المؤلفون: J. V. G. Rama Rao, S. Venkateshwarlu

المصدر: Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, Vol 71, Iss 1, Pp 1-16 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Charging control, Distribution networks, Electric vehicle (EV), EV charger modeling, Smart battery charger, Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040

الوصف: Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) are rapidly replacing conventional fuel vehicles, offering powerful, emission-free performance. This paper introduces an innovative three-phase bidirectional charger for grid-to-vehicle (G2V) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) applications, strengthening the connection between EVs and the power grid. The charger employs a two-stage power conversion approach with advanced converters and a simplified dq-based charging control strategy. An efficient AC-DC converter facilitates smooth transitions between modes, responding to grid directives for active and reactive power. A soft-switching dual active bridge (SS-DAB) DC-DC converter optimally interfaces with the EV battery pack, while dual active LCL filters suppress harmonics, enhancing system performance. Simulated results confirm the charger’s effectiveness in a 3.5-kW prototype using MATLAB/Simulink. The proposed SS-DAB converter-based bidirectional on-board charger introduces a groundbreaking unified Voltage Source Converter (VSC) control approach, enabling efficient power transfer in both vehicle-to-grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V) modes. This innovation ensures rapid dynamic response, exceptional steady-state performance, and robustness against grid demand changes, optimizing EV integration.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/1110-1903Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2536-9512Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/e5635f4ab34348039256d20ba50091afTest

المؤلفون: Jin, Feng

مرشدي الرسالة: Electrical Engineering, Li, Qiang, Centeno, Virgilio A., Lee, Fred C., Dong, Dong, Southward, Steve C.

مصطلحات موضوعية: single phase, three phase, DC/DC, CLLC, Resonant converter, integrated magnetics, printed circuit board (PCB) transformer, battery charger

