المؤلفون: Andreas Stengel, Derrick R. Witcher, Yvette Taché, Lixin Wang, Tamer Coskun, Miriam Goebel, Nils Lambrecht, Iskandar Yakubov, George Sachs

المصدر: Endocrinology. 150:232-238

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Neuropeptide, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Enteroendocrine cell, Histidine Decarboxylase, Biology, Weight Gain, Article, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Endocrinology, Parietal Cells, Gastric, Internal medicine, Gastric mucosa, medicine, Animals, Nucleobindins, Pancreas, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Stomach, Calcium-Binding Proteins, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Immunohistochemistry, Histidine decarboxylase, Ghrelin, Rats, DNA-Binding Proteins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Somatostatin, Gastric Mucosa, Pituitary Gland, RNA, Energy Intake

الوصف: Hypothalamic nesfatin-1, derived from the nucleobindin2 (NUCB2) precursor, inhibits nocturnal food intake and body weight gain in rats. Nesfatin-1 is able to cross the blood-brain barrier, suggesting a peripheral source of nesfatin-1. Many centrally acting food intake regulatory neuropeptides are also produced in the periphery, especially in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we investigated the gene expression of NUCB2 and distribution of nesfatin-1-immunoreactive cells in the stomach. Microarray mRNA expression profiles in purified small endocrine cells of the gastric mucosa substantiated by quantitative RT-PCR showed significantly higher NUCB2 mRNA expression compared with brain and heart. Western blot confirmed the expression of NUCB2 protein and its transport into a secretory soluble fraction of gastric mucosal endocrine cell homogenates. Immunohistochemical colabeling for nesfatin-1 and ghrelin, histidine decarboxylase, or somatostatin revealed two subtypes of nesfatin-1-positive endocrine cells. Cells in the midportion of the glands coexpressed nesfatin-1 and ghrelin, whereas few cells in the glandular base coexpressed nesfatin-1 and somatostatin or histidine decarboxylase. High-resolution three-dimensional volume imaging revealed two separate populations of intracytoplasmic vesicles in these cells, one containing nesfatin-1 and the other ghrelin immunoreactivity. Microarray rat genome expression data of NUCB2 in small gastric endocrine cells confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR showed significant down-regulation of NUCB2 after 24 h fasting. In summary, NUCB2 mRNA expression as well as protein content is present in a specific subset of gastric endocrine cells, most of which coexpress ghrelin. NUCB2 gene expression is significantly regulated by nutritional status, suggesting a regulatory role of peripheral nesfatin-1 in energy homeostasis.Nesfatin-1/nucleobindin 2 is co-expressed in gastric ghrelin-containing X/A-like cells, suggesting the release of orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides from the same endocrine cells regulating food intake.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::0ffaabda3c931e20ec0beaa68e7fa035Test
https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-0747Test

المؤلفون: Shaoyou Chu, Marshall H. Montrose, Tamer Coskun, Heidi K. Baumgartner

المصدر: American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 283:G1147-G1155

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Physiology, Hydrochloric acid, Alkalies, Chloride, pH meter, Gastric Acid, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, chemistry.chemical_compound, Chlorides, Chloridometer, Physiology (medical), medicine, Animals, Secretion, Enzyme Inhibitors, Hepatology, Chemistry, Stomach, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Gastroenterology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Rats, Pentagastrin, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biochemistry, Gastric Mucosa, Gastric acid, Omeprazole, medicine.drug

الوصف: Gastric secretion of hydrochloric acid requires protons and chloride, yet the mechanisms and regulation of gastric chloride secretion remain unclear. We developed an in vivo technique to simultaneously measure acid/base and chloride secretion into the gastric lumen of anesthetized rats. The cannulated stomach lumen was perfused with weakly pH-buffered chloride-free solution containing a chloride-sensitive fluorophore [5 μM N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)-6-methoxyquinolinium bromide (MQAE)]. Gastric acid and chloride secretion was detected in gastric effluents by 1) flow-through pH electrode and 2) MQAE fluorescence. Gastric effluent was also collected at 1-min intervals for independent determination of chloride amount by chloridometer. In all conditions, both optical and chemical determinations of chloride report similar amounts of secreted chloride. During luminal perfusion with pH 5 solution, net acid and chloride secretion into the lumen was observed. Pentagastrin stimulated both secretions. In contrast, proton pump inhibition (omeprazole) caused alkalinization of the gastric effluent, but chloride secretion was not diminished. During luminal pH 3 perfusion, net alkali secretion was observed, and chloride secretion at luminal pH 3 was greater than pH 5. When tissue is pretreated with omeprazole at luminal pH 3, the addition of prostaglandin E2 synchronously stimulates both alkali and chloride secretion. Results suggest that both acid and alkali secretions are separately coupled with chloride secretion.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1e8c934ef48a48e664dd7acb53dc975bTest
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00184.2002Test

