المؤلفون: Girts, Ryan M., Harmon, Kylie K., Rodriguez, Gabriela, Beausejour, Jonathan P., Pagan, Jason I., Carr, Joshua C., Garcia, Jeanette, Stout, Jeffrey R., Fukuda, David H., Stock, Matt S.

المصدر: Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism; Jun2024, Vol. 49 Issue 6, p805-817, 13p

مصطلحات موضوعية: EXERCISE physiology, BODY composition, REHABILITATION, EXERCISE therapy, ISOMETRIC exercise, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, KNEE joint, RESISTANCE training, MUSCLE strength, MUSCLE weakness, CONVALESCENCE, RECTUS femoris muscles, ANALYSIS of variance, THERAPEUTIC immobilization, QUADRICEPS muscle, RANGE of motion of joints, MUSCLE contraction, NONPARAMETRIC statistics

مستخلص: This manuscript represents the second phase of a clinical trial designed to examine the effects of knee joint immobilization and retraining on muscle strength and mass. In Phase 2, we examined sex differences in the recovery of multiple indices of muscle quality after a resistance training-based rehabilitation program. Following 1 week of immobilization, 27 participants (16 males, 11 females) exhibiting weakness underwent twice weekly resistance training sessions designed to re-strengthen their left knee. Unilateral retraining sessions utilizing leg press, extension, and curl exercises were conducted until participants could reproduce their pre-immobilization knee extension isometric maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque. Post-immobilization, both sexes demonstrated impaired MVC peak torque (males = −10.8%, females = −15.2%), specific torque (−9.8% vs. −13.1%), echo intensity of the vastus lateralis (+6.9% vs. +5.9%) and rectus femoris (+5.9% vs. +2.1), and extracellular water/intracellular water ratio (+7.8% vs. +9.0%). The number of retraining sessions for peak torque to return to baseline for males (median = 1, mean = 2.13) versus females (median = 2, mean = 2.91) was not significantly different, though the disparity in recovery times may be clinically relevant. Following retraining, specific torque was the only muscle-quality indicator that improved along with MVC peak torque (males = 20.1%, females = 22.4%). Our findings indicate that measures of muscle quality demonstrate divergent recovery rates following immobilization, with muscle mass lagging behind improvements in strength. Greater immobilization-induced strength loss among females suggests that sex-specific rehabilitation efforts may be justified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Hatami, Mohsen, Nikooie, Rohollah, Enhesari, Ahmad

المصدر: Sport Sciences for Health; Jun2024, Vol. 20 Issue 2, p359-367, 9p

مصطلحات موضوعية: MUSCULAR hypertrophy, BODYBUILDERS, RESISTANCE training, PROFESSIONAL athletes, BLOOD lactate, OXYGEN saturation, STRESS concentration, RECTUS femoris muscles

مستخلص: Purpose: Lactate has recently been the focus of research for its hypertrophic effects. The aim of this study was to introduce lacto-resistance exercise, emphasizing lactate production during exercise, and compare its hypertrophic effects with traditional resistance training in professional bodybuilders. Methods: Twenty-four participants performed traditional and lacto-resistance exercises in two separate sessions. Blood lactate concentrations and metabolic stress, estimated by plasma ammonia levels (PAL) and muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), were compared between two exercises. The participants were then matched based on their rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area (RFCSA) and allocated to the control (C, n = 8), traditional resistance training (TRT, n = 8), and lacto-resistance training (La-RT, n = 8) groups. The TRT and La-RT groups completed their own four-week resistance training program and RFCSA and one-repetition maximum (1RM) changes were compared between the groups. Results: The average changes in blood lactate concentrations (1.38-fold), SmO2 (0.86-fold), and PAL (1.16-fold) from rest to post-exercise were significantly higher in the lacto-resistance exercise compared to those obtained following traditional resistance exercise (all P < 0.05). After four weeks of resistance training, the values of 1RM squat (TRT: 1.14-fold, P < 0.05; La-RT: 1.2-fold induction, P < 0.05) and 1RM leg press (TRT: 1.11-fold, P < 0.05; La-RT: 1.20-fold, P < 0.05) were significantly higher than in the C group. Post-training values of RFCSA in La-RT group were significantly higher than in the C group (1.22-fold, P < 0.01), but not in the TRT group. Conclusion: Lacto-resistance training, therefore, is a useful hypertrophy-oriented exercise, even for professional athletes who hardly experience muscle mass gains with traditional resistance training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Refalo, Martin C., Helms, Eric R., Robinson, Zac P., Hamilton, D. Lee, Fyfe, Jackson J.

