المؤلفون: López-Peinado, Andrés¹ (AUTHOR) Andres.Lopez-Peinado@uv.es, López-López, Pascual¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Journal of Ornithology. Jul2024, Vol. 165 Issue 3, p725-735. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *BIOLOGICAL fitness, *EAGLES, *ENDANGERED species, *BIRD mortality, *REPRODUCTION, *SURVIVAL rate

مصطلحات جغرافية: SPAIN

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Adjustment of reproductive timing within the annual cycle is a crucial issue for both offspring and parents' survival, and breeding success. Early laying date is closely related to successful breeding outcome and better survival. Obtaining long datasets on threatened long-lived species' breeding performance can contribute to their conservation. Using field observations and telemetry information, here we analyse how laying date of an endangered long-lived raptor varies with nest characteristics, individual factors and climatic variables during an 18-year (2004–2021) study period in eastern Spain. To this end, we estimated how environmental and individual variables affect laying date. Our results showed that average laying date in our study area took place on February 17th. Laying date showed no trend during the study period. Nests placed in higher elevations showed delayed laying dates. Territories occupied by adults with previous successful experience and high brood size showed earlier laying dates. Current year laying date was highly correlated with previous year laying date. Colder territories delayed laying date and the minimum temperature of the previous December were negatively correlated to previous laying date. Our results highlight the importance of experienced birds able to adjust timing of reproduction to maximise biological fitness. High adult mortality allows sub-adults to settle as breeders and jeopardises species' persistence. Therefore, the reduction of mortality of territorial birds is of the outmost importance to improve the conservation status of declining long-lived species such as the Bonelli's eagle (Aquila fasciata). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (German): Zusammenfassung: Das Legedatum hängt vom Alter der territorialen Brutvögel, von den klimatischen Bedingungen und vom vorherigem Bruterfolg ab: eine Langzeitstudie (2004–2021) am Habichtsadler in Spanien. Die Anpassung der Fortpflanzungszeit im jährlichen Zyklus ist eine entscheidende Frage für das Überleben sowohl der Nachkommen als auch der Eltern sowie für den Bruterfolg. Ein frühzeitiges Legen ist eng mit einem erfolgreichen Bruterfolg und einer besseren Überlebensrate verbunden. Die Erfassung von Langzeitdaten zur Brutleistung gefährdeter, langlebiger Arten kann zu deren Erhaltung beitragen. Unter Verwendung von Feldbeobachtungen und Telemetriedaten analysieren wir hier, wie sich das Legedatum eines gefährdeten, langlebigen Greifvogels mit Nestcharakteristika, individuellen Faktoren und klimatischen Variablen während eines 18-jährigen Untersuchungszeitraums (2004–2021) in Ostspanien verändert hat. Zu diesem Zweck haben wir geschätzt, wie Umwelt- und individuelle Variablen das Legedatum beeinflussen. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigten, dass das durchschnittliche Legedatum in unserem Untersuchungsgebiet am 17. Februar stattfand. Das Legedatum zeigte keinen Trend während des Studienzeitraums. Nester in höheren Lagen wiesen verzögerte Legedaten auf. Territorien, die von Erwachsenen mit früherem erfolgreichen Brutvogel-Erlebnis und hoher Brutgröße besetzt waren, zeigten frühere Legedaten. Das aktuelle Legedatum war stark mit dem Legedatum des Vorjahres korreliert. Kältere Territorien verzögerten das Legedatum, und die Mindesttemperatur des vorherigen Dezembers korrelierte negativ mit dem vorherigen Legedatum. Unsere Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Bedeutung erfahrener Vögel, die in der Lage sind, den Zeitpunkt der Fortpflanzung anzupassen, um die biologische Fitness zu maximieren. Hohe Sterblichkeit von Adulten ermöglicht es Subadulten, sich als Brutvögel niederzulassen und gefährdet die Beständigkeit der Art. Daher ist die Reduzierung der Sterblichkeit territorialer Vögel von höchster Bedeutung, um den Erhalt des Rückgangs langlebiger Arten wie dem Habichtsadler (Aquila fasciata) zu verbessern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Gabhane, Jyotsna P.¹ (AUTHOR), Pathak, Sunil¹ (AUTHOR) sunilpath@gmail.com, Thakare, Nita² (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Microsystem Technologies. May2024, Vol. 30 Issue 5, p489-501. 13p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *EAGLES, *ALGORITHMS, *VIRTUAL machine systems, *CLOUD computing, *CENTRAL processing units