المؤلفون: Uzay Kirbiyik, Shaoyou Chu, Marshall H. Montrose, Tamer Coskun, Heidi K. Baumgartner

المصدر: The Journal of Physiology. 544:871-882

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Physiology, ATPase, Endogeny, Alkalies, Gastric Acid, Mice, chemistry.chemical_compound, pH indicator, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Prostaglandin E2, Omeprazole, Fluorescent Dyes, Mice, Inbred ICR, Chromatography, biology, Stomach, Original Articles, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biochemistry, chemistry, Gastric Mucosa, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases, biology.protein, Cyclo-oxygenase, medicine.drug

الوصف: In the stomach, production of prostaglandins by cyclo-oxygenase (COX) is believed to be important in mucosal defence. We tested the hypothesis that endogenous COX activity is required for protective gastric surface pH control. Intact stomachs of anaesthetized mice were perfused with a weakly buffered solution (150 mM NaCl + 4 mM Homopipes) at pH values from 2.5 to 7.0. Gastric effluents were collected to measure pH and estimate amounts of acid or alkali secretion in nanomoles secreted per minute. A switch from net acid to net alkali secretion was seen in response to acidifying luminal pH with an apparent 'set point' between pH 4 and 5. At luminal pH 3, the net alkali secretion (12.7 +/- 2.8 nmol OH(-) equivalents min(-1)) was abolished (2.2 +/- 1.7 nmol OH(-) min(-1)) by the non-specific COX inhibitor indomethacin (5 mg kg(-1) I.P.). Similar inhibition was observed using a COX-1 inhibitor (SC-560; 10 mg kg(-1) I.P.), but not a COX-2 inhibitor (NS-398; 10 mg kg(-1) I.P.). Subsequent treatment with 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E(2) (dm-PGE(2); 1 mg kg(-1) I.P.) rescued the alkali secretion (21.8 +/- 2.7 nmol OH(-) min(-1)). In either the absence or presence of the H(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor omeprazole (60 mg kg(-1) I.P.), indomethacin blocked similar amounts of net alkali secretion (10.5 +/- 2.7 and 16.4 +/- 3.4 nmol OH(-) min(-1), respectively). We also used in vivo confocal microscopy to examine pH near the mucosal surface. The gastric mucosal surface of anaesthetized mice was exposed and mucosal surface pH was imaged using the fluorescence intensity ratio of Cl-NERF as a pH indicator. Results showed a switch from a continuous net acid to net alkali secretion by the stomach in response to changing superfusate pH from 5 to 3. At luminal pH 3, the relatively alkaline surface pH (4.3 +/- 0.1) was acidified (3.6 +/- 0.2) by indomethacin, and subsequent dm-PGE(2) restored surface pH (4.2 +/- 0.2). We conclude that the pre-epithelial alkaline layer is regulated by endogenous COX activity.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::48c0bee426e35701bd856cfba849e03bTest
https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2002.024620Test

المؤلفون: Shaoyou Chu, Tamer Coskun, Marshall H. Montrose

المصدر: American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology. 281:G870-G877

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, Alkalies, pH meter, Gastric Acid, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Exocrine secretion, In vivo, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Secretion, Enzyme Inhibitors, Alkaline secretion, Hepatology, Chemistry, Stomach, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Gastroenterology, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Rats, Surface ph, Perfusion, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Biochemistry, Gastric Mucosa, Pentagastrin, Rat Stomach, Somatostatin, Omeprazole

