المؤلفون: Rude, Eitan D.¹ (AUTHOR) eitan.rude.phd@anderson.ucla.edu, Shaddy, Franklin¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Psychological Science (0956-7976). May2024, Vol. 35 Issue 5, p529-542. 14p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *FRAUD, JUDICIAL error, ACTUAL innocence, PROCEDURAL justice, PUNISHMENT, MORAL judgment

مستخلص: Countless policies are crafted with the intention of punishing all who do wrong or rewarding only those who do right. However, this requires accommodating certain mistakes: some who do not deserve to be punished might be, and some who deserve to be rewarded might not be. Six preregistered experiments (N = 3,484 U.S. adults) reveal that people are more willing to accept this trade-off in principle, before errors occur, than in practice, after errors occur. The result is an asymmetry such that for punishments, people believe it is more important to prevent false negatives (e.g., criminals escaping justice) than to fix them, and more important to fix false positives (e.g., wrongful convictions) than to prevent them. For rewards, people believe it is more important to prevent false positives (e.g., welfare fraud) than to fix them and more important to fix false negatives (e.g., improperly denied benefits) than to prevent them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Delmás Martín, Daniel

المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat Jaume I. Escola de Doctorat

مرشدي الرسالة: BERNAD MONFERRER, M. ESTELA, GALAN, Esteban, Mut-Camacho, Magdalena

المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Protocolo, Protocol, Ciencia del protocolo, Protocol science, Docencia del protocolo, Teaching protocol, Protocolo actual, Current protocol, Ciències Socials

الوصف: Doctorat internacional

الوصف (مترجم): El objetivo de esta investigación es acercar la academia y la profesión en el ámbito del protocolo. La distancia entre ambas vertientes se ha traducido en los retos de la disciplina en el s. XXI, y en su principal escollo para que avance y se consolide científicamente. Los métodos de investigación han sido el método hipotético-deductivo y el estudio de caso. La principal conclusión alcanzada ha sido la creación de la primera definición de protocolo sostenida sobre literatura científica. Se ha confirmado el estado embrionario de la disciplina, su origen en la cooperación humana y los cinco retos que tiene la materia en el s. XXI y que sintetizan su estado actual. Pedagógicamente, la conclusión es que, debido a su escasa literatura científica, no tiene todavía el cuerpo doctrinal suficiente para estudiarse de forma independiente. A largo plazo, con investigación científica, ganará cuerpo doctrinal organizándose en un área independiente.
The main goal of this research is to bring academy and practice closer in the field of protocol. The distance between both has turned into challenges for the discipline in the 21st century, and it constitutes its main stumbling block to advance and consolidate scientifically. With the purpose of contributing to its evolution, the first definition of protocol based on scientific literature is proposed, and a thorough analysis of how its higher education in Spain is organized has been made. The research methods are the hypothetical-deductive method and the case study. The main conclusion drawn has been the creation of the first protocol definition sustained on scientific literature. In addition, the embryonic state of the discipline has been confirmed, its origin in human cooperation has been identified and five challenges that the subject has in the 21st century and which synthesize the current state of protocol have been outlined
Programa de Doctorat en Ciències de la Comunicació

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/687361Test

المؤلفون: Ceka, Erica¹ (AUTHOR), Ermasova, Natalia¹ (AUTHOR) ermasova@gmail.com, Jackson, Lisa¹ (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Public Organization Review. Mar2024, Vol. 24 Issue 1, p119-140. 22p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *CONVENIENCE sampling (Statistics), *CRIMINAL justice system, JUDICIAL error, ACTUAL innocence, ETHNICITY

