المؤلفون: Al-Hakak, Zahra M.¹ (AUTHOR) zahra.make@yahoo.com

المصدر: AIP Conference Proceedings. 2023, Vol. 2834 Issue 1, p1-9. 9p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CAMEL diseases, *TRYPANOSOMIASIS, *VETERINARY medicine, *MERCURIC chloride, *VETERINARY care teams

مستخلص: We conducted a field survey on (AL-Zereiji) trypanosomiasis disease among camels of Dhi Qar and Maysan provinces to know the prevalence of the disease in them and which of them are the most infected. (400) samples of blood collected randomly for the duration of 15/5/2019 to 15/6/2020, divided in to (200) animals for each province. The ages of the camels used in the research ranged between (under1 year) to (17(years. The method of work started with clinical examination, then laboratory tests. Examination results showed of a total numbers of females are (233) while the numbers of males are (167), thus the ratio of females and males for both provinces are (58.25%, 41.75%) respectively. The results of the clinical examination in the infected animals showed several clinical signs of disease in addition to the change of all vital characteristics to abnormal. The total number of positive samples are (143) with a percentage of (35.75%) and the number of negative samples are (257) with a percentage of (64.25%) for both provinces. The number of positive samples in Dhi Qar province are (82) by (20.5%) while in Maysan province are (61) by (15.25%)thus, the results of the statistical analysis recorded a statistical significant difference (ssd) at (p ≤ 0.01) for two provinces. The results of the relationship of infection with disease and age group show that the highest number of infection was in animals of old age while the lowest number of infection was in animals of young age so recorded (ssd) at (p ≤ 0.01) between the age of groups of both gender and both provinces. The results of the laboratory tests for both provinces were the highest number and percentage recorded by examining mercury chloride for both provinces, with a number and percentage (68, 55), by (17%, 13.75%) respectively, and the lowest number and percentage recorded for wet smears are (5, 2) by (1.25 %, 0.5%) respectively; thus (ssd) was recorded at (p ≤ 0.01) between the types of laboratory tests used in the study. Blood smears examination (light and thick) showed in the blood of infected with AL-Zereiji disease a clear presence of the parasite Trypanosome evansi and the shape of the red blood cells had changed, the normal oval. The study recommends the following: Forming mobile veterinary teams to conduct periodic checks on camels in these areas that lack veterinary care to take care of livestock and eliminate external and internal parasites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Shah, Iltaf¹ (AUTHOR) 700039966@uaeu.ac.ae, Hakeem, Muhammad K.¹ (AUTHOR) 201209669@uaeu.ac.ae, Alraeesi, Aysha¹ (AUTHOR), Barker, James² (AUTHOR) j.barker@kingston.ac.uk

المصدر: Molecules. Jan2024, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p97. 16p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *LIQUID chromatography-mass spectrometry, *CAMEL diseases, *TESTOSTERONE, *ESTERS, *ENDOCRINOLOGY

مستخلص: Introduction: Doping and steroid use represent a serious threat to animal health and can even lead to their untimely and painful death. However, doping is an acute problem in today's animal racing world, particularly in camel racing. Testosterone and its ten esters (benzoate, valerate, isocaproate, hexahydrobenzoate, decanoate, undecanoate, laurate, enanthate, cypionate, and caproate) are of utmost importance, because when they are administered to animals it is difficult to measure them efficiently. The levels of testosterone and its esters in camels and other animals are typically determined using urine and blood tests. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a liquid chromatographic–mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method to determine testosterone esters in camel hair, and to apply the validated method to determine testosterone esters in collected samples. To our knowledge, this is the first report of such research. Results and Discussion: The levels of testosterone and its ten derivatives, along with the cortisol-D4 internal standard, were optimised for LC–MS/MS analysis; however, only testosterone along with its seven esters (namely benzoate, valerate, isocaproate, hexahydrobenzoate, decanoate, undecanoate and laurate) could be validated in camel hair. Only five testosterone esters could be determined in camel hair samples; the concentrations were obtained as 10.5–14.9 pg/mg for valerate (in three camels), 12.5–151.6 pg/mg for hexahydrobenzoate (in six camels), 4.8–32.1 pg/mg for laurate (in five camels), 5.1 pg/mg decanoate (in one camel), and 8.35–169 pg/mg for testosterone (in all 24 camels). Interestingly, the three racing camels displayed high concentrations of testosterone (59.2–169 pg/mg, all three camels), laurate (4.8–14.5 pg/mg, two camels), hexahydrobenzoate (116 pg/mg, one camel), decanoate (5.1 pg/mg, one camel), and valerate (11.7 pg/mg, one camel). Methods: Camel hair samples were collected from 21 non-racing dromedary camels along with three racing camels in Al Ain, UAE; these were decontaminated, pulverised, sonicated, and extracted prior to analysis. An LC–MS/MS method was employed to determine the levels of testosterone esters in the hair samples. Conclusions: This novel camel-hair test procedure is accurate, sensitive, rapid, and robust. The findings reported in this study could be significant to evaluate racing camels for suspected doping offenses. Further controlled testosterone supplementation studies are required to evaluate individual esters' effects on camel health and diseases and on performance enhancement levels. This new hair test could promote further studies in doping control, toxicology, and pharmacology, as well as having other clinical applications relating to camel health, injury, and disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Tharwat, Mohamed^1,2 atieh@qu.edu.sa