الوصف: Our previous report showed gastric mucosal surface pH was determined by alkali secretion at intragastric luminal pH 3 but by acid secretion at intragastric pH 5. Here, we question whether regulation of mucosal surface pH is due to the effect of luminal pH on net acid/base secretions of the whole stomach. Anesthetized rats with a gastric cannula were used, the stomach lumen was perfused with weakly buffered saline, and gastric secretion was detected in the gastric effluent with 1) a flow-through pH electrode and 2) a fluorescent pH-sensitive dye (Cl-NERF). During pH 5 luminal perfusion, both pH sensors reported the gastric effluent was acidic (pH 4.79). After perfusion was stopped transiently (stop-flow), net acid accumulation was observed in the effluent when perfusion was restarted (peak change to pH 4.1–4.3). During pH 3 luminal perfusion, both pH sensors reported gastric effluent was close to perfusate pH (3.0–3.1), but net alkali accumulation was detected at both pH sensors after stop-flow (peak pH 3.3). Buffering capacity of gastric effluents was used to calculate net acid/alkaline secretions. Omeprazole blocked acid secretion during pH 5 perfusion and amplified net alkali secretion during pH 3 perfusion. Pentagastrin elicited net acid secretion under both luminal pH conditions, an effect antagonized by somatostatin. We conclude that in the basal condition, the rat stomach was acid secretory at luminal pH 5 but alkaline secretory at luminal pH 3.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::58d98bef42206ed1f404d6826eaadcc6Test
https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.2001.281.4.g870Test

المؤلفون: Hizir Kurtel, İnci Alican, Tamer Coskun, Uğur Özkutlu, Berrak Ç. Yeğen, Ayhan Bozkurt

المصدر: ResearcherID

مصطلحات موضوعية: Central Nervous System, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Physiology, medicine.medical_treatment, Clinical Biochemistry, Endogeny, Biochemistry, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, Stress, Physiological, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Saline, Injections, Intraventricular, Cholecystokinin, Gastric emptying, business.industry, Stomach, digestive, oral, and skin physiology, Antagonist, Rats, Preload, medicine.anatomical_structure, Gastric Emptying, chemistry, Capsaicin, business, hormones, hormone substitutes, and hormone antagonists

الوصف: The corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF) is shown to be released during stress suggesting that CRF has a physiological role in the mediation of central nervous system (CNS) response to stress, including an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying. In the present study, we have examined the pathways by which intracerebroventricularly (i.c.v.) administered CRF and central CRF activation during stress alter the gastric emptying rate of saline (0.14 M), acid (50 mM), peptone (4.5%) and peptone after preload. The emptying rates of all these test meals were significantly (p < 0.05-0.001) delayed with increasing doses of i.c.v. CRF (0.001, 0.003, 0.01, 0.1, 0.3 and 1 nmol/10 microl), when compared with their i.c.v. saline-treated controls. The 1-nmol dose of CRF inhibited the emptying of acid, peptone and peptone after a preload by 43.8%, 64.1% and 81.1%, respectively. Twenty-minute swim stress delayed gastric emptying rate of saline, acid and peptone solutions significantly (p < 0.001) and the CRF receptor antagonist, alpha-helical CRF (8 nmol/10 microl, i.c.v.), applied before the swim stress, abolished the inhibitory effect of stress on the emptying rate of these solutions. Acute intragastric administration of capsaicin (2 mg/rat) and systemic capsaicin (125 mg kg(-1)) treatment facilitated the gastric emptying rate of acid, peptone and peptone after preload significantly, almost abolishing the inhibitory effect of central CRF (p < 0.001). However, either capsaicin treatment had no effect on stress-induced inhibition of the gastric emptying of none of the solutions, except peptone after a preload. Our findings demonstrate that the gastric inhibitory response induced by swimming as a stress-producing stimulus is mediated by the endogenous release of CRF. They also suggest that CRF exerts its CNS actions on the gastrointestinal tract via vago-vagal, capsaicin-sensitive pathways, probably involving the central cholecystokinin (CCK) mechanisms.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::4ad6ad26c11449f404f82c661da7a72eTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/s0167-0115Test(96)02066-6

المؤلفون: Jesus A, Gutierrez, Jill A, Willency, Michael D, Knierman, Tamer, Coskun, Patricia J, Solenberg, Doug R, Perkins, Richard E, Higgs, John E, Hale

المصدر: Methods in enzymology. 514

مصطلحات موضوعية: Protein Stability, Acylation, Stomach, Cell Culture Techniques, Molecular Conformation, Reproducibility of Results, Transfection, Sensitivity and Specificity, Ghrelin, Culture Media, Rats, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Mice, Gastric Mucosa, Cell Line, Tumor, Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization, Animals, Humans, Gene Silencing, Caprylates, Acyltransferases