مستخلص: This research employs a convenience sample survey design to explore the complex interaction between race, gender, and public perceptions of wrongful convictions. Examining 324 responses from diverse groups, the study finds that these views are not uniform across different demographics. African Americans and women exhibit significantly heightened perceptions of wrongful convictions and more robust support for justice reform. The regression results also highlight that age, education, and professional background in law enforcement significantly influence these perspectives. Notwithstanding its limitations, the study forms foundation for further inquiry into the role of socio-demographic factors in shaping public attitudes toward criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Public Organization Review is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Kieckhaefer, Jenna¹ (AUTHOR) jkieckhaefer@csufresno.edu, Luna, Samantha² (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Psychology, Crime & Law. May2024, Vol. 30 Issue 4, p338-357. 20p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *ACTUAL innocence, *JUDICIAL error, *POLICE misconduct, *CRIMINAL justice system, *PUBLIC support, *LIE detectors & detection, *MONETARY incentives

مستخلص: Compensation is one of the few resources available to exonerees, as they do not qualify for many of the same re-entry services available to parolees. Past research has shown public support for exoneree compensation; however, little is known about what factors influence perceptions of exonerees receiving compensation. The current study investigated the role of the contributing factor in an exoneree's wrongful conviction case, participant characteristics, and perceptions of an exoneree and wrongful convictions, on perceptions of monetary compensation awards. Student participants were randomly assigned to read one of three fictitious news articles that varied in terms of the factor that led to an exoneree's wrongful conviction (i.e. false confession, eyewitness misidentification, or police misconduct), and afterwards answered a series of questions assessing perceptions of assistance, of the exoneree, and of wrongful convictions. Results indicated that contributing factor (police misconduct), participant characteristics (men), and perceptions of the exoneree (more innocent than guilty, exoneree 'Black' or 'Hispanic') and of wrongful convictions (supportive of other forms of assistance) were significant predictors of monetary compensation awards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Li, Peiyuan¹ (AUTHOR) pl227@duke.edu, Li, Wei² (AUTHOR)

المصدر: Economics of Transition & Institutional Change. Jan2024, Vol. 32 Issue 1, p143-163. 21p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: JUDICIAL error, ACTUAL innocence, JUSTICE administration, POLICE chiefs, JUDICIAL independence, COMMUNIST parties

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHINA

مستخلص: This study examines the impact of an imbalanced judiciary on the generation and rectification of wrongful convictions in China. Specifically, we investigate the influence of the Political and Legal Affairs Commissions (PLACs), which are tasked by the Communist Party with controlling judicial authorities. By analyzing 335 cases of wrongful convictions between 1990 and 2010, we have identified a significant relationship between the appointment of PLAC secretaries as chiefs of police and an increase in wrongful convictions. This arrangement disrupts the checks within the judicial system, leading to the prosecution of an additional 251 individuals each year in a given province. Our research reveals that in 81% of the cases examined, the correction of a wrongful conviction occurred after the secretary of the provincial PLAC, who held oversight over the court responsible for the conviction, had left office. Furthermore, even after the responsible PLAC secretaries had been replaced, if the successors were previously their subordinates, the likelihood of reversing wrongful convictions remained low. Our findings provide persuasive evidence in favour of judicial independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Economics of Transition & Institutional Change is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Paris, Salvatore¹

المصدر: Missouri Law Review. Fall2024, Vol. 88 Issue 4, p1255-1278. 24p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *JUDICIAL error, *ACTUAL innocence, *PROSECUTORS, *DISSENTING opinions (Law)

الشركة/الكيان: MISSOURI. Supreme Court

مستخلص: The article focuses on the flawed application of Missouri's wrongful conviction statute, specifically examining the Missouri Supreme Court's handling of State v. Johnson. Topics include the complexities of the statute's operation in capital cases, the challenges arising when a prosecutor files a motion after an execution date is set, and the analysis of the majority's reasoning and the dissent's arguments in the case.