مستخلص: In cloud environment, the optimal placement of virtual machines on available physical machines is challenging task. The available resources can be properly managed and the resource wastage can be reduced with the help of optimal placement of virtual machines. The proposed EAGLE modified approach performs better than the existing four optimization approaches namely multi resource alignment, first fit, two stage best fit, EAGLE for optimal placement of virtual machines in cloud computing. These algorithms are simulated using the designed simulator for different sets of workloads. The CPU utilization or power consumption varies from 68 to 88% for first fit, 69–90% for multi resource alignment, 66–87% for two stage best fit, 66–84% for EAGLE, and 66–84% for EAGLE MOD. The memory utilization varies from 40 to 60% for first fit, 50–69% for multi resource alignment, and 38–65% for two stage best fit, EAGLE, and EAGLE MOD. The average resource fragmentation are 30.4388% for first fit, 28.6983% for multi resource alignment, 33.2822% for two stage best fit, and 25.8717% for EAGLE and EAGLE MOD. The average resource fragmentation are 30.4388% for first fit, 28.6983% for multi resource alignment, 33.2822% for two stage best fit, and 25.8717% for EAGLE and EAGLE modified.The presented algorithms are compared on the basis of central processing unit (CPU) utilization, memory utilization, failure tasks, and resource fragmentation evaluation parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Dias, Andreia Suzana Ribeiro e Cota de Pinho

المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals

مرشدي الرسالة: Real i Ortí, Joan

المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Taxonomia zoològica, Taxonomía zoológica, Zoological taxonomy, Biometria, Biometría, Biometry, Hàbitat (Ecologia), Hábitat (Ecología), Habitat (Ecology), Nius d'ocells, Nidos de aves, Birds nests, Àguiles, Águilas, Eagles, Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques

الوصف: Bonelli's eagle is considered an umbrella and flagship species in Mediterranean ecosystems. In this thesis, we focus on the fact that the Bonelli’s eagle population in southern Portugal nests in trees – behaviour that sets it apart from the typical cliff-nesting populations that exist elsewhere in this eagle’s range – and on the ecological, demographic and conservation implications that this behaviour has for this population. The study of this phenomenon is key for providing guidelines that will assist in its conservation and in the management of species and/or populations with similar behaviour. It terms of biometry, no differences were observed between tree-nesting Bonelli’s eagles and those from the rest of the Iberian Peninsula and France. There were no gradual size variations with environmental temperature, although there were marked differences of statistical significance in some biometric measures (larger body length, wingspan, head length and width, tarsus width and tail length). These may represent an adaptation to forest environments or be an amplification of some of the original forms present in the small group of founder birds. Individuals in the Bonelli’s eagle tree-nesting populations prey more often on birds than birds that nest on cliffs. Taphonomy studies were conducted for the first time for Bonelli's eagle and showed that tree-nesting eagles of this species prey more often on birds. The way Bonelli's eagles consume and break up Leporidae species and birds’ bones differs from other predators, which allowed us to detect its presence at archaeological sites and discover whether former nesting sites belonged to this or another predator. This tree-nesting population occupies a novel ecosystem containing new combinations of species and landscapes that have emerged thanks to human action, namely, the planting of eucalypt trees. Their territories and nesting areas are generally on steep slopes and may also be related to the presence of adequate trees for nests in areas that are less affected by human disturbance and forest management. Newly colonizing pairs of Bonelli's eagles chose habitats that are structurally similar to those of the initial population nucleus, which may be due to imprinting of the original habitat conditions on young birds. Tree-nesting seems to be advantageous since this ecological novelty has permitted this species to colonize previously unoccupied areas and habitats, thereby obtaining important ecological and conservation benefits.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673460Test

العنوان البديل: Aprendizaje Aversivo de los Pollos de Aquila fasciata Hacia los Apoyos de Tendidos Eléctricos.