المصدر: Journal of Sports Sciences; Jan2024, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p85-101, 17p

مصطلحات موضوعية: QUADRICEPS muscle physiology, LEG physiology, SKELETAL muscle physiology, MUSCLE fatigue, EXERCISE physiology, MUSCULAR hypertrophy, PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation, TASK performance, SKELETAL muscle, MULTIPLE regression analysis, LEG exercises, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESISTANCE training, PRE-tests & post-tests, RECTUS femoris muscles, QUADRICEPS muscle

مستخلص: This study examined the influence of resistance training (RT) proximity-to-failure, determined by repetitions-in-reserve (RIR), on quadriceps hypertrophy and neuromuscular fatigue. Resistance-trained males (n = 12) and females (n = 6) completed an 8-week intervention involving two RT sessions per week. Lower limbs were randomised to perform the leg press and leg extension exercises either to i) momentary muscular failure (FAIL), or ii) a perceived 2-RIR and 1-RIR, respectively (RIR). Muscle thickness of the quadriceps [rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL)] and acute neuromuscular fatigue (i.e., repetition and lifting velocity loss) were assessed. Data was analysed with Bayesian linear mixed-effect models. Increases in quadriceps thickness (average of RF and VL) from pre- to post-intervention were similar for FAIL [0.181 cm (HDI: 0.119 to 0.243)] and RIR [0.182 cm (HDI: 0.115 to 0.247)]. Between-protocol differences in RF thickness slightly favoured RIR [−0.036 cm (HDI: −0.113 to 0.047)], but VL thickness slightly favoured FAIL [0.033 cm (HDI: −0.046 to 0.116)]. Mean volume was similar across the RT intervention between FAIL and RIR. Lifting velocity and repetition loss were consistently greater for FAIL versus RIR, with the magnitude of difference influenced by the exercise and the stage of the RT intervention. Terminating RT sets with a close proximity-to-failure (e.g., 1- to 2-RIR) can be sufficient to promote similar hypertrophy of the quadriceps as reaching momentary muscular failure in resistance-trained individuals over eight weeks, but the overall influence of proximity-to-failure on muscle-specific hypertrophy may also depend on other factors (e.g., exercise selection, order, and subsequent musculature targeted). Due to high repetition loss (from the first to final set) when sets are terminated at momentary muscular failure, performing RT with 1- to 2-RIR allows for similar volume load and repetition volume accumulation as reaching momentary muscular failure across eight weeks, possibly influencing the overall RT stimulus achieved. Performing RT to momentary muscular failure consistently induces higher levels of acute neuromuscular fatigue versus RT performed with 1- to 2-RIR; however, improved fatigue resistance overtime may attenuate acute neuromuscular fatigue and subsequent repetition loss (but may depend on the exercise performed). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Jerger, Simon, Centner, Christoph, Lauber, Benedikt, Seynnes, Olivier, Friedrich, Till, Lolli, David, Gollhofer, Albert, König, Daniel

المصدر: European Journal of Sport Science; Dec2023, Vol. 23 Issue 12, p2329-2339, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: KNEE physiology, RESISTANCE training, COLLAGEN, RANGE of motion of joints, RECTUS femoris muscles, ULTRASONIC imaging, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation, DIETARY supplements, TREATMENT effectiveness, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, COMPARATIVE studies, SPASTICITY, PATELLAR tendon, EXERCISE intensity, MUSCLE strength, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, PEPTIDES

مستخلص: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a supplementation with specific collagen peptides (SCP) combined with resistance training (RT) on changes in structural properties of the patellar tendon. Furthermore, tendon stiffness as well as maximal voluntary knee extension strength and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the rectus femoris muscle were assessed. In a randomized, placebo-controlled study, 50 healthy, moderately active male participants completed a 14-week resistance training program with three weekly sessions (70-85% of 1 repetition maximum [1RM]) for the knee extensors. While the SCP group received 5g of specific collagen peptides daily, the other group received the same amount of a placebo (PLA) supplement. The SCP supplementation led to a significant greater (p < 0.05) increase in patellar tendon CSA compared with the PLA group at 60% and 70% of the patellar tendon length starting from the proximal insertion. Both groups increased tendon stiffness (p < 0.01), muscle CSA (p < 0.05) and muscular strength (p < 0.001) throughout the intervention without significant differences between the groups. The current study shows that in healthy, moderately active men, supplementation of SCP in combination with RT leads to greater increase in patellar tendon CSA than RT alone. Since underlying mechanisms of tendon hypertrophy are currently unknown, further studies should investigate potential mechanisms causing the increased morphology adaptions following SCP supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: DE OLIVEIRA, SILAS N., ZAPELLO, GRAZIELI M. B., KNIHS, DÉBORA A., FISCHER, GABRIELA, MORO, ANTÔNIO R. P.

