tognetto D, Vattovani O, Vallon P, Iannacone F, Fontana L, Marchi S, Manni GL, Jannetta D, Roberti G, Rossetti L, Maggiolo E, Oneta O, Sborgia C, Cantatore F, Mastropasqua L, Agnifili L, Campos E, Gizzi C, Giannaccare G, Pucci, Cassamali M, Costagliola C, Traverso C, Scotto R, Musolino M, Landi L, Bagnis A.

المساهمون: Riva, Ivano, Legramandi, Lorenzo, Rulli, Eliana, Konstas, Anastasios G, Katsanos, Andrea, Oddone, Francesco, Weinreb, Robert N, Quaranta, Luciano, the Italian study Group on QoL in Glaucoma: Varano L, Carchedi T, Talarico S, Parravano F, Motolese I, Bagaglia SA, Rossi GCM, Lateri S, Bossolesi L, Carmassi L, Rolle T, Piccini R, Ratiglia R, Rossi A, Gandolfi S, Tagliavini, Ungaro N, Fossarello M, Cuccu A, Zucca I, Uva M, Bonacci E, Cardarella G, Tognetto D, Vattovani O, Vallon P, Iannacone F, Fontana L, Marchi S, Manni GL, Jannetta D, Roberti G, Rossetti L, Maggiolo E, Oneta O, Sborgia C, Cantatore F, Mastropasqua L, Agnifili L, Campos E, Gizzi C, Giannaccare G, Pucci, Cassamali M, Costagliola C, Traverso C, Scotto R, Musolino M, Landi L, Bagnis A.

الوصف: To evaluate the change over time of vision-related quality of life (QoL) and glaucoma symptoms in a population of newly-diagnosed primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients. Multicenter, prospective study. Consecutive newly-diagnosed POAG patients were enrolled and followed-up for one year. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 6 and 12 months from baseline. At each visit, vision-related QoL and glaucoma-related symptoms were assessed by the means of the 25-item National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ-25) and the Glaucoma Symptom Scale (GSS), respectively. Trends over time for NEI-VFQ-25 and GSS scores were evaluated with longitudinal linear mixed models. One-hundred seventy-eight patients were included in the analysis. At baseline, early to moderate glaucoma stages were associated with higher scores for most GSS and NEI-VFQ-25 items, while lower best-corrected visual acuity was associated with lower scores for 4 of the 12 NEI-VFQ-25 items. During the follow-up, all the GSS scores, the NEI-VFQ-25 total score, and 7 of the 12 NEI-VFQ-25 scores significantly improved (p < 0.05). In multivariate model, higher increases of most GSS and NEI-VFQ-25 scores were modeled in patients with low scores at baseline. Vision-related QoL and glaucoma-related symptom perception significantly improved during the one-year follow-up in this population of newly diagnosed POAG patients.

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/31043703; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000466358700004; volume:9; issue:1; firstpage:6735; lastpage:6745; numberofpages:11; journal:SCIENTIFIC REPORTS; http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1701531Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85065212842

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43203-9Test
http://hdl.handle.net/2318/1701531Test

المؤلفون: Farci R, Sellam A, Coscas F, Coscas GJ, Diaz G, Napoli PE, Souied E, Galantuomo MS, Fossarello M.

المساهمون: Farci, R, Sellam, A, Coscas, F, Coscas, Gj, Diaz, G, Napoli, Pe, Souied, E, Galantuomo, M, Fossarello, M.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Coherence tomography angiography, Insights