المؤلفون: Azkona, Paz¹, Fernández, Carmelo², Moreno, Iñigo³, Olalde, Marta³ molalde@araba.eus, Bergareche, Joseba Carreras de³

المصدر: Journal of Raptor Research. Dec2023, Vol. 57 Issue 4, p533-543. 11p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *EAGLES, *ELECTRIC power distribution grids, *REINFORCEMENT (Psychology), *SURVIVAL rate, *ELECTROCUTION, *ELECTRIC lines, *BIRDS of prey

مصطلحات جغرافية: SPAIN

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Throughout Europe, electrocution on distribution power lines is the main cause of mortality for fledgling Bonelli's Eagles (Aquila fasciata) released into the wild through hacking. To attempt to reduce electrocutions, we subjected 17 fledglings that had not previously had any contact with power line pylons to aversive conditioning. To this end, we installed electrified barrier wires on two distribution pylons (one each of the two most common pylon types in northern Spain), which were disconnected from the electric grid. The electrified barriers, which were in place from 2020 through 2022, lightly shocked fledglings alighting on them. We compared the subsequent behavior of conditioned fledglings with that of a control sample of 19 unconditioned fledglings released between 2015 and 2019. The results suggest that conditioning results in (1) a delay in juveniles' use of distribution power line pylons as perches in the wild; (2) juveniles' avoidance of pylons in temporary settlement areas; and (3) a nonsignificant increase in juvenile survival rates during the first year of life. This approach may have applicability in other population reinforcement projects, and in areas with high concentrations (communal roosts and vulture restaurants) of other large raptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): La electrocución en líneas eléctricas de distribución es la principal causa de mortalidad entre los pollos de Aquila fasciata introducidos mediante crianza campestre en toda Europa. Para intentar reducir las tasas de mortalidad inducidas por las líneas de distribución hemos aplicado entre 2020 y 2022 un sistema de aprendizaje aversivo entre los pollos volantones (n = 17) que no habían tenido contacto con infraestructuras eléctricas, y comparamos los resultados con una muestra control de otros 19 pollos no improntados introducidos entre 2015 y 2019. Para ello se instalaron sendos pastores eléctricos en dos apoyos de las tipologías más frecuentemente utilizadas en el norte de España. Los pastores eléctricos produjeron pequeñas descargas entre los pollos recién volados, lo que les indujo una aversión hacia los apoyos. Ello se tradujo en: (1) un retraso en la fecha de la primera posada en los apoyos, (2) una aversión hacia los apoyos dentro de las zonas de asentamiento juvenil; y (3) un incremento, importante pero no significativo, de las tasas de supervivencia juvenil durante el primer año de vida. Se discute la aplicabilidad del sistema en otros proyectos de reforzamiento poblacional así como su uso en zonas de concentración (dormideros comunales y muladares de necrófagas) de grandes rapaces aquejadas del grave problema de la electrocución. [Traducción de los autores editada] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Angelov, Ivaylo¹ ivaylo.angelov@nmnhs.com, MaMing, Roller², Dixon, Andrew^3,4

المصدر: Journal of Raptor Research. Dec2023, Vol. 57 Issue 4, p676-679. 4p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *GOLDEN eagle, *EAGLES, *BIRD nests, *DISPERSION (Chemistry), *COMPETITION (Biology), *NEST predation, *NATURAL history, *MATING grounds

مصطلحات جغرافية: XINJIANG Uygur Zizhiqu (China)

مستخلص: The article explores the breeding dispersion of raptors in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China, highlighting a unique case of close nesting between Saker Falcons and Golden Eagles. Topics include the factors influencing nesting dispersion, interspecific interactions among raptors, and the observed aggressive behaviors and potential predation attempts between Saker Falcons and Golden Eagles in a spatially limited nesting environment.

