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    المصدر: Joint Bone Spine. 81:130-136

    الوصف: Ultrasonography of the bones and joints has gained considerable ground in the field of rheumatology over the past decade and is now used in everyday practice both for diagnostic purposes and to guide local injections. However, the use of ultrasonography is virtually confined to the peripheral joints, whereas spinal diseases make a major contribution to rheumatology practice. Studies have established that ultrasonography of the lumbar spine is feasible. Adequate equipment and familiarity with spinal sonoanatomy are required. In this update, we suggest starting with a systematic examination of the lumbar spine to assess the various anatomic structures, from the thoracolumbar fascia superficially to the posterior part of the vertebras at the deepest level. The ligaments, erector spinae muscles, facet joints, and transverse processes can be visualized. Ultrasonography can serve to guide injections into the facet joints, about the nerve roots, and into the iliolumbar ligaments; as well as to identify relevant landmarks before epidural injection. Although diagnostic applications are more limited at present, systematic studies of abnormal ultrasonography findings will allow evaluations of the potential usefulness of ultrasonography for diagnosing spinal disorders. The depth of the spinal structures limits the ability to obtain high-resolution images. However, future technical improvements in ultrasound transducers and machines, together with the growing number of physicians trained in ultrasonography, can be expected to benefit the development of spinal ultrasonography in the near future.

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    المصدر: Mediators of Inflammation
    Mediators of Inflammation, Vol 2014 (2014)

    الوصف: Background. Macrophages and synovial fibroblasts (SF) are two major cells implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). SF could be a source of cytokines and growth factors driving macrophages survival and activation. Here, we studied the effect of SF on monocyte viability and phenotype.Methods. SF were isolated from synovial tissue of RA patients and CD14+ cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. SF conditioned media were collected after 24 hours of culture with or without stimulation with TNFαor IL-1β. Macrophages polarisation was studied by flow cytometry.Results. Conditioned medium from SF significantly increased monocytes viability by 60% compared to CD14+ cells cultured in medium alone(P<0.001). This effect was enhanced using conditioned media from IL-1βand TNFαstimulated SF. GM-CSF but not M-CSF nor IL34 blocking antibodies was able to significantly decrease monocyte viability by 30% when added to the conditioned media from IL-1βand TNFαstimulated SF(P<0.001). Finally, monocyte cultured in presence of SF conditioned media did not exhibit a specific M1 or M2 phenotype.Conclusion. Overall, rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts stimulated with proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1βand TNFα) promote monocyte viability via GM-CSF but do not induce a specific macrophage polarization.

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    المساهمون: Service de néphrologie [Rennes], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Imagerie Moléculaire et Stratégies Théranostiques (IMoST), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Clermont Auvergne [2017-2020] (UCA [2017-2020]), CHU Le Kremlin-Bicêtre (Rheumatology Department), Department of Rheumatology, Physiopathologie des Adaptations Nutritionnelles (PhAN), Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Sarcomes osseux et remodelage des tissus calcifiés - Phy-Os [Nantes - INSERM U1238] (Phy-Os), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL), Service de rhumatologie [Nantes], Université de Nantes (UN)-Hôtel-Dieu-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes), Université de Rennes (UR)-Hôpital Pontchaillou-CHU Pontchaillou [Rennes], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Nantes (UN), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université Bretagne Loire (UBL)-Centre hospitalier universitaire de Nantes (CHU Nantes)-Université de Nantes - UFR de Médecine et des Techniques Médicales (UFR MEDECINE), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)

    المصدر: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
    Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, BMJ Publishing Group, 2019, pp.annrheumdis-2019-215887. ⟨10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215887⟩
    Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 2019, pp.annrheumdis-2019-215887. ⟨10.1136/annrheumdis-2019-215887⟩

    الوصف: Gjika et al 1 recently reported the non-inferiority of 2-week versus 4-week antibiotic therapy after systematic surgical washing (with or without synovectomy) in the management of septic arthritis. Although this randomised, controlled trial adds important new insights to the management of patients with infectious arthritis, it has several drawbacks that limit generalisation of the results. First, the patients included in this study were not representative of a usual population of native joint septic arthritis patients. These patients had mainly septic arthritis affecting the small joints (metatarsophalangeal, metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints in 85% of cases). Moreover, in most cases, contamination occurred after direct inoculation following skin invasion (bite/scratch or post-traumatic), with only 4% of patients with systemic signs of infection. Finally, patients were included on the basis of having been treated with surgical drainage, the indications for which are largely centre dependent. These characteristics are probably explained by the monocentric design of the study. Native joint septic arthritis affects mainly …

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    المصدر: Joint bone spine. 83(4)

    الوصف: Ultrasonography is currently widely used in the rheumatology practice. Although mainly performed to study peripheral joint, several articles have underlined its interest to study spinal anatomy. However, its ability to provide diagnostic features is unknown. We studied the case of a 25-year-old woman having low back pain. Three different imaging modalities (Computed Tomography [CT], Magnetic Resonance Imaging [MRI] and Ultrasound) were used to explore it. CT and MRI showed a foraminal dilation of the lombo-ovarian vein at the L3-L4 level with a scalloping of the lateral edge of L3. We were able to detect it with Color Doppler Ultrasound and a malformation of the inferior vena cava was also found. We showed for the first time that Color Doppler Ultrasound can detect venous malformation of the spine. This imaging modality could help us in the diagnosis of atypical lesions of the spine to confirm their vascular origin.