الوصف: The hormone ghrelin is a unique signaling peptide with powerful metabolic effects, mediated by its acylated forms. The acyl modification of ghrelin is unique in that it takes place via a susceptible ester linkage in the conserved serine-3 of ghrelin and is composed principally of octanoyl and, to lesser extent, decanoyl fatty acids. The nature of this ester linkage makes it susceptible to esterases, which convert it to its des-acyl forms, and, if not adequately inhibited, the conversion to des-acyl ghrelin, particularly post sample collection, can lead to artifactual and misleading results. Here, we describe sample processing and mass spectrometric methodologies for the accurate and simultaneous quantification of acylated and des-acylated forms of ghrelin. We exploited these methodologies (1) to characterize circulating and tissue-specific forms of acyl and des-acyl ghrelin, (2) to optimize a cell system for acyl ghrelin production and search for the enzyme responsible for ghrelin's acylation, and (3) to demonstrate that GOAT is ghrelin's O-acyl transferase.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=pmid________::7bc6f6ceec74fac564c4fbfe6d1d39c3Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22975051Test

المؤلفون: İnci Alican, Hizir Kurtel, Tamer Coskun, I. Tevetoglu, A. Sevinc, Berrak Ç. Yeğen

المصدر: Research in Experimental Medicine. 195:49-54

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Time Factors, Consciousness, medicine.drug_class, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Internal medicine, Male rats, medicine, Animals, Progesterone, Pregnancy, Gastric emptying, business.industry, Stomach, Estrogens, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Gastric Emptying, Estrogen, Combined therapy, Progesterone treatment, Gastrointestinal function, business

الوصف: Several clinical observations and animal experiments have led to speculation concerning the possible effects of pregnancy and pregnancy-associated sex steroids on gastrointestinal function. It was reported that estrogen increases intestinal contractile activity, while progesterone or the combination of estrogen and progesterone decreases it. In order to measure gastric emptying, a methylcellulose test meal was given orally into the stomach of conscious rats. In progesterone-treated rats, at the dose of 0.2 mg/kg, gastric emptying was not significantly different from that of the control, but it was found to be significantly delayed at the dose of 10 mg/kg (P0.05). Estrogen treatment at doses of 20 micrograms/kg and 600 micrograms/kg significantly delayed gastric emptying, when compared with controls (P0.001). Combined therapy of estrogen and progesterone induced a significant delay in gastric emptying rate compared with the control group (P0.001). In the animals with pseudopregnancy treatment (100 micrograms/kg estrogen+ 15 mg/kg progesterone; 7-12 days) the gastric emptying rate was significantly different from that of the control (P0.05). We conclude that both estrogen and progesterone exert inhibitory effects on gastric emptying, and this may account for the disturbances in gastrointestinal function that pregnant women frequently experience.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::88321092f44139c69cd4c248a00ff531Test
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02576773Test

المؤلفون: Ayhan Bozkurt, Susanne Öner, Tamer Coskun, Salah Ghandour, Nesime Okboy, Berrak Ç. Yeğen, Serap Arbak

المصدر: Regulatory peptides. 99(2-3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Physiology, Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone, Injections, Subcutaneous, Clinical Biochemistry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Inflammation, Biochemistry, Body Temperature, Lesion, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Endocrinology, Internal medicine, Edema, Freezing, medicine, Animals, Receptor, Lung, Peroxidase, biology, business.industry, Stomach, Organ Size, Peripheral, Rats, medicine.anatomical_structure, Liver, Myeloperoxidase, biology.protein, Female, medicine.symptom, business

الوصف: Current experimental evidence concerning the potential activity of corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) in inflammatory processes still remains controversial. To determine whether CRF has protective effects on three remote organs (liver, lung and stomach) affected by cold injury and to characterize the role of neutrophils in cold-induced inflammation, dorsums of anesthetized rats were exposed for 5 min to a 22% NaCl solution maintained at -20+/-0.5 degrees C and the rats were sacrificed at 24 h after the cold injury. The results indicate that cold-exposure-induced edema in the liver, lung and stomach was blocked by subcutaneous (s.c.; 1.2 and 12 nmol/kg; 30 min before cold trauma) CRF pretreatment, while the central administration of CRF (intracisternally (i.c.); 0.30 and 1.5 nmol/rat; 15 min before cold) had the similar effect at the higher dose. Histological assessment and the tissue myeloperoxidase activities also revealed that CRF given peripherally has a protective role in damage generation. Moreover, CRF had a facilitatory effect in the recovery of the body temperature following cold exposure. In conclusion, CRF is likely to act on its peripheral receptors in the inflamed remote organs, suppressing the edematogenic effects of inflammatory mediators, some of which are neutrophil-derived.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::43b34daf10f712ec2dc81ba54b867ad6Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11384774Test