المؤلفون: Kaizer, Mylena^1,2,3 (AUTHOR), Fabres, Brener^1,2,4 (AUTHOR), Aguiar-Silva, Francisca Helena^1,2,5 (AUTHOR), Sanaiotti, Tânia Margarete^1,2,5 (AUTHOR), Dias, Alexandro Ribeiro^1,6 (AUTHOR), Banhos, Aureo^1,2,4,7 (AUTHOR) aureo.santos@ufes.br

المصدر: Scientific Reports. 11/18/2023, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p1-17. 17p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *EAGLES, *CORRIDORS (Ecology), *WILDLIFE conservation, *DEMOGRAPHIC change, *DEFORESTATION

مصطلحات جغرافية: BRAZIL

مستخلص: The Harpy Eagle (Harpia harpyja) is threatened with extinction throughout its distribution in the neotropical forests. In the Atlantic Forest, deforestation has reduced the number of suitable habitats, with only a few remnant forest fragments hosting active nests; currently, the only known nests in this region are in the Central Atlantic Forest Ecological Corridor (CAFEC), in Brazil. Little is known about Harpy Eagle diets in this region, despite this information being essential for developing effective conservation strategies. We classified the composition, frequency, richness, ecological attributes, and conservation status of the species that make up the Harpy Eagle's diet in its last refuges in the CAFEC. Between 2017 and 2021, we collected and analyzed 152 prey remains and 285 camera trap photographs from seven active nests. We identified at least 16 mammal species (96.7%), one parrot and other bird remains (3.3%). The Harpy Eagle's diet consisted mainly of medium-sized arboreal, folivorous, frugivorous, and diurnal mammals. Five prey species are currently threatened with extinction at global, six at national and seven at regional levels. The majority of the diet consists of Sapajus robustus, which is threatened, and Bradypus variegatus, which is not threatened. In addition to the effects of habitat loss and hunting, the Harpy Eagle may also suffer from the decline in the populations of their prey in the Atlantic Forest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: CAULI, FEDERICO^1,2 federico.cauli@hotmail.it, AUDISIO, PAOLO¹, MAROZZA, LUIGI³, PETRETTI, FRANCESCO⁴, SORACE, ALBERTO^2,5

المصدر: Ethology Ecology & Evolution. Nov2023, Vol. 35 Issue 6, p746-760. 15p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *SEXUAL cycle, *EAGLES, *FEMALES, *EGGS, *CAMERAS, *TWIGS, *COURTSHIP

مصطلحات جغرافية: ITALY

مستخلص: During 2021, from 1 March to 31 August, we used camera-traps to monitor two short-toed eagle pairs in the Tolfa hills (Latium, central Italy) with the intention of observing differences in behaviour between the two sexes and between different pairs during the entire breeding cycle. Males carried mainly dry twigs during the pre-laying period; females carried mostly leafy twigs usually after laying. Brooding is carried out almost entirely by the females (83 vs 17%), and females alone were observed to brood during the night. The adults' behaviour differed even further during the fledging period: the male went hunting and limited himself almost exclusively to delivering the prey, while the female continued to remain at the nest until the chick was 22 days old, after which her absences increased constantly up to the 45th day, which is more than half of the fledging period. Female-chick interactions can be frequent and lasts up to the middle of the fledging period. Significant behavioural differences emerged from the comparison between the two pairs during the pre-laying period: in particular the average daily presence at the nest (72 vs 31 min) and the number of prey items offered at the nest by the male (29 vs 4). We also observed evident differences between pairs in the nest courtship displays. In one nest we observed an unmistakable and frequent behaviour, that we propose to call "neck display", and which was never observed in the other nest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Tauler Ametller, Helena

المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat de Barcelona. Departament de Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals

مرشدي الرسالة: Real, Joan, Petrus Real, Joan Ll.

المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Canvis climàtics, Cambios climáticos, Climatic changes, Àguiles, Águilas, Eagles, Influència de l'home en la natura, Influencia del hombre sobre la naturaleza, Effect of human beings on nature, Ciències Experimentals i Matemàtiques

