العنوان البديل: Fruit morphometry and dasometry of Gevuina avellana affecting seed production under quality arboriculture. (English)

المؤلفون: Loewe Muñoz, Verónica, Delard R., Claudia, del Río, Rodrigo, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: Bosque (03048799); 2022, Vol. 43 Issue 2, p149-156, 8p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SEED harvesting, LOGGING, TREE size, FRUIT yield, TREE height, TREE farms, PLANTATIONS

مصطلحات جغرافية: ARAUCANIA (Chile), CHILE

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): The Chilean hazelnut (Gevuina avellana) produces valuable timber and edible fruit in high demand. However, the development of the crop is scarce in Chile, where the production is usually harvested from native forests. In plantations, quality arboriculture practices are mainly aimed at increasing the value of timber, though their impact on fruiting is unknown. The objective of this work was to evaluate the shape and size of trees in relation to fruit production, and fruit morphometry traits in relation to kernel yield in cultivated trees. A 21-year-old plantation was evaluated, established with plants from two origins in the Araucanía region, managed with quality arboriculture techniques. Dasometric variables, production and morphometry of fruits and kernel yield in relation to the in-shell seed were measured in 1,000 hazelnuts. Differences were found among origins for tree height though none for fruit morphometric variables. On average, 20 kg of seeds were harvested per tree, with a kernel yield of 35 %, varying among seeds from 12 to 74 %. The trees with the highest seed production had diameters over 18.2 cm and balanced shape (H / DBH ratio less than 0.413). The highest kernel yields were obtained in lightweight in-shell seeds (less than 1.33 g) and with lengths under 18.5 mm. Gevuina avellana in managed plantations far exceeds the seed production harvested in native forests, with higher kernel yield in smaller seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): El avellano chileno (Gevuina avellana) produce madera y frutos comestibles, recolectándose la producción principalmente desde bosques nativos. Para determinar si el manejo mejora la productividad frutal, el presente trabajo evaluó la forma y tamaño de árboles, la producción de avellanas y su morfometría, y el rendimiento de semilla sin cáscara en una plantación de avellanos de 21 años provenientes de dos orígenes de la Araucanía, la cual es manejada con técnicas de arboricultura de calidad orientada a incrementar el valor de la madera. Se midieron variables dasométricas, producción y morfometría de frutos, y el rendimiento de pepa en relación al fruto con cáscara en 1.000 avellanas. Se encontraron diferencias entre orígenes para la altura de los árboles, pero no para la morfometría del fruto. Se obtuvieron en promedio 20 kg de fruto por árbol, con un rendimiento en semilla sin cáscara del 35 %, variando entre avellanas del 12 % al 74 %. Los árboles más productivos tenían diámetros sobre 18,2 cm y forma equilibrada (relación H / DAP menor a 0,413). Los mayores rendimientos se obtuvieron en frutos con cáscara de peso liviano (menores a 1,33 g) y con largos bajo 18,5 mm. El avellano chileno en plantaciones manejadas supera ampliamente la producción de avellanas recolectada en bosques, con rendimientos de semilla sin cáscara superiores en frutos de menor tamaño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Bosque (03048799) is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

العنوان البديل: Crecimiento y producción de piñas de pino piñonero (Pinus pinea) en Chile en función de la densidad de plantación. (Spanish)

المؤلفون: Loewe Muñoz, Verónica, Del Río, Rodrigo, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: Bosque (03048799); 2020, Vol. 41 Issue 3, p381-386, 6p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PLANT spacing, CONES, PINE, PLANT yields, TREE height, PLANTATIONS

