المؤلفون: Bailey, Regan, Stang, Jaime, Davis, Teresa, Naimi, Timothy, Schneeman, Barbara, Dewey, Kathryn, Donovan, Sharon, Novotny, Rachel, Kleinman, Ronald, Taveras, Elsie, Bazzano, Lydia, Snetselaar, Linda, de Jesus, Janet, Casavale, Kellie, Stoody, Eve, Goldman, Joseph, Moshfegh, Alanna, Rhodes, Donna, Herrick, Kirsten, Koegel, Kristin, Perrine, Cria, Pannucci, TusaRebecca

المصدر: Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 122(12)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Birth to 24 months, Breastfeeding, Complementary feeding, Dietary guidelines, Nutrition policy, Pediatrics, Infant, Female, Animals, Cattle, Humans, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Feeding Behavior, Diet, Infant Formula, Milk, Human

الوصف: Complementary foods and beverages (CFBs) are key components of an infants diet in the second 6 months of life. This article summarizes nutrition and feeding practices examined by the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committees during the CFB life stage. Breastfeeding initiation is high (84%), but exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months (26%) is below the Healthy People 2030 goal (42%). Most infants (51%) are introduced to CFBs sometime before 6 months. The primary mode of feeding (ie, human milk fed [HMF]; infant formula or mixed formula and human milk fed [FMF]) at the initiation of CFBs is associated with the timing of introduction and types of CFBs reported. FMF infants (42%) are more likely to be introduced to CFBs before 4 months compared with HMF infants (19%). Different dietary patterns, such as higher prevalence of consumption and mean amounts, were observed, including fruit, grains, dairy, proteins, and solid fats. Compared with HMF infants of the same age, FMF infants consume more total energy (845 vs 631 kcal) and protein (22 vs 12 g) from all sources, and more energy (345 vs 204 kcal) and protein (11 vs 6 g) from CFBs alone. HMF infants have a higher prevalence of risk of inadequate intakes of iron (77% vs 7%), zinc (54% vs

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9341533nTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt9341533n/qt9341533n.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Nevins, Julie EH, Donovan, Sharon M, Snetselaar, Linda, Dewey, Kathryn G, Novotny, Rachel, Stang, Jamie, Taveras, Elsie M, Kleinman, Ronald E, Bailey, Regan L, Raghavan, Ramkripa, Scinto-Madonich, Sara R, Venkatramanan, Sudha, Butera, Gisela, Terry, Nancy, Altman, Jean, Adler, Meghan, Obbagy, Julie E, Stoody, Eve E, de Jesus, Janet

المصدر: Journal of Nutrition. 151(11)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Neurosciences, Nutrition, Prevention, Clinical Research, Pediatric, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Mental Health, Perinatal Period - Conditions Originating in Perinatal Period, Complementary and Integrative Health, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, Reproductive health and childbirth, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Breast Feeding, Child, Dietary Supplements, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Fatty Acids, Unsaturated, Female, Humans, Infant, Lactation, Pregnancy, pregnancy, lactation, cognition, attention deficit disorder, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, omega-3 fatty acids, systematic review, Animal Production, Food Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition & Dietetics

الوصف: BackgroundMaternal nutrition during pregnancy and lactation has profound effects on the development and lifelong health of the child. Long-chain PUFAs are particularly important for myelination and the development of vision during the perinatal period.ObjectivesWe conducted a systematic review to examine the relationship between supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy and/or lactation and neurodevelopment in children, to inform the Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee.MethodsWe identified articles on omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in pregnant and lactating women that included measures of neurodevelopment in their children (0-18 y) by searching PubMed, CENTRAL, Embase, and CINAHL Plus. After dual screening articles for inclusion, we qualitatively synthesized and graded the strength of evidence using pre-established criteria for assessing risk of bias, consistency, directness, precision, and generalizability.ResultsWe included 33 articles from 15 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 1 prospective cohort study. Of the 8 RCTs that delivered omega-3 fatty acid dietary supplements during pregnancy alone (200-2200 mg/d DHA and 0-1100 mg/d EPA for approximately 20 wk), 5 studies reported ≥1 finding that supplementation improved measures of cognitive development in the infant or child by 6%-11% (P  0.05) result. There was inconsistent or insufficient evidence for other outcomes (language, social-emotional, physical, motor, or visual development; academic performance; risks of attention deficit disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, or depression) and for supplementation during lactation or both pregnancy and lactation. Populations with a lower socioeconomic status and adolescents were underrepresented and studies lacked racial and ethnic diversity.ConclusionsLimited evidence suggests that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy may result in favorable cognitive development in the child. There was insufficient evidence to evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during pregnancy and/or lactation on other developmental outcomes.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1n7769w1Test