الوصف: Rising fuel costs and concerns about air pollution have significantly increased interest in electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are equipped with rechargeable batteries that can be fully recharged by connecting to an external electrical source. However, the wider adoption of EVs is hindered by the need for an on-board charger system that is both lightweight and efficient. EVs utilize two main charging methods: on-board chargers (OBC) for regular charging and off-board (fast) chargers for quick refills of battery pack. Most EVs currently use 400V battery packs paired with 6.6kW or 11kW OBCs, while larger vehicles with over 100 kWh battery packs employ 16.5kW or 19.2kW OBCs, constrained by household voltage and current limits. Some manufacturers are transitioning to 800V battery packs to lower costs and enhance fast charging capabilities, necessitating the development of 800V OBCs with high efficiency and power density. For household use, EVs can charge via OBC in a grid-to-vehicle transfer and can supply energy back to the home or grid (vehicle-to-grid) for emergency use or to support smart grid functionalities, requiring bidirectional OBCs. Advanced power semiconductor devices have been instrumental in advancing power conversion technology. The introduction of power semiconductor devices based on wide bandgap (WBG) materials marks a revolutionary shift, offering potential improvements over silicon-based devices. These WBG devices are capable of achieving higher efficiency, and higher power density in power conversion at higher operation frequency. Elevating the switching frequency diminishes the voltage-second across the transformer, facilitating the utilization of printed-circuit-board (PCB) technology for the windings as opposed to Litz wire implementations. Compared to traditional Litz wire-based transformers, the manufacturing process is significantly streamlined, and the management of parasitic is considerably more straightforward. Furthermore, the integration of resonant inductors with PCB-based transformer results in a reduction in the overall number of magnetic components and improved power density. This dissertation focuses on the DC/DC conversion stage of a bi-directional battery charger. It aims to achieve high power density and high efficiency using a PCB-based integrated transformer, enhancing manufacturing processes. The dissertation details the specific accomplishments in this area: Firstly, a two-stage on-board charger structure for 800 V battery EVs is proposed. The first stage is a four-phase bridgeless totem pole AC/DC converter working at critical conduction mode (CRM) so that soft switching can be achieved for all the fast switches. The second stage is single phase CLLC (1PCLLC) converter which is attractive due to its less component counts of devices and driver circuits. A novel matrix integrated transformer with controllable built-in leakage inductance for bi-directional 1PCLLC converter was proposed. Integrating three UI-core-based (1UI-based) elemental transformers with non-perfectly interleaved winding structures into one 3UI-based integrated transformer can reduce the core loss significantly with a smaller footprint compared with three EI-core-based integrated transformers. The proposed integrated magnetics can be scalable for higher voltage and higher power converters by assembling more 1UI-based elemental transformers. A SiC-based 1PCLLC converter prototype operating at 250-kHz switching frequency for 11-kW OBC applications was built with the proposed integrated transformer, and it can achieve a power density of 250 W/in3 with maximum efficiency of 98.4%. Secondly, the challenge of increased common mode (CM) noise after adopting PCB-based windings in the design was discussed. The inter-winding capacitors between the primary and secondary windings act as a conduction path for high dv/dt CM noise, which can lead to electromagnetic interference (EMI) issues. To address this, a winding cancellation method for an integrated matrix transformer in a 1PCLLC converter was proposed and validated. This approach was tested in an 11-kW 1PCLLC converter. The EMI measurement results align with the analysis, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed method, which achieved a reduction in CM noise by 17dB. Furthermore, the 1PCLLC converter, incorporating the proposed planar matrix integrated transformer and winding cancellation technique, attained a power density of 420 W/in³ and a peak efficiency of 98.5%. Thirdly, to enhance efficiency further, the 1PCLLC converter is substituted with the proposed three-phase CLLC (3PCLLC) resonant converter equipped with three-phase rectifiers. The 3PCLLC converter becomes more promising for high power applications as its lower RMS current stress and automatic current sharing capabilities. It can achieve soft switching under all conditions. In addition, due to the symmetrical resonant tank, it is more suitable for bi-directional operation. Variable DC-link voltage is adopted so that the DC/DC stage can always work at its optimized point, providing best efficiency for the entire battery voltage. An improved core structure for the three-phase integrated transformer was proposed to reduce the core loss and simplify the magnetic components by integrating three primary resonant inductors, three secondary resonant inductors and three transformers into one magnetic component. A systematic method of converter design which includes the design of integrated transformer, converter loss optimization was adopted to design an 11kW 3PCLLC resonant converter. A SiC-based 3PCLLC converter prototype operating at 250-kHz switching frequency for 11-kW OBC applications was built with the proposed integrated transformer, and it can achieve a power density of 330 W/in3 with peak efficiency of 98.7%. Fourthly, the power level of OBC continues to increase to make up the large capacitance battery pack inside the EVs to relief the concern of mileage range. To address this challenge of higher power, a scalable matrix integrated transformer for multi-phase CLLC converter was proposed. A universal method of integrating magnetizing inductance with built-in leakage inductance based on multiple perfectly coupled transformers (PCTs). The integration of built-in leakage inductance can be achieved by connecting several PCTs using a standardized core type for cost considerations or can be further integrated into a customized core with interleaved magnetomotive force polarities across transformer legs to achieve better flux distribution and smaller core loss. The proposed concept can be applied to single-input single-output, and multiple-inputs multiple-outputs integrated transformer applications. A 3x3 PCTs-based integrated transformer built with PCB windings was designed for a 3PCLLC resonant converter, which integrates three primary resonant inductors, three secondary resonant inductors, and three transformers into one magnetic core to simplify the complexity of the converter. The effectiveness of the proposed concept was demonstrated through a high-efficiency, high-power density 3PCLLC DC/DC converter for an 800V 16.5kW OBC. The designed converter can achieve a power density of 500 W/in3 and a peak efficiency of 98.8%.
Doctor of Philosophy
Rising fuel costs and concerns about air pollution have significantly increased interest in electric vehicles (EVs). EVs are equipped with rechargeable batteries that can be fully recharged by connecting to an external electrical source. However, the wider adoption of EVs is hindered by the need for an on-board charger system that is both lightweight and efficient. The dissertation presents advances in OBC technology to address these challenges, focusing on the development of efficient, high-power density OBCs suitable for various EV applications. EVs utilize two main charging methods: on-board chargers (OBC) for regular charging and off-board (fast) chargers for quick refills of battery pack. Most EVs currently use 400V battery packs paired with 6.6kW or 11kW OBCs, while larger vehicles with over 100 kWh battery packs employ 16.5kW or 19.2kW OBCs, constrained by household voltage and current limits. Some manufacturers are transitioning to 800V battery packs to lower costs and enhance fast charging capabilities, necessitating the development of 800V OBCs with high efficiency and power density. For household use, EVs can charge via OBC in a grid-to-vehicle transfer and can supply energy back to the home or grid (vehicle-to-grid) for emergency use or to support smart grid functionalities, requiring bidirectional OBCs. Advanced power semiconductor devices have been instrumental in advancing power conversion technology. The introduction of power semiconductor devices based on wide bandgap (WBG) materials marks a revolutionary shift, offering potential improvements over silicon-based devices. These WBG devices are capable of achieving higher efficiency, and higher power density in power conversion at higher operation frequency. Elevating the switching frequency diminishes the voltage-second across the transformer, facilitating the utilization of printed circuit board (PCB) technology for the windings as opposed to Litz wire implementations. Compared to traditional Litz wire-based transformers, the manufacturing process is significantly streamlined, and the management of parasitic is considerably more straightforward. Furthermore, the integration of resonant inductors with PCB-based transformer results in a reduction in the overall number of magnetic components and improved power density. Addressing cost concerns, a novel, cost-effective single-phase converter design was proposed, achieving high efficiency with integrated magnetics. Additionally, the research tackled the challenge of electromagnetic interference (EMI) through a winding cancellation technique, significantly reducing common-mode noise and further improving the converter's performance. The research introduces an improved core structure for a three-phase integrated transformer, significantly reducing core loss and simplifying the design by combining multiple components into a single unit. This approach facilitated the creation of a high-efficiency, SiC-based converter prototype, demonstrating remarkable power density and peak efficiency compared with state-of-the-art solutions. To accommodate the increasing power requirements of OBCs, a scalable, matrix integrated transformer design was developed for multi-phase converters, optimizing cost and performance. This design simplifies the converter architecture, enhancing efficiency and power density, and is adaptable to both single and multiple output applications. These advancements offer promising solutions to the challenges hindering the wider adoption of EVs. The dissertation underscores the potential of advanced power conversion technologies, including the application of WBG devices, integrated magnetics to streamline converter design and enhance both the efficiency and power density of battery chargers.