المصدر: International Journal of Exercise Science; 2023, Vol. 16 Issue 7, p1142-1153, 12p

مصطلحات موضوعية: STRENGTH training, RECTUS femoris muscles, MUSCLE strength, SQUAT (Weight lifting), ULTRASONIC imaging

مستخلص: Functional Fitness Training (FFT) is a very popular training method in recent years. However, the combination of aerobic and strength components of this training method raised the hypothesis of impaired strength and muscle structure when compared to Strength Training (ST). Thus, the study aimed to compare muscle architecture and strength between FFT and ST, and the relationship between muscle architecture and maximum strength performance. Males (28.46 ± 6.03 years), nonathletes, and practitioners for two years in FFT (n = 8) and ST (n = 8), in addition to males classified as physically active (n = 8) were recruited. Muscle architecture of the rectus femoris (RF) and vastus lateralis (VL) of the thigh were evaluated with the aid of B-mode ultrasound and maximum strength in the back squat through the one-repetition maximum test. For muscle architecture, the fascicle length (FL), pennation angle (PAn), and muscle thickness (MT) were evaluated, in addition to the cross-sectional area (CSA). The FL, PAn, MT, and CSA of the RF and VL did not differ between the FFT and ST groups. Similarly, maximum strength did not differ between the FFT (152 ± 23.68 kg) and ST (151.88 ± 14.77 kg) groups. A significant relationship was observed between the PAn of the RF and the maximum strength (r =0.862; p =0.006) of FFT practitioners. The muscle architecture, CSA, and muscle strength do not differ between FFT and ST male practitioners, and PAn of the RF correlates with the maximum force for FFT practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Goodman, William W., Helms, Eric, Graham, David F.

المصدر: Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research; Oct2023, Vol. 37 Issue 10, p1947-1954, 8p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SKELETAL muscle physiology, CALF muscle physiology, HAMSTRING muscle physiology, QUADRICEPS muscle physiology, RESISTANCE training, RECTUS femoris muscles, POSTURAL balance, PHYSIOLOGICAL effects of acceleration, TIBIALIS anterior, BODY movement, GLUTEAL muscles, POSTURE, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, BIOMECHANICS, KINEMATICS

مستخلص: The squat is used to enhance performance and rehabilitate the lower body. However, muscle forces and how muscles accelerate the center of mass (CoM) are not well understood. The purpose was to determine how lower extremity muscles contribute to the vertical acceleration of the CoM when squatting to parallel using 85% one-repetition maximum. Thirteen female subjects performed squats in a randomized fashion. Musculoskeletal modeling was used to obtain muscle forces and muscle-induced accelerations. The vasti, soleus, and gluteus maximus generated the largest upward accelerations of the CoM, whereas the muscles that produced the largest downward acceleration about the CoM were the hamstrings, iliopsoas, adductors, and tibialis anterior. Our findings indicate that a muscle's function is task and posture specific. That is, muscle function depends on both joint position and how an individual is interacting with the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Neves, Ricardo Pereira, Oliveira, Diana, Fanasca, Matheus Alves, Vechin, Felipe Cassaro

المصدر: Sport Sciences for Health; Sep2023, Vol. 19 Issue 3, p841-847, 7p

مصطلحات موضوعية: FLEXOR muscles, RESISTANCE training, KNEE joint, RECTUS femoris muscles, CHRONIC pain, CHIROPRACTORS