المؤلفون: Dewey, Kathryn G, Güngör, Darcy, Donovan, Sharon M, Madan, Emily M, Venkatramanan, Sudha, Davis, Teresa A, Kleinman, Ronald E, Taveras, Elsie M, Bailey, Regan L, Novotny, Rachel, Terry, Nancy, Butera, Gisela, Obbagy, Julie, de Jesus, Janet, Stoody, Eve

المصدر: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 114(5)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Nutrition, Obesity, Prevention, Pediatric, 3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, Metabolic and endocrine, Cardiovascular, Adolescent, Adolescent Health, Adult, Breast Feeding, Child, Child Development, Child, Preschool, Humans, Infant, Overweight, Pediatric Obesity, breastfeeding, human milk, overweight, obesity, infant, toddler, child, systematic review, sibling, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics

الوصف: BackgroundBreastfeeding is associated with a lower risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, but it is uncertain whether this is a causal relation because most studies have not adequately reduced risk of bias due to confounding.ObjectivesThe aim of this review was to examine whether 1) ever compared with never consuming human milk and 2) different durations of human milk consumption among infants fed human milk are related to later risk of overweight or obesity, with emphasis on sibling-pair and intervention studies.MethodsThe 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, together with the Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review team, conducted a systematic review of articles relevant to healthy full-term infants in countries with a high or very high level of human development. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, and CINAHL; dual-screened the results using predetermined criteria; extracted data from and assessed the risk of bias for each included study; qualitatively synthesized the evidence; developed conclusion statements; and graded the strength of the evidence.ResultsThe review included 42 articles, including 6 cohorts with sibling-pair analyses and 1 randomized controlled trial of a breastfeeding promotion intervention. Moderate evidence suggested that ever, compared with never, consuming human milk is associated with a lower risk of overweight and obesity at ages 2 y and older, particularly if the duration of human milk consumption is >6 mo. However, residual confounding cannot be ruled out. Evidence was insufficient to determine the relation between the duration of any human milk consumption, among infants fed human milk, and overweight and/or obesity at age 2 y and older.ConclusionsFurther research, using strong study designs, is needed to disentangle the complex relation between infant feeding practices and the risk of subsequent overweight or obesity, as well as the biological and behavioral mechanisms if the relation is causal.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5mh2t94vTest

المؤلفون: Sauder, Katherine A, Harte, Robyn N, Ringham, Brandy M, Guenther, Patricia M, Bailey, Regan L, Alshawabkeh, Akram, Cordero, José F, Dunlop, Anne L, Ferranti, Erin P, Elliott, Amy J, Mitchell, Diane C, Hedderson, Monique M, Avalos, Lyndsay A, Zhu, Yeyi, Breton, Carrie V, Chatzi, Leda, Ran, Jin, Hertz-Picciotto, Irva, Karagas, Margaret R, Sayarath, Vicki, Hoover, Joseph, MacKenzie, Debra, Lyall, Kristen, Schmidt, Rebecca J, O'Connor, Thomas G, Barrett, Emily S, Switkowski, Karen M, Comstock, Sarah S, Kerver, Jean M, Trasande, Leonardo, Tylavsky, Frances A, Wright, Rosalind J, Kannan, Srimathi, Mueller, Noel T, Catellier, Diane J, Glueck, Deborah H, Dabelea, Dana, Smith, PB, Newby, KL, Benjamin, DK, Jacobson, LP, Parker, CB, Outcomes, Program Collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health

المصدر: Journal of Nutrition. 151(11)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Reproductive Medicine, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Prevention, Complementary and Integrative Health, Obesity, Clinical Research, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, Metabolic and endocrine, Cardiovascular, Oral and gastrointestinal, Reproductive health and childbirth, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Child, Diet, Dietary Supplements, Female, Humans, Micronutrients, Nutritional Requirements, Pregnancy, Vitamins, pregnancy, micronutrients, diet, dietary supplements, vitamins, minerals, Dietary Reference Intakes, Program Collaborators for Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes, Animal Production, Food Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics, Animal production, Food sciences, Nutrition and dietetics