الوصف: En la present tesi s’avaluen les causes del creixement demogràfic de la població d’aufrany (Neophron percnopterus) a Catalunya, així com també s’estudia la influència dels canvis ambientals antropogènics, en especial dels abocadors, sobre la dieta, la condició física i la presència de contaminants dels individus de la població. En primer lloc, es du a terme un anàlisi demogràfic de l’aufrany a l’àrea d’estudi per a veure quins són els principals factors que han causat el seu augment poblacional. Els resultats, demostren que la població d’aufrany ha augmentat d’1 a 22 parelles entre els anys 1988 i 2012 i, que per explicar el creixement observat, ha estat necessària una elevada supervivència dels individus adults així com l’arribada d’individus d’altres àrees. A banda, s’estudia l’expansió poblacional de l’espècie per tal de veure quines són les característiques ambientals de les noves àrees de colonització, avaluant concretament la influència dels recursos alimentaris d’origen antròpic, definits amb el nom de Predictable Anthropogenic Food Subisdes (PAFS). Els resultats apunten que els PAFS tenen un paper important en la selecció territorial de l’aufrany, ja que els territoris de cria estan situats més a prop dels abocadors del que s’esperaria a l’atzar. Tot i així, altres factors ambientals com les zones rocoses orientades al sud, la urbanització i la proximitat a conespecífics també tenen importància en la selecció dels territoris. A més, per tal d’avaluar quin és l’ús que les parelles d’aufrany fan dels abocadors s’analitza la dieta dels polls de la població. Per a fer-ho, es comparen dues metodologies, l’anàlisi d’isòtops estables i l’anàlisi de restes convencional. Els resultats obtinguts amb els dos mètodes coincideixen en que el consum de restes d’abocador pot arribar a ser elevat en algunes parelles (al voltant d’un 50 %). Un cop coneguda la dieta dels individus, la següent qüestió que s’aborda és quina influència té el fet d’alimentar-se en abocadors sobre la seva condició física. Els resultats indiquen que la proporció de la dieta que prové d’abocadors és el factor principal que afecta els indicadors fisiològics dels individus. Els polls alimentats a partir de residus humans presenten nivells més baixos d’algunes vitamines i carotens, els quals tenen funcions importants com a defenses antioxidants, propietats immunoestimulants i finalitats ornamentals. A més a més, els polls alimentats en abocadors, semblen estar més ben alimentats i experimentar menys períodes de dejú que els individus que no utilitzen aquests recursos. Finalment, s’analitzen les concentracions de diferents famílies de contaminants; metalls, compostos organoclorats (Ocs), èters difenílics polibromats (PBDEs) i substàncies perfluorades (PFAS) en els individus de la població així com la seva influència en la fisiologia dels individus. La major part dels nivells detectats de contaminants es troben per sota el límit de detecció o són, en general, baixos. Així, tot i que l’acumulació de contaminants en polls d’aufrany a l’àrea d’estudi no sembla estar causant greus efectes negatius sobre la seva fisiologia, si que es detecta que els individus de les zones més humanitzades, presenten uns nivells de PFAS més elevats. Aquesta tesi aporta informació rellevant en dos sentits. En primer lloc, perquè descriu el cas particular de l’augment demogràfic d’una espècie amenaçada que es troba en declivi a gran part de la seva distribució mundial; el coneixement de les causes que han provocat aquesta tendència positiva, podria ser molt útil per a la conservació de l’aufrany en d’altres àrees on està disminuint. En segon lloc, perquè s’avalua quines són les implicacions d’alimentar-se en abocadors. En un món antropitzat on els escenaris de la distribució dels recursos estan canviant constantment, aportar coneixement sobre la influència dels abocadors pot ser clau per a dissenyar mesures de gestió futures de les espècies amenaçades o plaga que utilitzen aquests punts.

الوصف (مترجم): The Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) is an endangered scavenger species that in recent years has experienced a population growth and an expansion of its range in Catalonia (NE of Iberian Peninsula). In this thesis the demographic and environmental factors that could have caused this increase are studied. Population models showed that, to explain the observed population growth, it has been needed a high adult survival and the arrival of immigrants from other populations. Also, it was assessed the influence of predictable anthropogenic food subsides, specifically landfills, to the distribution, diet and body condition of individuals of our study population. First, it was observed that occupied territories were located closer landfills than expected by chance, so the location of these installations are determining the distribution of breeding pairs. After, it was assessed the contribution of food from landfills to Egyptian Vulture diet using both conventional analyses and stable isotope analysis. Results showed that that both methods provide similar contributions of food from landfills in this species’ overall diet, and also a high proportion of food derived from landfills (nearly 50%) was detected in some breeding pairs. The next step was to determine the influence of diet from landfills to the body condition of nestlings, using morphometrical and physiological approaches. It was found that the contribution of landfills to the diet was the main factor that explained body condition of individuals, especially for its effect to the antioxidant metabolism. Also, nestlings that fed in landfills seem to be better fed. Finally, concentrations of different families of Persistent Organic Pollutants and metals were analysed in nestlings of our population and it was found that levels of pollutants were in general low, so they not appear as susceptible to cause detrimental effects to nestlings’ physiology. Overall, this thesis contributes to the knowledge of conservation status of Egyptian Vulture in Catalonia and it can be useful to assess the influence of landfills to vulture species.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/586283Test