مستخلص: Purpose: The assessment of muscle flexibility is important for physical exercise practitioners since an insufficient level of this physical capacity can be related to risk factors for chronic low-back pain (CLBP). This study aimed to assess the chance of shortening of the iliopsoas and rectus femoris muscles, using the modified Thomas test (MTT), to relate to CLBP. Methods: Fifty-four resistance training practitioners of both sexes, aged between 18 and 55 years were evaluated. To check the hip and knee joints' range of motion (ROM) reached during the MTT, images of the sagittal plane were recorded with a digital câmera. The recorded images were analyzed using the kinovea software, to obtain angular measurements. A binary logistic regression was used for evaluating the odds ratio of the independent variable (i.e., muscle shortening) influence on the dependent variable (i.e., CLBP). Results: Significant differences were demonstrated between the hip extension angular measures in favor of women (p = 0.038758). Between lower limbs, women showed significant differences in favor of the left side measures of this joint (p = 0.036891). For the angular measurements of knee flexion, no significant differences were shown in both men (p = 0.441465) and women (p = 0.206936). A binary logistic regression showed no increased chance of the hip flexor muscles shortening being related to CLBP. The odds ratio with 95% confidence interval (CI) were = 0.97 (0.92–1.01) and 0.99 (0.95–1.04) for range of motion (ROM) of the hip and knee joints respectively. Conclusion: Even considering that the reduced hip joint ROM likely contributes to low-back pain, this variable alone does not explain the CLBP either in men or women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Krzysztofik, Michal, Wilk, Michal, Kolinger, Dominik, Pisz, Anna, Świtała, Katarzyna, Petruzela, Jan, Stastny, Petr

المصدر: Sports (2075-4663); Aug2023, Vol. 11 Issue 8, p148, 9p

مصطلحات موضوعية: BICEPS femoris, FREQUENCIES of oscillating systems, RESISTANCE training, VASTUS lateralis, RECTUS femoris muscles, TWO-way analysis of variance, HANDBALL players

مصطلحات جغرافية: KENDALL (Fla.)

مستخلص: Knowledge about the acute effects of supramaximal-loaded resistance exercises on muscle mechanical properties is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to examine changes in dominant limb biceps femoris and vastus lateralis oscillation frequency and stiffness before and after high- and supramaximal-loaded front squats. Nineteen male handball players participated in the experimental session with a barbell front squat 1RM. The first set was performed at 70% of the 1RM for four repetitions, and the second and third sets were performed at 90%1RM in an eccentric–concentric or an eccentric-only manner at 120% of the 1RM for three repetitions. The handheld myometer was used for the measurement of the biceps femoris and vastus lateralis stiffness and the oscillation frequency of the dominant limb 5 min before and at the 5th and 10th min after front squats. A two-way ANOVA neither indicated a statistically significant interaction (p = 0.335; η² = 0.059 and p = 0.103; η² = 0.118), the main effect of a condition (p = 0.124; η² = 0.126 and p = 0.197; η² = 0.091), nor the main effect of the time point (p = 0.314; η² = 0.06 and p = 0.196; η² = 0.089) for vastus lateralis and biceps femoris stiffness. However, there was a statistically significant interaction (F = 3.516; p = 0.04; η² = 0.163) for vastus lateralis oscillation frequency. The post hoc analysis showed a significantly higher vastus lateralis oscillation frequency at POST (p = 0.037; d = 0.29) and POST_10 (p = 0.02; d = 0.29) compared to PRE during the SUPRA condition. Moreover, Friedman's test indicated statistically significant differences in biceps femoris oscillation frequency (test = 15.482; p = 0.008; Kendall's W = 0.163). Pairwise comparison showed a significantly lower biceps femoris oscillation frequency in POST (p = 0.042; d = 0.31) and POST_10 (p = 0.015; d = 0.2) during the HIGH condition compared to that in the corresponding time points during the SUPRA condition. The results of this study indicate that the SUPRA front squats, compared to the high-loaded ones, cause a significant increase in biceps femoris and vastus lateralis oscillation frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Coleman, Max, Burke, Ryan, Benavente, Cristina, Piñero, Alec, Augustin, Francesca, Maldonado, Jaime, Fisher, James P., Oberlin, Douglas, Vigotsky, Andrew D., Schoenfeld, Brad J.