المصدر: Journal of Applied Animal Research. Dec2023, Vol. 51 Issue 1, p350-357. 8p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CAMEL diseases, *BIOINDICATORS, *BIOMARKERS, *DOMESTIC animals, *PETS, *CAMELS

مستخلص: Biomarkers are defined as organic or biological indicators of processes, events, or conditions occurring within the body. Over recent years, significant progress has been made in the detection, measurement and application of biomarkers in both companion and farm animal medicine. This review article summarizes the commonly used biomarkers in dromedary camels that include the cardiac, bone, inflammation, transport, stress and pulmonary biomarkers. The review also focuses on the use of these compounds in camel medicine either in diseased or physiological states; and finally summarizes and reviews, to the possible extent, examples of the types of biomarkers used in dromedary camels. Understanding the use of these biomarkers in camels has expanded significantly over recent years, and, with the insights provided by ongoing research, it is likely that these compounds will be increasingly used in the future in the diagnosis and prognosis of camel diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Djeddi, Khaled, Houssou, Hind, Rabah, Siham, Ouchtati, Dounia, Djeddoubenabid, Amira, Abdellatif, Miloudi, Khenenou, Tarek

المصدر: Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences; Jul2024, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p50-63, 14p

مصطلحات موضوعية: MASTITIS, CAMEL diseases, STAPHYLOCOCCUS aureus, STREPTOCOCCUS agalactiae, PATHOGENIC microorganisms

مستخلص: Camels play a crucial role as multipurpose animals, providing milk and meat and serving as a means of transportation. They serve as a financial reserve for pastoralists and hold significant cultural and social value. Camel milk, known for its exceptional nutritional properties, is considered a valuable substitute for human milk. However, udder infections, particularly mastitis, pose significant challenges to camel farming. Mastitis, especially the subclinical form, is a persistent and prevalent condition affecting milk hygiene and quality in dairy camels. This review offers insights into the prevalence, risk factors, and bacterial pathogens associated with subclinical mastitis in camels, noting its prevalence ranging from 9.28% to 87.78%. Pathogens identified include Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus dysgalactiae, Escherichia coli, Micrococcus spp., Pasteurella haemolytica, and Corynebacterium spp. The study outlines key risk factors contributing to camel mastitis, emphasizing severe tick infestation, age, lactation stage, parity, body condition score, skin lesions on the teats or udders, anti-suckling devices, udder history, conformation, breed, unhygienic milking practices, and production system, amongst others, that have been reported to be important in the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The findings underscore the importance of holistic management practices, emphasizing hygiene, health monitoring, and targeted interventions to ensure camel well-being and productivity in various agro-pastoral contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Hussein, Hassan Abdi, Mohamed, Abdifetah, Ahmed, Juhar Mohamed

المصدر: PLoS ONE; 3/29/2024, Vol. 19 Issue 3, p1-16, 16p

مصطلحات موضوعية: TICKS, DAIRY farm management, CAMELS, ESCHERICHIA coli, CALVES, PUBLIC health infrastructure, TICK infestations, CAMEL diseases

مصطلحات جغرافية: ETHIOPIA

مستخلص: A cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2017 to March 2019. A participatory epidemiological appraisal was used to gain a rapid overview of the range of camel calf health problems and traditional management, a measure of the importance that people place on each of them, and to identify and prioritize economically important diseases in target zones. The most important constraints to camel production were identified to be the widespread prevalence of diseases such as camelpox, contagious ecthyma, calf scour, ticks, and nonspecific pneumonia; poor management and husbandry practices such as restrictive colostrum feeding, lack of concentrate and salt supplementation and inappropriate housing; shortage of feed; and scarce seasonal variation in water. Additionally, the livestock herders not only showed their knowledge of common camel calf diseases for affected organs and symptoms but also indicated the seasonality of disease occurrences with strong agreement (W = 0.899, P< 0.003) among the informants of all focus group discussions. The overall prevalence of mange, tick infestation, and bacteria-induced diarrhea in the study area was found to be 36.3%, 36%, and 74%, respectively. Sarcoptes scabie var. cameli was the only identified mite species from mange-infested calves, while Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Amblyoma were the most commonly identified tick species. Similarly, the overall prevalence of diarrhea was 74% among this about 34.6% was caused by E. coli while 38.9% was affected by Salmonella and E. coli. Therefore, based on these findings, five diseases have been prioritized as the most significant calf diseases in the area (Camelpox, contagious ecthyma, and causes of pneumonia among camel calves). Improving veterinary health infrastructure and capacity, and increasing community awareness on camel health constraints are also recommended to enhance optimal camel calf rearing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Manivannan, Kavitha, Ramasamy, Malathi, Sundaresan, Uma, Moustafa, Samar M., Sherloumay, Mariyam, Safna