الوصف: Purpose. To compare and evaluate images of macular cysts with diferent degrees of refectivity (from gray to black signal) as observed in B scan spectral domain OCT (SDOCT) and EnFace OCT with decorrelation signal obtained with OCT-angiography (OCTA) in eyes with cystoid macular edema (CME) secondary to diabetic retinopathy (DR) and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Methods.Imagesfrom 3033 patients afected by CME secondary to diabetes or RVO examined OCTA (Optovue XR Avanti, Optovue, USA) at the University Eye Clinic of Cr ́eteil, Hˆopital Intercommunal, France, and at the University Eye Clinic of Cagliari, “San Giovanni di Dio” Hospital, Italy, were retrospectively examined. Te deep capillary plexus OCTA images and the corresponding EnFace OCT images, both acquired with the same automatic segmentation, had been overlapped to compose RGB color images as red and green channels, respectively, using ImageJ sofware (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD). Aferward, linear regions of interest were traced on the color images to obtain the profles of OCTA and EnFace gray values. Number of pixels, mean gray value and standard deviation of the area traced in OCT-A, and EnFace image were analyzed and statistically correlated. Data were exported to Excel to create the plots. Results. 94 patients with DME and 27 patients with RVO showed intraretinal macular cystoid spaces with similar homogeneous, gray-looking content; 73 patients with DME and 113 patients with RVO showed macular cystoid spaces with homogeneous, black-looking content, as observed at SD-OCT, EnFace and OCTA scans. Interestingly, the limits of macular cystoid spaces were clearly detectable with OCTA. Te analysis of red and green profles demonstrated a clearly visible overlap between average OCTA and EnFace signal observed around cystoid spaces that could be attributed to a relationship between the dynamic vascularization and the structural density of the tissue. Conclusions. Tis is the frst investigation that characterizes and correlates OCTA and EnFace ...

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/31016197; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000463065800001; volume:2019; firstpage:1; lastpage:9; numberofpages:9; journal:BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL; http://hdl.handle.net/11584/273530Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85064074959; http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/7835372.pdfTest

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7835372Test
http://hdl.handle.net/11584/273530Test
http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/bmri/2019/7835372.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Napoli, PE, Braghiroli, M, Iovino, C, Demarinis, G, Fossarello, M

المساهمون: Napoli, Pe, Braghiroli, M, Iovino, C, Demarinis, G, Fossarello, M

مصطلحات موضوعية: Dry eye disease, Persistent epithelial defect, Cyclosporine eye drop, Recurrent corneal erosion, Corneal adhesion

الوصف: Background: Effective and tolerable therapeutic strategies for patients with refractory persistent epithelial defects (PEDs) are limited and generally provide poor outcomes. This retrospective case review describes four refractory cases of PEDs associated with recurrent corneal erosions (RCEs) and dry eye disease (DED), which were successfully treated with cyclosporine eye drops. Methods: Patients were treated with cyclosporine A 0.05% eye drops twice a day for at least 12 months. At enrolling time, each patient was asked to suspend topical steroids or other eye drops used for ocular surface abnormalities with the exception of lubricants and eye washing. A complete evaluation of ocular surface symptoms was performed including the McMonnies Dry Eye Questionnaire, Ocular Surface Disease Index, slit-lamp biomicroscopy, fluorescein break-up time, the fluorescein staining of the cornea and conjunctiva (according to the Oxford grading system), the Schirmer I test, and the meibomian secretion after digital pressure application on the lids. This set of exams was carried out at baseline and repeated at all follow-up assessments. Results: All participants that did not benefit from previous therapies, including corticosteroids tapering schedule, showed an important improvement in the clinical picture after two months with topical cyclosporine medication. Moreover, after 12 months of continuous therapy, all patients showed a clinical improvement in DED signs and symptoms, related to the absence of new RCE episodes. The treatment was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported. Conclusion: Although a small number of cases were available of our analysis, the treatment with cyclosporine eye drops represents a promising approach in the management of refractory PEDs with associated ocular comorbidities, since it may reduce the RCE episodes and improve the tear film stability, in absence of systemic or local side effects.

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000472493200001; volume:13; firstpage:2001; lastpage:2008; numberofpages:8; journal:DRUG DESIGN, DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY; http://hdl.handle.net/11584/273540Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85070711723

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S207453Test
http://hdl.handle.net/11584/273540Test