وصف الملف: ETD; application/pdf

الإتاحة: https://hdl.handle.net/10919/119367Test

المؤلفون: Yanxiong Lei, Guiping Du, Tuhuan Li, Wenjie Ma, Xueyi Wang

المصدر: CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, Vol 10, Iss 2, Pp 756-766 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Electric vehicles (EVs), fast charging, integrated battery charger, 3p PMSM/IM, torque cancelation, Technology, Physics, QC1-999

الوصف: Integrated battery chargers are highly effective for saving costs and improving the power density of on-board chargers in electric vehicles (EVs), However, achieving torque elimination of the commonly used three-phase (3p) motors during the fast-charging process is challenging. In this paper, the general torque cancelation law applied in 3p permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) and induction motors (IMs) is derived to design high power density integrated fast battery chargers. Two novel integrated systems with fast-charging and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) capabilities are proposed based on this law. The main advantages of the proposed systems are: (1) Two filter inductors are constituted by the stator windings while charging, and only one external inductor and several contactors are supplemented to the motor-drive circuit. Therefore, the proposed integrated systems possess high power density; (2) The 3p open-winding (OW) motor is employed, with no need to modify the propulsion system or redesign the interior structure of the motor; (3) Employing an individual controller for each phase of the inner current loop control, the proposed systems realize unity power factors and low current harmonics in the fast-charging and V2G mode. Simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed topologies and control strategies.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9917432Test/; https://doaj.org/toc/2096-0042Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/e14843776c9a46b89f310f6946c4e408Test

المؤلفون: Gwanyoung Moon, Yeongsu Bak

المصدر: IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 25835-25843 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Battery charger, personal mobility devices (PMDs), model predictive control (MPC) method, dynamic characteristic, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971

الوصف: This paper proposes a dynamic characteristics improvement of battery charger for personal mobility devices (PMDs) using a model predictive control (MPC). The battery charger is used to charge a battery of PMDs such as electric scooters, electric bicycles, and electric skateboards and an output voltage of the battery charger is generally controlled by a proportional-integral (PI) controller. The PI controller requires a gain tuning to improve a dynamic characteristic, however, an overshoot of the output voltage can be occurred in transient state when the gain is increased. Therefore, to improve the dynamic characteristic of the battery charger for PMDs, this paper presents the MPC method to control the output voltage of the battery charger for PMDs. The effectiveness of the proposed MPC method is proved by the simulation and experimental results.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10438438Test/; https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/d30553c809864d0e920850fbbae43108Test

المؤلفون: B. Anil Kumar, B. Jyothi, Rajkumar Singh Rathore, Arvind R. Singh, B. Hemanth Kumar, Mohit Bajaj

المصدر: Energy Reports, Vol 10, Iss , Pp 2394-2416 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Battery charger, Electric vehicle, Total Harmonics Distortion (THD), Power Quality, Constant Current (CC), Constant Voltage(CV), Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971