المصدر: European Journal of Clinical & Experimental Medicine; 2024, Vol. 22 Issue 1, p94-101, 8p

مصطلحات موضوعية: BRUCELLA melitensis, CAMEL diseases, BLOOD serum analysis, THERAPEUTIC use of monoclonal antibodies, DISEASE prevalence, POLYMERASE chain reaction

مستخلص: Introduction and aim: Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease. Experimental clinical and laboratory diagnosis is still facing problems in identifying the organism. The present study will diagnose a Brucella infection in camel blood in Qatar using serological assays. Isolation and identification were performed on a camel blood sample. Brucella in bacterial isolates was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a gold standard test. Material and methods: A total of 220 samples, 200 random serum samples, and 20 EDTA blood samples were selected among the above-mentioned random samples, and 20 serum samples from camel handlers were collected from Al Shahaniya province, Qatar. The Rose Bengal test (RBT), buffered antigen plate agglutination test (BAPAT), and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for the monoclonal antibody in serum samples were performed using commercially available kits. For the molecular detection of Brucella, conventional PCR and real-time PCR (GPS kit) were used for the genus-specific insertion sequence IS711. Brucella melitensis (MICROBOSS Hightech GmbH kit) was used to identify subspecies. Results: The results identified by vitek2 compact (30%) showed B. melitensis in 6 samples out of 20 isolates. Both conventional (66.67%) and RT-PCR (83.33%) analyses supported this, demonstrating the presence of Brucella. These tests also showed that Brucella species were present in Rose Bengal 182/200 (91%), BAPAT 182/200 (91%), and cELISA (90%) 180/200 in camel serum. Concusion: To conclude, the prevalence of brucellosis in dromedary camels is higher in this region, and as a matter of urgency, measures should be taken to control the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of European Journal of Clinical & Experimental Medicine is the property of University of Rzeszow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Mairiga, I. A., Mustapha, M., Ibrahim, A., Adamu, L.

المصدر: Journal of Sustainable Veterinary & Allied Sciences; Dec2023, Vol. 5 Issue 2, p133-138, 6p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CAMEL diseases, FEMALE reproductive organs, DISEASE prevalence, VETERINARY medicine

مصطلحات جغرافية: MAIDUGURI (Nigeria)

مستخلص: The present study examined a total of one hundred and fifty (150) genital tracts of female dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Maiduguri abattoir for ovarian and fallopian tube disorders and different pathological lesions recorded were 27 cases, equivalent to 18.0% prevalence. Assessment and measurement of the genital tracts identified obvious gross lesions based on appearances, type of lesion, location and frequency of occurrence. Luteal cysts, catarrhal salphingitis, hemorrhagic cyst, ovarian hydro-bursitis and suspected case of granulosa cell tumour were detected. Follicular tube cysts both as unilateral and bilateral and as singles or multiples were also detected. Four of the cysts were observed on the left ovary, one on the right ovary and a multifocal was observed on both ovaries. The luteal cysts were thick walled. The luteal cysts were mostly seen in the left ovary representing 12 of the 16 cases while the remaining 4 cases were associated with the right ovary. A case of hemorrhagic cyst was recorded. Ovarian hydro-bursitis was recorded as a single case. A suspected granulosa cell tumor was observed in the left ovary. The study affirmed that ovarian and fallopian tube abnormalities are common findings in one - humped female camels although camels can withstand lots of stress associated with infectious and non-infectious diseases. These pathologies are possible causes of reduced fertility in one-humped camel in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Osman, Abdirazack Saleban, Ali, Abdisalam Mohamed, Ibrahim, Abdalla Mohamed

المصدر: Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences; Oct2023, Vol. 8 Issue 4, p111-122, 12p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CAMEL diseases, TRYPANOSOMIASIS, TICK-borne diseases, PATHOGENIC microorganisms