الوصف: BackgroundInadequate or excessive intake of micronutrients in pregnancy has potential to negatively impact maternal/offspring health outcomes.ObjectiveThe aim was to compare risks of inadequate or excessive micronutrient intake in diverse females with singleton pregnancies by strata of maternal age, race/ethnicity, education, and prepregnancy BMI.MethodsFifteen observational cohorts in the US Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Consortium assessed participant dietary intake with 24-h dietary recalls (n = 1910) or food-frequency questionnaires (n = 7891) from 1999-2019. We compared the distributions of usual intake of 19 micronutrients from food alone (15 cohorts; n = 9801) and food plus dietary supplements (10 cohorts with supplement data; n = 7082) to estimate the proportion with usual daily intakes below their age-specific daily Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), above their Adequate Intake (AI), and above their Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), overall and within sociodemographic and anthropometric subgroups.ResultsRisk of inadequate intake from food alone ranged from 0% to 87%, depending on the micronutrient and assessment methodology. When dietary supplements were included, some women were below the EAR for vitamin D (20-38%), vitamin E (17-22%), and magnesium (39-41%); some women were above the AI for vitamin K (63-75%), choline (7%), and potassium (37-53%); and some were above the UL for folic acid (32-51%), iron (39-40%), and zinc (19-20%). Highest risks for inadequate intakes were observed among participants with age 14-18 y (6 nutrients), non-White race or Hispanic ethnicity (10 nutrients), less than a high school education (9 nutrients), or obesity (9 nutrients).ConclusionsImproved diet quality is needed for most pregnant females. Even with dietary supplement use, >20% of participants were at risk of inadequate intake of ≥1 micronutrients, especially in some population subgroups. Pregnancy may be a window of opportunity to address disparities in micronutrient intake that could contribute to intergenerational health inequalities.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7vp3g952Test

المؤلفون: Dewey, Kathryn, Pannucci, TusaRebecca, Casavale, Kellie, Davis, Teresa, Donovan, Sharon, Kleinman, Ronald, Taveras, Elsie, Bailey, Regan, Novotny, Rachel, Schneeman, Barbara, Stang, Jamie, de Jesus, Janet, Stoody, Eve

المصدر: The Journal of Nutrition. 151(10)

مصطلحات موضوعية: child, complementary foods, dietary guidelines, dietary pattern, infant, nutrient adequacy, toddler, Child, Preschool, Diet, Energy Intake, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Milk, Human, Nutrients, Nutrition Policy, United States

الوصف: BACKGROUND: Developing food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) for infants and toddlers is a complex task that few countries have attempted. OBJECTIVES: Our objectives are to describe the process of food pattern modeling (FPM) conducted to develop FBDGs for the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020-2025 for infants 6 to

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/49r4r987Test
https://escholarship.org/content/qt49r4r987/qt49r4r987.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Schneeman, Barbara O, Ard, Jamy D, Boushey, Carol J, Bailey, Regan L, Novotny, Rachel, Snetselaar, Linda G, de Jesus, Janet M, Stoody, Eve E

المصدر: Advances in Nutrition. 12(4)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Advisory Committees, Bias, Humans, National Academy of Sciences, U.S., Nutrition Policy, Research Report, United States, Dietary Guidelines for Americans, Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee, dietary guidelines process, NASEM, nutrition policy, Nutrition and dietetics

الوصف: The National Academy of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) recommended steps to redesign the process of developing the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA) are based on 5 guiding principles (enhance transparency; promote diversity of expertise and experience; support a deliberative process; manage biases and conflicts of interest; and adopt state-of-the-art processes and methods). Using these principles and recommendations, the USDA and HHS updated the process for developing the 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines, including the process for appointing members and managing the work of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Modifications included having public comment on the topics and questions to be addressed by the Federal Advisory Committee, reviewing professional and financial activities on potential appointees to the committee prior to their appointment, redesigning the website to provide status updates on the work of the committee as analytical frameworks and draft conclusions were developed, strengthening the approaches for conducting systematic reviews, and adding a public meeting for discussion of the final report before its submission to the Secretaries of the USDA and HHS. Because the DGA is reviewed and updated every 5 y, it is possible to learn from each cycle what works well and where improvements in the process can be implemented. The current article illustrates, from the perspective of the advisory committee, the impact of the NASEM report on the development of the scientific report by examining changes in the process consistent with the 5 principles.