المؤلفون: Fielding, Alan H.¹ (AUTHOR) a.h.fielding@gmail.com, Anderson, David² (AUTHOR) dikanderson@googlemail.com, Benn, Stuart³ (AUTHOR) stuart@polarfox.myzen.co.uk, Taylor, John⁴ (AUTHOR) john.taylor@forestryandland.gov.scot, Tingay, Ruth⁵ (AUTHOR), Weston, Ewan D.¹ (AUTHOR) ewan_weston@hotmail.com, Whitfield, D. Philip¹ (AUTHOR) phil.whitfield@natural-research.org

المصدر: Diversity (14242818). Aug2023, Vol. 15 Issue 8, p917. 24p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *GOLDEN eagle, *EAGLES, *TURBINE blades, *LIFE history theory, *WIND turbines, *WIND power plants, *TURBINES

مصطلحات جغرافية: SCOTLAND

مستخلص: Research on potentially adverse effects of wind farms is an expanding field of study and often focuses on large raptors, such as golden eagles, largely because of their life history traits and extensive habitat requirements. These features render them sensitive to either fatality (collision with turbine blades) or functional habitat loss (avoidance through wariness of turbines). Simplistically, avoidance is antagonistic to collision; although, the two processes are not necessarily mutually exclusive in risk. A bird that does not enter a wind farm or avoids flying close to turbines cannot collide with a blade and be killed. In the USA, collision fatality is implicated as the typical adverse effect. In Scotland, avoidance of functional habitat loss appears more likely, but this depends in part on the habitat suitability of turbine locations. Previous Scottish studies have largely concentrated on the responses of GPS-tagged non-territorial golden eagles during dispersal. Several arguments predict that territorial eagles may have lower avoidance (be less wary) of turbines than non-territorial birds. Hence, we contrasted the responses of GPS-tagged non-territorial (intruding) and territorial eagles to the same turbines at 11 operational Scottish wind farms. We show that territorial eagles rarely approached turbines, but, as in previous Scottish studies of non-territorial birds, the spatial extent of avoidance depended on the habitat suitability of both turbine locations and their wider surroundings. Unexpectedly, we found that territorial eagles were apparently as wary as intruding non-territorial conspecifics of the same turbines. Our results show that regardless of age or territorial status, Scottish golden eagles largely avoided wind turbine locations, but this avoidance was conditional, in part, on where those turbines were located. Responses to turbines were also strongly dependent on birds' identities and different wind farms. We speculate on how widespread our findings of avoidance of turbines by golden eagles are elsewhere in Europe, where there appear to be no published studies showing the level of collision fatalities documented in the USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Gibbs, William T.

المصدر: Coin World. 5/27/2024, Vol. 63 Issue 3346, p22-23. 2p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *GOLD coins, *PAPER money, EAGLES, CENT, AMERICAN coins

مستخلص: The article discusses two reverse designs for 1795 half eagles, which were the first gold coins struck by the Philadelphia Mint. The designs include the Capped Bust, Small Eagle and the Capped Bust, Heraldic Eagle. The article explains the differences between the two designs and the rarity of certain die marriages. It also provides information on the mintage, weight, and composition of the coins. The article concludes by stating that owning either design type is remarkable and that the 1795 Capped Bust, Small Eagle half eagles tend to be more affordable than the 1795 Capped Bust, Heraldic Eagle half eagles. [Extracted from the article]

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