مصطلحات جغرافية: SOMALIA

مستخلص: Camel trypanosomiasis is the most significant animal disease in the camel zone of Somalia. The Somali camel is also found in the southern areas of Somalia, which have a high density of vectors, including Glossina. The economic importance of camels in Somalia is well recognized; however, little is known about camel trypanosomiasis, especially in the southern part of the country. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from November 2022 to July 2023 to discuss the importance and prevalence of camel trypanosomiasis in the Lower Juba Region using interviews and blood films, respectively. A total of 126 blood samples from seven herds from three sites in Kismayo district were conveniently collected and microscopically screened for trypanosomes. The seven herders were interviewed for their awareness and the importance of the disease in the area. The overall prevalence was 4/7 (57.1%) and 13/126 (10.3%) at herd and individual levels, respectively. The mean PCV% of the infected camels was (24.85±5.87%) lower than the others (26.64±2.68) with a p-value of 0.053. Significant differences in the prevalence were reported between herds (p-value = 0.005), sites (p-value = 0.005), PCV% (p-value = 0.001), body conditions (pvalue = 0.032), and mix-infection with other erythrocytic parasites (p-value = 0.019). Adopting a nomadic system, all the respondents were owners and men, and only one of them was unmarried. The Holy Qur'an was the level of education for all of them. Their knowledge about trypanosomiasis and its importance among other camel diseases, as well as their local names, was discussed. In conclusion, ranking third, camel trypanosomiasis is highly prevalent and moderately important in the region. Molecular studies on trypanosomes and tickborne pathogens, as well as their socioeconomic importance, are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Heidari, F., Sharifiyazdi, H., Nazifi, S., Ghane, M., Hosseinzadeh, S.

المصدر: Iranian Journal of Veterinary Research; 2023, Vol. 24 Issue 3, p174-181, 8p

مصطلحات موضوعية: COXIELLA burnetii, CAMELS, Q fever, BORRELIA, MOLECULAR pathology, CAMEL diseases

مصطلحات جغرافية: IRAN, FARS (Iran)

مستخلص: Background: Dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) are raised in extremely strict ecological conditions of deserts. Camels are vulnerable to many zoonotic infections. There are limited data on the occurrence of Q fever and borreliosis in camels, in Iran. Aims: The current study was focused on the occurrence of Coxiella burnetii and Borrelia spp. infection in the blood samples of Iranian camels using molecular assays. Effect of the presence of these infections on various hematological factors and some acutephase proteins (Hp, a1AGP, SAA) were also investigated. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 113 clinically healthy camels to investigate the presence of the infections using nested PCR. Moreover, the sequence of positive samples was analyzed phylogenetically. Routine haematological tests were performed and the concentrations of acute-phase proteins were measured in serum using enzyme immunoassay. Results: PCR result showed that 6.19% (95% CI: 2.53-12.35%) (7/113) of camels were positive for C. burnetii. In addition, sequencing results of the corresponding gene of the outer membrane protein (com1) revealed two different genotypes of C. burnetii agent in camels from Southern Iran. In the PCR assay, Borrelia spp. DNA was not detected in the samples. No significant difference was observed in hematological parameters or acute-phase proteins between positive and negative Q fever camels except for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) and red cell distribution width (RDW). Conclusion: Clinically healthy camels might be very important reservoirs of zoonotic pathogens. Q fever is not considered a notifiable disease in camels of Iran, and clinical cases may scarcely be recognized by the healthcare system. Due to a lack of adequate information, additional studies on the molecular epidemiology and clinical pathology aspects of C. burnetii infection in Iran are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Mohammed, Rasha S.

المصدر: Alexandria Journal of Veterinary Sciences; Jul2023, Vol. 78 Issue 1, p94-100, 7p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CROHN'S disease, EIMERIA, DOMESTIC animals, CAMEL diseases, HISTOPATHOLOGY, CAMELS

مصطلحات جغرافية: CAIRO (Egypt), ARABIAN Peninsula

مستخلص: Domesticated Old World camels (Camelus dromedarius and Camelus bactrianus) are important for the economy of several countries in Asia, Africa, and the Arabian Peninsula. Coccidiosis is one of the major parasitic diseases in camels which is caused by protozoa of the genus Eimeria, it is considered one of intracellular parasites, transmitted through fecal oral Route. Coccidiosis is responsible for mortality rates of up to 10% in camel calves besides enteritis; also, it is characterized by subclinical contagious enteritis in wild and domesticated animals. Although five species of Eimeria were believed to have the capability of infecting camels (E. bactriani, E. rajasthani, E. pellerdyi, and E. dromedarii), the E. cameli is considered the most pathogenic one. A total of 42 samples from small intestine of slaughtered camels were collected from El-Basatin abattoir, Cairo, Egypt. Grossly, the small intestine infected with coccidian showed congested red spots within serosa and mucosa. On histopathological examination, infected tissues showed chronic, hemorrhagic, and granulomatous enteritis, the intestinal glands have rose shape appearance in some cases, and complete loss of intestinal gland structure with sever infiltration of chronic inflammatory cells in other cases, hyper eosinophilia, and different developmental stages of Eimeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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