المصدر: Journal of Sports Sciences; 2023, Vol. 41 Issue 12, p1207-1217, 11p, 1 Diagram, 2 Charts, 2 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: LEG physiology, TRICEPS physiology, ARM physiology, QUADRICEPS muscle physiology, RESISTANCE training, BODY composition, ISOMETRIC exercise, ULTRASONIC imaging, RECTUS femoris muscles, MULTIPLE regression analysis, EXERCISE physiology, HEALTH outcome assessment, PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, PRE-tests & post-tests, COMPARATIVE studies, MUSCLE strength, BIOELECTRIC impedance, BODY movement, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, RESEARCH funding, SUPERVISION of employees, STATISTICAL sampling, WEIGHT lifting, DATA analysis software

مستخلص: This study compared the effects of supervised versus unsupervised resistance training (RT) on measures of muscle strength and hypertrophy in resistance-trained individuals. Thirty-six young men and women were randomly assigned to one of two experimental, parallel groups to complete an 8-week RT programme: One group received direct supervision for their RT sessions (SUP); the other group performed the same RT programme in an unsupervised manner (UNSUP). Programme variables were kept constant between groups. We obtained pre- and post-study assessments of body composition via multi-frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA), muscle thickness of the upper and lower limbs via ultrasound, 1 repetition maximum (RM) in the back squat and bench press, isometric knee extension strength, and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Results showed the SUP group generally achieved larger increases in muscle thickness for the triceps brachii, all sites of the rectus femoris, and the proximal region of the vastus lateralis. MF-BIA indicated increases in lean mass favoured SUP. Squat 1RM was greater for SUP; bench press 1RM and isometric knee extension were similar between conditions. CMJ increases modestly favoured UNSUP. In conclusion, our findings suggest that supervised RT promotes greater muscular adaptations and enhances exercise adherence in young, resistance-trained individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Martini, Gabriela Lucciana, Pinto, Ronei Silveira, Brusco, Clarissa Müller, Franceschetto, Bianca Fasolo, Oliveira, Mateus Leite, Neske, Rodrigo, Cadore, Fabricio Lusa, Teodoro, Juliana Lopes, Wilhelm, Eurico Nestor, de Souza, Carolina Guerini

المصدر: Applied Physiology, Nutrition & Metabolism; Jun2023, Vol. 48 Issue 6, p469-478, 10p, 1 Black and White Photograph, 1 Diagram, 4 Charts, 2 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: SKELETAL muscle physiology, BODY composition, RESISTANCE training, KNEE joint, TORQUE, EXERCISE tests, VEGETARIANISM, EVALUATION of human services programs, CLINICAL trials, RANGE of motion of joints, MUSCLE contraction, RECTUS femoris muscles, PHOTON absorptiometry, CONFIDENCE intervals, SPORTS nutrition, LEAN body mass, ONE-way analysis of variance, EXERCISE physiology, MANN Whitney U Test, PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation, PRE-tests & post-tests, MUSCLE strength, QUADRICEPS muscle, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, CHI-squared test, DATA analysis software, DIETARY proteins, ADIPOSE tissues

مستخلص: There is a popular belief that meat consumption is necessary to optimize adaptations to strength training (ST), but evidence to support this hypothesis is scarce. Therefore, this study aimed to compare ST adaptations in lacto-ovo-vegetarians (LOV) and non-vegetarians (NV) with adjusted protein intake per meal. Sixty-four LOV and NV performed 12 weeks of ST and were instructed to ingest at least 20 g of protein in each main meal during the experimental period. Quadriceps femoris muscle thickness (QFMT), knee extension one-repetition maximum (1RM), and isometric peak torque (PT), as well as participants' body composition were assessed before and after the intervention. Dietary intake was assessed throughout the study. After 12 weeks, similar increases in QFMT (LOV: 9.2 ± 5.4; NV: 5.5 ± 8.1 mm), knee extension 1RM (LOV: 24.7 ± 11.1; NV: 21.6 ± 9.8 kg), and PT (LOV: 29.8 ± 33.4; NV: 17.5 ± 19.4 N m) and lean body mass (LOV: 1.3 ± 0.9; NV: 1.4 ± 1.4 kg), alongside a decrease in body fat mass (LOV: −0.5 ± 1.6; NV −0.8 ± 1.6 kg) were observed in both groups at the end of the training period (p < 0.05). LOV had lower protein consumption than NV throughout the study (p < 0.05), but participants reached intake of at least 1.2 g of protein/kg/day during the experimental period. In conclusion, LOV and NV displayed similar improvements in muscle mass, strength, and in body composition after 12 weeks of ST, suggesting that meat consumption and higher protein intake in NV did not bring about further benefits to early adaptations to ST. This study was registered in Clinical Trials (NCT03785002) on 24 December 2018. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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