المؤلفون: Fabregat Aguiló, Laura

المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat Rovira i Virgili. Departament de Filologia Catalana

مرشدي الرسالة: Corretger Sàez, Montserrat

المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)

مصطلحات موضوعية: novel·la catalana actual, Narrativa postmoderna, literatura contemporània, novela catalana actual, narrativa posmoderna, literatura contemporania, modern Catalan novel, post-modern narrative, contemporary literature, Arts i Humanitats

الوصف: Aquest estudi extreu les tendències literàries que sobresurten en el panorama novel·lístic en llengua catalana del segle XXI a partir de l’anàlisi de set eixos definidors i característics d'aquesta narrativa: la relació temàtica amb la crisi identitària, la incertesa i la manca de sentit general; la plasmació de la quotidianitat i el context immediat per mitjà de personatges amb actituds i patologies molt properes als individus coetanis; la inclusió normalitzada del fantàstic en textos de temàtica i ambientació realistes a través del gènere del realisme màgic o el neofantàstic; l’auge del mètode de la fragmentació discursiva mitjançant diverses tècniques que trenquen amb la coherència, la lògica i la uniformitat; l’increment en l’ús de la pràctica metaliterària, és a dir, aquella narrativa que es refereix a ella mateixa; la tendència creixent a l'elaboració de narracions d’autoficció, en què l'autor s'introdueix de manera parcial dintre de la història, generalment a partir de la primera persona narrativa, i la forta instauració del formalisme literari, que es fa visible en obres que avantatgen la forma (el com) al contingut (el què).

الوصف (مترجم): Este estudio extrae las tendencias literarias que sobresalen en el panorama novelístico en lengua catalana del siglo XXI a partir del análisis de siete ejes definidores y característicos de esta narrativa: la relación temática con la crisis identitaria, la incertidumbre y la falta de sentido general; la plasmación de la cotidianidad y el contexto inmediato por medio de personajes con actitudes y patologías muy cercanas a los individuos coetáneos; la inclusión normalizada del fantástico en textos de temática y ambientación realistas a través del género del realismo mágico o el neofantástico; el auge del método de la fragmentación discursiva mediante diversas técnicas que rompen con la coherencia, la lógica y la uniformidad; el incremento en el uso de la práctica metaliteraria, es decir, aquella narrativa que se refiere a ella misma; la tendencia creciente a la elaboración de narraciones de autoficción, en que el autor se introduce de forma parcial dentro de la historia, generalmente a partir de la primera persona narrativa, y la fuerte instauración del formalismo literario, que se hace visible en obras que aventajan la forma (el cómo) al contenido (el qué).
This study extracts the literary trends that emerge in the 21st century Catalan-language novel scene from an analysis of seven defining and characteristic axes of this narrative: the thematic relation with the identity crisis, the uncertainty and the lack of general sense; the expression of everyday life and immediate context through characters with attitudes and pathologies which are very close to contemporary individuals; the normalized inclusion of the fantastic in texts of realistic topic and setting by the genre of magical realism or neofantastic; the rise of the method of discursive fragmentation through various techniques that break with consistency, logic and uniformity; the increase in the use of metaliterary practice, that is to say, the narrative that refers to itself; the growing tendency to elaborate autofiction narratives, in which the author is partially introduced into the story, usually from the first narrative person, and the strong implementing of literary formalism, which becomes visible in works that put the form (the how) before the content (the what).

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669415Test

المؤلفون: Yun-Ching Ko¹, Yu-Ting Chiao¹, Mong-Hwa Chin²

المصدر: Forensic Science Review. Jan2024, Vol. 36 Issue 1, p11-16. 6p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *JUDICIAL error, *ACTUAL innocence, *FORENSIC sciences, *CRIMINAL procedure, *SCIENTIFIC literature

مصطلحات جغرافية: TAIWAN

المؤلفون: Itskovich, Eran¹ Eran.Itskovich@mail.huji.ac.il, Factor, Roni¹, Ohana, Daniel¹

المصدر: Punishment & Society. Dec2023, Vol. 25 Issue 5, p1233-1253. 21p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *ACTUAL innocence, *CRIMINAL justice system, *PUNISHMENT, *POLITICAL affiliation, *RACISM