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHILE

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Pinus pinea (stone pine) is an important species for its delicious seeds -the pine nuts-, the most expensive dry fruit worldwide. In native habitats, planting density is a key silvicultural tool in this highly heliophile species due to its impact on growth and cone yield. In Chile, the densities of adult plantations are medium and high. The goal of this study was to assess the impact of density on growth and cone yield in established plantations. Thirty plantations, 15 at high density (1,667 trees ha-1) and 15 at medium density (500 trees ha-1), were matched into 15 pairs of similar plantations regarding age and site characteristics. Planting density had a significant impact on P. pinea growth and cone yield. The medium density was associated with 46% higher diameter-at-breast-height (DBH) and 2.8 times higher cone yield than those presented by a high-density plantation scheme. However, at 500 trees ha-1, average tree height might turn cone harvesting difficult and expensive. In humid areas (Chilean South macrozone), the medium planting density had a more important effect on cone yield than on growth. Our study confirms previous research in stone pine native habitats and highlights the need to find an optimum planting density to favor cone yield and harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): El pino piñonero (Pinus pinea) es una especie importante por sus deliciosas semillas (piñones), el fruto seco más caro del mundo. En su hábitat nativo, la densidad de plantación es una decisión silvicultural clave en esta especie heliófila debido a su impacto en el crecimiento y producción de piñas. En Chile, las densidades de plantaciones adultas son medias y altas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el impacto de la densidad en el crecimiento y producción de piñas en plantaciones establecidas. Treinta plantaciones, 15 con alta densidad (1.667 árboles ha-1) y 15 con densidad media (500 árboles ha-1) se agruparon en pares de plantaciones de similar edad y características del sitio. La densidad de plantación tuvo un impacto significativo en el crecimiento y producción de piñas de P. pinea. La densidad media estuvo asociada con 46% mayor diámetro a la altura del pecho y 2,8 veces mayor producción de piñas que en el esquema de alta densidad. No obstante, en la densidad de 500 árboles ha-1, la altura media puede dificultar y encarecer la cosecha de piñas. En áreas húmedas (macrozona sur de Chile), la densidad media de plantación tuvo un efecto mayor en la producción de piñas que en el crecimiento. Este estudio confirma investigaciones previas realizadas en hábitats nativos del pino piñonero y subraya la necesidad de encontrar una densidad de plantación óptima para favorecer la producción de piñas y la cosecha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Bosque (03048799) is the property of Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Del Río, Rodrigo, Delard, Claudia, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: European Journal of Forest Research; Aug2020, Vol. 139 Issue 4, p655-664, 10p

مصطلحات موضوعية: COMMON pear, ALDER, SPECIES, HAZEL, TIMBER, INTRODUCED species, PLANTATIONS, AGROFORESTRY

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHILE

مستخلص: Wild pear (Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd.) (P) and wild service tree (Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) (S) are sporadic European tree species that are valued for their high-quality timber production. Although mixed plantations including companion species enhance timber quality of several trees, the performance of the association of P and S is not well known. The objective of this study was to assess growth and survival of P and S in pure plantations and in plantations mixed with other companion tree or shrub species in a non-native habitat. To answer the question of whether growth of these species is enhanced by mixtures, specific combinations of the main and companion species were established in central Chile and monitored for a 12-year period after planting. Besides each main species monoculture, five mixtures were tested: Mix1: P+S; Mix2: P+S+ the N-fixing tree Italian alder (Alnus cordata (Loisel.) Duby); and three associations of P and S including shrubs (Mix3: P+S+ Corylus avellana L., Mix4: P+S+ Sambucus ebulus L., and Mix5: P+S+ Sambucus nigra L.). Both P and S presented the highest height growth in Mix2, being 48.6% and 53.4% higher than in the monoculture, respectively. DBH growth was also enhanced in Mix2 for S. Wild service tree, which showed lower growth and survival than P, was more benefited from the mixture including Italian alder than P. Height growth, vigor and survival of the main species were highest in Mix2, even higher than in pure plantations and in Mix1 without companion species. Specific tree associations might increase the probability to obtain high-quality timber of noble species if a timely and adequate management of companion species is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of European Journal of Forest Research is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Balzarini, Mónica, González, Marta Ortega

المصدر: Journal of Plant Ecology; Feb2020, Vol. 13 Issue 1, p12-19, 8p

مصطلحات موضوعية: ENGLISH walnut, ALNUS glutinosa, ASSOCIATION management, TIMBER, PLANT performance, MONOCULTURE agriculture, PLANTATIONS