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    المصدر: Joint bone spine. 82(6)

    الوصف: Objectives To determine whether 18F-NaF positron-emission tomography (PET) contributes to the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis and whether observed uptakes predict the response to TNFα antagonist therapy. Methods We studied patients who had suspected spondyloarthritis but did not meet ASAS criteria and who were referred for an assessment of eligibility for TNFα antagonist therapy. 18F-NaF PET was offered instead of bone scintigraphy. TNFα antagonist therapy was given if the clinician's level of confidence in the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis based on 18F-NaF PET findings was ≥ 50/100. Results Thirty-one patients accepted to undergo 18F-NaF PET. Their mean age was 39.9 ± 11.7 years; 22% were HLA-B27-positive and none had evidence of sacroiliitis by magnetic resonance imaging. Of the 31 patients, 30 had abnormal 18F-NaF PET findings. However, of the 312 high-uptake foci, only 123 (39.4%) matched sites of pain. TNFα antagonist therapy was given to 16 patients. The treated group and untreated group (n = 15) were not significantly different for the mean number of high-uptake foci per patient (11.7 ± 8.1 vs. 8.3 ± 5.1, respectively) or for the proportion of patients with high uptake by the sacroiliac joints (13/16 [81%] vs. 8/15 [53%], respectively). In the treated group, 5 patients met ASAS response criteria after 3 months. These 5 patients were among the 9 treated patients who met Amor's modified criteria (arthritis instead of asymmetrical oligoarthritis). In the 5 responders, the 18F-NaF uptake scores were nonsignificantly lower than in the 11 nonresponders (9.0 ± 8.5 vs. 13.0 ± 6.4, respectively). In the patients for whom the 18F-NaF PET findings increased the level of confidence in the diagnosis of spondyloarthritis, this effect was short-lived. Discussion The positive predictive value of 18F-NaF PET for diagnosing spondyloarthritis or predicting a response to TNFα antagonist therapy seems very low. This finding is probably ascribable to poor specificity.

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    المصدر: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. 75:854.1-854

    الوصف: Background Facet joint-mediated pain has been identified as a common cause of lumbar pain. Steroid injections are currently made to treat them, they are usually performed under fluoroscopy or computed tomography guidance. Ultrasound (US) is also appropriate to study facet joints and some studies showed feasibility and efficacy of facet joint injections performed under US-guidance through a transversal approach. On a longitudinal view, facet joints are easy-to-identify as a series of lumps with the joint capsule appearing as a thin hypoechoic line that envelops the joint. Objectives Considering the good visibility of these joints and their capsule on the longitudinal view, we studied the feasibility of US-guided facet joint injections using a longitudinal inline approach. Methods Patients referred to our rheumatology department to receive facet joint injections under fluoroscopy were included. To realize the injection, we first located the accurate lumbar level on a longitudinal median view going through the spinous processes. Facet joints were identified as previously described placing the probe 2–3 cm away from the median line. Then, the needle was inserted to reach the hypoechoic line corresponding to the capsule or, if not visible, the top of the lump formed by the inferior articular process of the superior vertebra overlying the superior articular process of the vertebra below it. When we obtained the bone contact, we injected iodinated contrast medium followed by cortivazol. Finally, we made a lumbar X-ray to analyze the needle position and the quality of the arthrography. The first objective was to assess the number of injections realized in front of the joint. For secondary objectives, we assessed the number of accurate arthrography, the duration of the procedure and the occurrence of adverse events. During US examination, the visibility of the capsule and the presence of osteophytes were collected. Results Thirty-eight patients have been included by two operators. We excluded four patients because of a poor visibility of the spinal structures. Mean age was 58,4 years (range, 30–82) and mean BMI was 25,2 kg/m 2 (range, 18–34). US showed osteophytes in 42% and the joint capsule was inconstantly visible (25%). One-hundred and forty-four injections were performed (72 at the L4-L5 level and 72 at the L5-S1 level) and 141 X-ray were analyzed. One-hundred and twenty-three injections (87%) were accurately realized in front of the joint, i.e. in front of the inferior articular process of the superior vertebra. However, a proper arthrogram was obtained in only 35 cases (25%). Mean procedure duration was 8.5 minutes for four injections. Six patients (18%) reported transient pain exacerbation and no severe complication occurred during the first month after the procedure. Conclusions With a longitudinal inline approach, US-guided facet joint injections were feasible and 87% injections were realized right in front of the joint. However, we obtained a correct arthrogram in only 25%. The depth of the target-point, the inconstant visualization of the capsule and the obliquity of the needle probably explain this result. Additional studies will be necessary to improve the accuracy of the technique. Disclosure of Interest None declared

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