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6jk0j02pTest

المؤلفون: Bailey, Regan L, Ard, Jamy D, Davis, Teresa A, Naimi, Tim S, Schneeman, Barbara O, Stang, Jaime S, Dewey, Kathryn G, Donovan, Sharon M, Novotny, Rachel, Snetselaar, Linda G, de Jesus, Janet, Casavale, Kellie O, Pannucci, TusaRebecca, Stoody, Eve E

المصدر: Journal of Nutrition. 151(5)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Nutrition, Prevention, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, Cardiovascular, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Feeding Behavior, Female, Food Analysis, Health Promotion, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Nutrients, Nutrition Policy, Nutrition Surveys, Nutritive Value, Pregnancy, Public Health, United States, Young Adult, dietary guidelines, nutrient, public health, nutrition policy, nutrition risk, Animal Production, Food Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition & Dietetics

الوصف: BackgroundIdentification of nutrients of public health concern has been a hallmark of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans (DGA); however, a formal systematic process for identifying them has not been published.ObjectivesWe aimed to propose a framework for identifying "nutrients or food components" (NFCs) of public health relevance to inform the DGA.MethodsThe proposed framework consists of 1) defining terminology; 2) establishing quantitative thresholds to identify NFCs; and 3) examining national data. The proposed framework utilizes available data from 3 key data sources or "prongs": 1) dietary intakes; 2) biological endpoints; and 3) clinical health consequences such as prevalence of health conditions, directly or indirectly through validated surrogate markers.ResultsIn identifying potential NFCs of public health concern, the 2020 DGA Committee developed a decision-tree framework with suggestions for combining the 3 prongs. The identified NFCs of public health concern for Americans ≥1 y old included fiber, calcium (≥2 y old), vitamin D, and potassium for low intakes and sodium, added sugars, and saturated fats (≥2 y old) for high intakes that were associated with adverse health consequences. Iron was identified among infants ages 6-12 mo fed human milk. For reproductive-aged and pregnant females, iron (all trimesters) and folate (first trimester) were identified for low intake, based on dietary and biomarker data (iron) or the severity of the consequence (folic acid and neural tube defects). Among pregnant women, low iodine was of potential public health concern based on biomarker data. Other NFCs that were underconsumed, overconsumed, and pose special challenges were identified across the life course.ConclusionsThe proposed decision-tree framework was intended to streamline and add transparency to the work of this and future Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committees to identify NFCs that need to be encouraged or discouraged in order to help reduce risk of chronic disease and promote health and energy balance in the population.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/53z0b9zrTest

المؤلفون: Bailey, Regan L, Jun, Shinyoung, Murphy, Lisa, Green, Ralph, Gahche, Jaime J, Dwyer, Johanna T, Potischman, Nancy, McCabe, George P, Miller, Joshua W

المصدر: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 112(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Prevention, Complementary and Integrative Health, Nutrition, Aging, Clinical Research, Aged, Cognition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Female, Folic Acid, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nutrition Surveys, United States, Vitamin B 12, Vitamin B 12 Deficiency, folate, unmetabolized folic acid, vitamin B-12, interaction, cognitive function, older adults, NHANES, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics, Clinical sciences, Nutrition and dietetics

الوصف: BackgroundPotential safety concerns relative to impaired cognitive function may exist when high folic acid exposures are combined with low vitamin B-12 status.ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the relation of the coexistence of high folate and low vitamin B-12 status with cognitive function, utilizing various definitions of "high" folate status.MethodsCross-sectional data from older adults (≥60 y; n = 2420) from the 2011-2014 NHANES were analyzed. High folate status was defined as unmetabolized serum folic acid (UMFA) > 1 nmol/L or serum total folate > 74.1 nmol/L, and low vitamin B-12 status as methylmalonic acid > 271 nmol/L or serum vitamin B-12

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/55k1x432Test

المؤلفون: Maruvada, Padma, Stover, Patrick J, Mason, Joel B, Bailey, Regan L, Davis, Cindy D, Field, Martha S, Finnell, Richard H, Garza, Cutberto, Green, Ralph, Gueant, Jean-Louis, Jacques, Paul F, Klurfeld, David M, Lamers, Yvonne, MacFarlane, Amanda J, Miller, Joshua W, Molloy, Anne M, O'Connor, Deborah L, Pfeiffer, Christine M, Potischman, Nancy A, Rodricks, Joseph V, Rosenberg, Irwin H, Ross, Sharon A, Shane, Barry, Selhub, Jacob, Stabler, Sally P, Trasler, Jacquetta, Yamini, Sedigheh, Zappalà, Giovanna