الوصف: A DC–DC converter in an EV charging station is to regulate the DC voltage from the rectifier to the required voltage for battery charging. This ensures that a constant, stable, and safe charging voltage is provided to the battery However, if the EV charging is done only with a DC–DC​ converter, it results in poor Power Quality (PQ), with high levels of harmonic distortion and a low power factor. This can lead to longer charging times, increased energy costs, decreased battery performance and life, and introduce serious PQ issues. To address these issues, the Ferdowsi Converter is proposed is a combination of two interleaved Buck-Boost converters with a common input inductor as a solution with simplified PT control strategy presented, operated in operating in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) is presented, which can achieve nearly unity power factor (PF) over universal input voltage range studied. The converter performs with fewer components, providing a charger input current that is in phase with the mains voltage, reducing the THD to below 5% under steady state and during variations in line and load side.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484723013045Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2352-4847Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/fc64680a7c6741af9a6a193d355c4561Test

المؤلفون: J.S. Sánchez, C.L. Trujillo, O.D. Montoya

المصدر: Ain Shams Engineering Journal, Vol 15, Iss 2, Pp 102379- (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Battery charger, PFC topologies, Buck converter, Boost converter, Loss analysis, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040

الوصف: This paper presents a comparison between different Power Factor Correction topologies (PFC), highlighting the main advantages and disadvantages of the implementation requirements for a battery charger. Subsequently, the cascade connection of boost and buck converters is selected, for which a detailed loss analysis is performed, whose results are used to develop an operating strategy that allows the controller to act on a range of combinations of duty cycles to maximize the efficiency of the converters, maintaining adequate levels of voltage and current regulation, efficient regulation of battery recharge, high power factor, and low THDi. Finally, this converter is implemented with the mentioned operating strategy to perform constant power battery recharging, and the experimental results are presented with special emphasis on efficiency, power factor, and THDi, the latter being compared with the IEC 61000-3-2 standard.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S209044792300268XTest; https://doaj.org/toc/2090-4479Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/b2d6400d408b48b1b9a7eb60c47bc398Test

المؤلفون: Nugraha, Anggara Trisna, Ramadhan, Moch Fadhil, Shiddiq, Muhammad Jafar

المصدر: JEEMECS (Journal of Electrical Engineering, Mechatronic and Computer Science); Vol 7, No 1 (2024): February 2024 ; 2614-4867 ; 2614-4859

مصطلحات موضوعية: Electrical Engineering, Power Engineering, Battery, Battery Charger regulator (BCR), Inverter PV Module, PLTS, Solar Power Plant, Magersari Village

الوصف: Magersari Village is one of the small villages on West Java, which is in the administrative area of Magersari Regency, this village has not been reached by the PLN electricity network, which causes disturbances for residents in carrying out activities at night. This study aims to utilize solar energy developed into electrical energy (solar power plant). One of the supporting factors this area produces is a very large solar energy potential with average daily insolation of 5.71 kWh/m²/day. In planning this solar power plant, several components consist of 376 housing units, 2 elementary school units, 3 village maternity hut units, and 1 unit of worship place. Based on the analysis and calculations results, the PV power generated to supply electrical energy in Magersari Village is 75,000 Watt Peak, generated by 375 PV modules, and the panel capacity is 200 Wp with 2 PV array placement area of 460 m². Battery Charger Regulator (BCR) used as many as 36 pieces with a capacity of 24V/80A. The number of batteries used is 219 pieces with a capacity of 24V/240Ah. The inverter used is 10 kW as many as 7 units with a voltage on the system that is 24V with a total initial investment cost for Solar Power Plant components of Rp.2,473,165,000,-

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/jeemecs/article/view/6032/pdfTest; https://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/jeemecs/article/view/6032Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.26905/jeemecs.v7i1.6032Test
https://jurnal.unmer.ac.id/index.php/jeemecs/article/view/6032Test

المؤلفون: Hasibuan, Arnawan, Daud, Muhammad, Hutagalung, Rizki Shobirin, Kartika, Kartika, Nrartha, I Made Ari, Almunadiansyah, Rizky

المصدر: International Journal of Applied Power Engineering (IJAPE); Vol 13, No 1: March 2024; 45-51 ; 2722-2624 ; 2252-8792 ; 10.11591/ijape.v13.i1

مصطلحات موضوعية: battery charger control, IC controller, rectifier, regulator, uninterruptible power supply