مستخلص: Studies on the criminal justice process up to the point of conviction show that defendants who belong to racially marginalized groups suffer a greater risk of being wrongfully convicted. However, little attention has been paid to the period after conviction. Applying multilevel analysis to data from the National Registry of Exonerations in the United States, we compare the length of the exoneration process for members of racially marginalized minority groups who are shown to have been wrongfully convicted compared with their counterparts from the white majority group. Our results indicate that exonerees from racially marginalized groups serve more time out of their sentence compared to those who are white. Further analysis shows that these differences exist only with respect to exonerees in Republican-controlled states. These findings suggest that not only are racially marginalized minorities wrongfully convicted at higher rates, as found in previous studies, but also that they suffer longer periods of unjustified punishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

المؤلفون: Garola, Àlvar

المساهمون: University/Department: Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya. Departament d'Enginyeria Civil i Ambiental

مرشدي الرسالة: Robusté Antón, Francesc

المصدر: TDX (Tesis Doctorals en Xarxa)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Impacte territorial, Infraestructura del transport, Economia regional, Ocupació del sòl, Stakeholders, SAIT (Sistema d’Avaluació d’Infraestructures de Transport), MAIT (Mètode d’Avaluació d’Infraestructures de Transport), RAILPAG (Railway Project Appraisal Guidelines), VAN (Valor Actual Net), TIR (Taxa Interna de Rendiment), Àrees temàtiques de la UPC::Enginyeria civil

الوصف: This doctoral thesis analyzes the impact of the creation and implementation of transport infrastructures, specifically high-capacity road axes, on the territory and the welfare of the population with a marginal approach: several improvements are proposed over the usual methodologies. First, macroeconomic aspects are analyzed from the regionalization of input-output tables at the regional level and the application of shift-share methodologies and analysis of the productive and business base at a local level, to capture the changes produced by the implementation of a transport infrastructure. With the input-output table, the regional impacts are determined starting from the coefficients of location of the productive base with an iterative methodology. As a result, the distribution of the impacts of implementing an infrastructure between local, Catalan and outside Catalonia economies is obtained. This is the minimum impact, because it does not include factors related to distance or interproductive relationships at the local level, which are left as a future research. Shift-share analysis is difficult to apply in a generic mode and refers to particular cases. The variations in the business and productive base explain, to a large extent, how the effects of the implementation of an infrastructure are transferred to the local economy. However, given that economic benefits depend on the attitude of local economic agents, it is important that investments in infrastructures are associated with accompanying measures in the economic field. The second part of the thesis analyzes microeconomic aspects, including the monetary valuation of the environmental functions lost due to the change of land uses, instead of the expropriations (which are a transfer between the Administration and the owner of the land) within the cost-benefit analysis. Intangible valuation techniques allow monetizing these environmental functions, contributing to the cost-benefit analysis better reflecting the results on social welfare. Finally, privacy is valued in monetary terms, through discounts on tolls for high occupancy vehicles (3 or more occupants), which involve the use of a highly sensitive camera to detect occupants. These control mechanisms through video cameras or photographs are common within the concept of smart mobility, and are causing interesting debates about possible coercion of privacy. The thesis measures this privacy based on surveys, an innovative aspect that may be relevant in the future. The document closes with global conclusions and future research.