المصدر: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 112(5)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Nutrition and Dietetics, Nutrition, Prevention, Clinical Research, Complementary and Integrative Health, Aetiology, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Cancer, Cardiovascular, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child, Preschool, Dietary Supplements, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Folic Acid, Humans, Middle Aged, United States, folic acid, folate, vitamin B-12, upper limit, excess intake, unmetabolized folic acid, adverse outcomes, Engineering, Medical and Health Sciences, Nutrition & Dietetics, Clinical sciences, Nutrition and dietetics

الوصف: Folate, an essential nutrient found naturally in foods in a reduced form, is present in dietary supplements and fortified foods in an oxidized synthetic form (folic acid). There is widespread agreement that maintaining adequate folate status is critical to prevent diseases due to folate inadequacy (e.g., anemia, birth defects, and cancer). However, there are concerns of potential adverse effects of excess folic acid intake and/or elevated folate status, with the original concern focused on exacerbation of clinical effects of vitamin B-12 deficiency and its role in neurocognitive health. More recently, animal and observational studies have suggested potential adverse effects on cancer risk, birth outcomes, and other diseases. Observations indicating adverse effects from excess folic acid intake, elevated folate status, and unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) remain inconclusive; the data do not provide the evidence needed to affect public health recommendations. Moreover, strong biological and mechanistic premises connecting elevated folic acid intake, UMFA, and/or high folate status to adverse health outcomes are lacking. However, the body of evidence on potential adverse health outcomes indicates the need for comprehensive research to clarify these issues and bridge knowledge gaps. Three key research questions encompass the additional research needed to establish whether high folic acid or total folate intake contributes to disease risk. 1) Does UMFA affect biological pathways leading to adverse health effects? 2) Does elevated folate status resulting from any form of folate intake affect vitamin B-12 function and its roles in sustaining health? 3) Does elevated folate intake, regardless of form, affect biological pathways leading to adverse health effects other than those linked to vitamin B-12 function? This article summarizes the proceedings of an August 2019 NIH expert workshop focused on addressing these research areas.

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7q56r65vTest

المؤلفون: Tripicchio, Gina L., Bailey, Regan L., Davey, Adam, Croce, Christina M., Fisher, Jennifer Orlet

مصطلحات موضوعية: diet, snacking, adolescents, behavioural health

الوصف: This article was originally published in Public Health Nutrition. The version of record is available at: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980023001635Test. © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Nutrition Society. ; Objective: To evaluate snacking and diet quality among US adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional analysis examined snack frequency (snacks/day), size (kcal/snack) and energy density (kcal/g/snack) as predictors of diet quality using the mean of two 24-h dietary recalls. Diet quality was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2015, 0–100), a mean adequacy ratio (MAR, 0–100) for under-consumed nutrients (potassium, fibre, Ca, vitamin D) and mean percentage of recommended limits for over-consumed nutrients (added sugar, saturated fat, Na). Linear regression models examined total snacks, food only snacks and beverage only snacks, as predictors of diet quality adjusting for demographic characteristics and estimated energy reporting accuracy. Setting: 2007–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants: Adolescents 12–19 years (n 4985). Results: Snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 (β = 0·7 (0·3), P < 0·05) but also with higher intake of over-consumed nutrients (β = 3·0 (0·8), P ≤ 0·001). Snack size was associated with lower HEI (β = –0·005 (0·001), P ≤ 0·001) and MAR (β = –0·005 (0·002), P < 0·05) and higher intake of over-consumed nutrients (β = 0·03 (0·005), P ≤ 0·001). Associations differed for food only and beverage only snacks. Food only snack frequency was associated with higher HEI-2015 (β = 1·7 (0·03), P ≤ 0·001), while food only snack size (β = –0·006 (0·0009), P ≤ 0·001) and food only snack energy density (β = –1·1 (0·2), P ≤ 0·001) were associated with lower HEI-2015. Conversely, beverage only snack frequency (β = 4·4 (2·1) P < 0·05) and beverage only snack size (β = 0·03 (0·01), P ≤ 0·001) were associated with higher intake of over-consumed nutrients. Conclusions: Smaller, frequent, less energy-dense food only ...

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العلاقة: Tripicchio, G., Bailey, R., Davey, A., Croce, C., & Fisher, J. (2023). Snack frequency, size, and energy density are associated with diet quality among US adolescents. Public Health Nutrition, 26(11), 2374-2382. doi:10.1017/S1368980023001635; https://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/33618Test

الإتاحة: https://udspace.udel.edu/handle/19716/33618Test