الوصف: Fully controlled rectifier and BCR. The battery charge regulator (BCR) is the most important unit of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) device. The BCR uses a 15 V/5 A transformer to lower the voltage so as not to overload the BCR components. Full control using four thyristors serves to supply voltage to the BCR, while the BCR serves to regulate battery charging. Forcing the battery to be charged at a constant voltage with the same current results in shorter battery life. Battery charging through the BCR is set to match the battery voltage, then allowing the BCR to control it by adjusting the phase voltage to 13.5 V for high voltage discharge (HVD) and 10.5 V for low voltage discharge (LVD). By using an IC Regulator combined with a relay as a voltage breaker for a fully charged battery, it will automatically disconnect to avoid overcharging the battery. Based on the performance test results of a fully controlled rectifier system using thyristors and BCR on a 12V/5Ah battery, the output voltage is as a fully controlled 12 V rectifier, the BCR switch can charge the internal battery in minutes with a current that varies between 2.1 A to 0.1 A.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://ijape.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAPE/article/view/20687/13145Test; https://ijape.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAPE/article/downloadSuppFile/20687/2865Test; https://ijape.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAPE/article/downloadSuppFile/20687/2899Test; https://ijape.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAPE/article/view/20687Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v13.i1.pp45-51Test
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijape.v13.i1Test
https://ijape.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAPE/article/view/20687Test

المؤلفون: Fatemeh Nasr Esfahani, Ahmed Darwish, Xiandong Ma

المصدر: Batteries, Vol 10, Iss 1, p 17 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: electric vehicle (EV), on-board battery charger (OBC), modular, state-of-the-art (SoC), battery management system (BMS), Production of electric energy or power. Powerplants. Central stations, TK1001-1841, Industrial electrochemistry, TP250-261

الوصف: This paper presents operation and control systems for a new modular on-board charger (OBC) based on a SEPIC converter (MSOBC) for electric vehicle (EV) applications. The MSOBC aims to modularise the battery units in the energy storage system of the EV to provide better safety and improved operation. This is mainly achieved by reducing the voltage of the battery packs without sacrificing the performance required by the HV system. The proposed MSOBC is an integrated OBC which can operate the EV during traction and braking, as well as charge the battery units. The MSOBC is composed of several submodules consisting of a full-bridge voltage source converter connected on the ac side and SEPIC converter installed on the battery side. The SEPIC converter controls the battery segments with a continuous current because it has an input inductor which can smooth the battery’s currents without the need for large electrolytic capacitors. The isolated version of the SEPIC converter is employed to enhance the system’s safety by providing galvanic isolation between the batteries and the ac output side. This paper presents the necessary control loops to ensure the optimal operation of the EV with the MSOBC in terms of charge and temperature balance without disturbing the required modes of operation. The mathematical analyses in this paper are validated using a full-scale EV controlled by TMS320F28335 DSP.

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/1/17Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2313-0105Test; https://doaj.org/article/a32dd0a16932495eb895e8ab3ba0945cTest

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.3390/batteries10010017Test
https://doaj.org/article/a32dd0a16932495eb895e8ab3ba0945cTest

المؤلفون: Md. Rezanul Haque, K. M. A. Salam, Md. Abdur Razzak

المصدر: IEEE Access, Vol 11, Pp 27246-27266 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Buck, lithium-ion battery charger, electric vehicle battery charger, ac-dc converter, isolated ac-dc converter, power factor correction, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering, TK1-9971

الوصف: Electric vehicles (EVs) are getting more popular in automobiles due to environmental factors. Since electric vehicles manage their power from the rechargeable battery, therefore, it’s essential to have a reliable, efficient, and economical battery charger to provide stable required output for the specified EV’s battery. In this paper, a DC-DC converter with a modified PI controller has been presented which helps to achieve the required output voltage and high current density with negligible overshoot for the specified lithium-ion battery system to minimize the charging time. Apart from minimizing the power loss of the active switches, the proposed system minimizes the junction temperature eventually improving the life cycle of the converter. The analysis of the proposed converter is performed both in ideal and non-ideal conditions. The power loss of the active switches and the junction temperature have also been analyzed. An effective and economical dc and ac side inductors have been designed and analyzed the performance of total power loss and temperature rise. The results show that the proposed converter can maintain a power factor around 90% and a total harmonic distortion around 0.46%, which is ideal for the high-density load current. The reliability of the dc-dc converter is also evaluated. A hardware prototype has also been implemented to confirm its viability for EV battery charging applications.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10073553Test/; https://doaj.org/toc/2169-3536Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/4c83740a03234f75a877cf54173bd61eTest