الوصف (مترجم): Aquesta tesi doctoral analitza l'impacte de la creació i posada en marxa de les infraestructures de transport, concretament eixos viaris de gran capacitat, sobre el territori i el benestar de la població, amb un enfocament marginal: es proposen diverses millores sobre les metodologies habituals. Primer s’analitzen aspectes macroeconòmics a partir de la regionalització de les taules input-output a nivell comarcal i l’aplicació de metodologies shift-share i d’anàlisi de la base productiva i empresarial a escala local, per copsar els canvis produïts per la posada en marxa d’una infraestructura de transport. En la taula input-output es determinen els impactes comarcals partint de coeficients de localització de la base productiva amb una metodologia iterativa. Així s’obté el repartiment dels impactes de posar en marxa una infraestructura entre l’economia local, la catalana i fora de Catalunya. Aquest és l’impacte mínim, doncs no inclou factors relacionats amb distància o amb les relacions interproductives en l’àmbit local, que es deixen com a recerca futura. L’anàlisi shift-share és difícil d’aplicar de forma genèrica i es fa a casos particulars. Les variacions en la base empresarial i productiva expliquen, en gran part, com es traslladen els efectes sobre l’economia local de la posada en marxa d’una infraestructura. Ara bé, atès que els beneficis econòmics depenen de l’actitud dels agents econòmics locals, és important que les inversions en infraestructures vagin associades a mesures d’acompanyament en l’àmbit econòmic. La segona part de la tesi analitza aspectes microeconòmics, incloent la valoració monetària de les funcions ambientals perdudes pel canvi d’usos del sòl, en lloc de les expropiacions (que no deixen de ser una transferència entre l’Administració i el propietari del sòl) dins l’anàlisi cost-benefici. Les tècniques de valoració d’intangibles permeten monetitzar aquestes funcions ambientals, contribuint a que l’anàlisi costbenefici reflecteixi millor els resultats sobre el benestar social. Finalment, es valora la privacitat en termes monetaris, a través dels descomptes en els peatges als vehicles d’alta ocupació (3 ó més ocupants), que impliquen l’ús d’una càmera d’alta sensibilitat per a detectar els ocupants. Aquests mecanismes de control a través de càmeres de vídeo o de fotografies, són habituals dins el concepte d’smart mobility, i estan provocant interessants debats sobre possible coartació de la privacitat. La tesi mesura aquesta privacitat en base a enquestes, un aspecte innovador i que pot ser rellevant en el futur. El document es tanca amb conclusions globals i recerca futura
Esta tesis doctoral analiza el impacto de la creación y puesta en marcha de las infraestructuras de transporte, concretamente ejes viarios de gran capacidad, sobre el territorio y el bienestar de la población, con un enfoque marginal: se proponen varias mejoras sobre las metodologías habituales. Primero se analizan aspectos macroeconómicos a partir de la regionalización de las tablas input-output a nivel comarcal y la aplicación de metodologías shift-share y de análisis de la base productiva y empresarial a escala local, para captar los cambios producidos por la puesta en marcha de una infraestructura de transporte. En la tabla input-output se determinan los impactos comarcales partiendo de coeficientes de localización de la base productiva con una metodología iterativa. Así se obtiene el reparto de los impactos de poner en marcha una infraestructura entre la economía local, la catalana y fuera de Cataluña. Este es el impacto mínimo, pues no incluye factores relacionados con distancia o con las relaciones interproductivas en el ámbito local, que se dejan como investigación futura. El análisis shift-share es difícil de aplicar de forma genérica y se refiere a casos particulares. Las variaciones en la base empresarial y productiva explican, en gran parte, como se trasladan los efectos sobre la economía local de la puesta en marcha de una infraestructura. Dado que los beneficios económicos dependen de la actitud de los agentes económicos locales, es importante que las inversiones en infraestructuras vayan asociadas a medidas de acompañamiento en el ámbito económico. La segunda parte de la tesis analiza aspectos microeconómicos, incluyendo la valoración monetaria de las funciones ambientales perdidas por el cambio de usos del suelo, en lugar de las expropiaciones (que no dejan de ser una transferencia entre la Administración y el propietario del suelo) dentro del análisis costebeneficio. Las técnicas de valoración de intangibles permiten monetizar estas funciones ambientales, contribuyendo a que el análisis coste-beneficio refleje mejor los resultados sobre el bienestar social. Finalmente, se valora la privacidad en términos monetarios, a través de los descuentos en los peajes a los vehículos de alta ocupación (3 o más ocupantes), que implican el uso de una cámara de alta sensibilidad para detectar los ocupantes. Estos mecanismos de control a través de cámaras de vídeo o de fotos, son habituales dentro del concepto de smart mobility, y están provocando interesantes debates sobre posible coartación de la privacidad. La tesis mide esta privacidad en base a encuestas, un aspecto innovador y que puede ser relevante en el futuro. El documento finaliza con conclusiones globales e investigaciones futuras.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665219Test