المؤلفون: İnci Alican, Hizir Kurtel, Tamer Coskun, A. Çorak, Berrak Ç. Yeğen

المصدر: Pharmacology. 54(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Carbachol, Indomethacin, In Vitro Techniques, Nitric oxide, Contractility, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, chemistry.chemical_compound, Indometacin, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, Pharmacology, Gastric emptying, biology, Stomach, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, General Medicine, Smooth muscle contraction, Rats, Nitric oxide synthase, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester, chemistry, Gastric Emptying, biology.protein, Nitric Oxide Synthase, medicine.drug, Muscle Contraction

الوصف: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibition on gastric emptying rate in conscious rats and on gastric muscle contractility. The involvement of NO was also investigated in indometacin-induced (25 mg/kg, s.c.) changes in gastric emptying rate and smooth muscle contractility. L-NAME (NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester; 10 mg/kg, i.v.) inhibited the gastric emptying rate compared to controls and this effect was abolished by L-arginine (300 mg/kg, i.v.). Similarly, indometacin treatment led to a significant delay of gastric emptying rate with respect to vehicle-treated rats. Gastric longitudinal and circular muscle strips of L-NAME or indometacin-treated rats showed a reduction in contractile responses to carbachol. The results demonstrate that NO synthase blockade and indometacin treatment delay gastric emptying in conscious rats, concomitant with reduced responsiveness to carbachol, in vitro.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::c933ebc3913eb33c7abf6540355908e6Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9286813Test

المؤلفون: Hizir Kurtel, Önder Peker, Tamer Coskun, İnci Alican, Berrak Ç. Yeğen

المصدر: Scopus-Elsevier

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Restraint, Physical, medicine.medical_specialty, Pathology, Cell Membrane Permeability, Physiology, Cold restraint, Arginine, Nitric Oxide, Nitric oxide, Lesion, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, chemistry.chemical_compound, Bolus (medicine), Stress, Physiological, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Enzyme Inhibitors, Barrier function, Edetic Acid, Peroxidase, Stomach, Mucosal permeability, Gastroenterology, Stereoisomerism, Hepatology, Rats, Cold Temperature, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester, chemistry, Gastric Mucosa, Female, medicine.symptom

الوصف: The objectives of this study were to determine the cold restraint stress-induced changes in gastric mucosal permeability and to assess whether nitric oxide synthesis inhibition affects gastric mucosal integrity after cold-restraint administration. Cold-restraint stress caused multiple gastric lesions in 90% of animals. The lesion index was found to be 3.87 +/- 0.97 mm. Gastric mucosal permeability to the [51CR]EDTA molecule was significantly elevated in the cold-restraint group compared to control. In order to evaluate the role of nitric oxide in cold restraint stress-induced gastropathy, L-arginine analog NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was given as a bolus (10 mg/kg, intravenously) and infused at a rate of 2 mg/ml/hr for 2 hr after cold-restraint administration. L-NAME greatly exacerbated gastric mucosal dysfunction associated with cold-restraint stress. D-NAME, the biologically inactive enantiomer, did not enhance mucosal dysfunction, whereas L-arginine, the substrate for nitric oxide, reversed the effect of L-NAME. In an additional group of experiments, effects of cold-restraint stress and L-NAME on net transmucosal fluid flux as well as tissue myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) were assessed. Cold-restraint stress administration significantly reduced the absorptive capacity of stomach, whereas L-NAME treatment did not affect the stress-induced alterations on net fluid absorption. Furthermore, L-NAME treatment did not affect the cold restraint stress-induced changes in tissue MPO activity. Our results suggest that gastric barrier function is altered after cold-restraint stress and nitric oxide production is important in minimizing mucosal barrier dysfunction associated with cold-restraint stress administration. Our results also indicate that L-NAME-induced alterations on mucosal permeability are not related to net transmucosal fluid flux and tissue neutrophils.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::012630c49b2411bf5f8cff024833c55bTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8625769Test