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHILE, SOUTH America

مستخلص: Aims Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.), an interesting forest species for the veneering industry, requires adequate management to produce valuable high-quality logs. Since species associations and management level can improve stand productivity, the novelty of this work was to assess Persian walnut performance in different planting mixtures and in pure plantations conditioned to management intensity. Methods Growth, straightness and survival measurements were taken annually for 7 years after planting pure and mixed plantations under two contrasting management scenarios. Diseases were recorded at Age 7 in all plantations. Under each management intensity, besides the monoculture, three mixtures were tested: a mixture of only main forest species, main forest species plus one arboreal companion species, Black alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) and main species plus the shrub Russian olive (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) as nurse species. A test of interaction between plantation type and management scenario was conducted using repeated growth data. Important Findings The interaction was significant, indicating the presence of different mechanisms underlying plantation effects under high and low management level. Compared with pure plantations, Persian walnut associated with the nurse shrub exhibited 78% higher height and 53% higher diameter growth in plantations under low management. Health benefits (lower presence of walnut blight than in the monoculture) and better straightness were also found in the association including the shrub when the management intensity was not high. These beneficial effects in the presence of Russian olive were not present under high management intensity (irrigation, fertilization, tutoring and frequent pruning). Site-specific designs for Persian walnut plantations would depend on the foreseen management intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Plant Ecology is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Balzarini, Mónica, Del Río, Rodrigo, Delard, Claudia

المصدر: New Forests; May2019, Vol. 50 Issue 3, p489-503, 15p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PLANTATIONS, PINE, ORCHARD management, STONE fruit, FRUIT trees, FRUIT harvesting

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHILE

مستخلص: Stone pine (Pinus pinea L.) is well-known for its fruits, the pine nuts, which are considered a delicacy and are the most expensive dry fruits in the world. This fruit is harvested mostly from natural forests, and limited advances have been made for cultivating it as a fruit tree. This study was aimed at assessing the effect of plantation spacing and seed source on early fruiting of stone pine plantations for pine nut production in Chile. We tested two plantation spacings (5 × 5 and 7 × 7 m) and three local seed sources (Tanumé, Cáhuil and Chillán), selected according to the current cultivation practices in Chile in a multi-environment trial involving four sites. Plantations were repeatedly measured annually for 6 years after establishment. High environmental effects as well as interactions between environment and management techniques were observed for all growth variables. Spacing had effects on crown development at all sites except for the most limiting one, but not on height or root-collar diameter. The lowest density (7 × 7 m) was associated with the highest crown diameter. Effects of seed source varied across environments, being significant for growth variables in both environments with poor growth. Young plantations (5 and 6 years old) showed a trend that suggests a higher precocity of entry into fruiting and higher strobili production for the 7 × 7 m than for 5 × 5 m spacing. Our results suggest that plantations can be effective for stone pine fruit production in Chile, and the convenience of developing environment-specific plantation designs, considering spacing as a relevant parameter for orchard establishment and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of New Forests is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Benedetti-Ruiz, Susana, Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Del Río, Rodrigo, Delard, Claudia, Barrales, Luis, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: Forest Ecology & Management; Feb2023, Vol. 530, pN.PAG-N.PAG, 1p

مصطلحات موضوعية: PLANTATIONS, TIMBER, TREE growth, TREES, BLOCK designs, CASTANEA, CHESTNUT

مصطلحات جغرافية: MINAS Gerais (Brazil), CHILE

مستخلص: • The effect of late thinning on unmanaged chestnut plantation performance was tested. • The thinning effect on tree growth decreased considerably after 5 years. • The proportion of bifurcated trees was 50 % lower in one plantation 19 years later. • Progressive and frequent thinning improves growth and timber quality. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is an interesting species for high-quality timber production. It is well known that the species responds to early thinning, but there is no information on the impact of late interventions. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of a late thinning on the performance of unmanaged adult chestnut plantations in Chile. Future-tree selective thinning and control were compared in adult plantations using a randomized complete block design with three replicates at three sites, Minas, Pillo-Pillo and Pumillahue. Tree growth was evaluated periodically during the first 7 years after thinning in all plantations. Additionally, almost 20 years after the intervention, the Pumillahue plantation was measured for growth and tree shape variables. In this case study, the effect of thinning on tree growth decreased considerably after 5 years, with a maximum DBH increment in the third year after the intervention (45.8 %, 68.6 %, and 42.2 % in Minas, Pillo-Pillo and Pumillahue, respectively). In all plantations, basal area was smaller in the thinned plots in the first years after the intervention, but in Pumillahue, 19 years after thinning, no differences were found among treatments. Height was statistically greater under thinning seven years after the intervention; this effect was also found in Pumillahue plantation 19 years after thinning. Most trees showed high vigor, and were straight and healthy, even in control plots. Late effect of thinning was observed 19 years after thinning on tree shape, with a reduction in the proportion of bifurcated trees from 16 % to 8 %. The results suggest that late thinning is an effective silvicultural intervention to produce high-quality chestnut timber in unmanaged adult plantations. Progressive and frequent thinning should be used to increase growth and improve timber production in chestnut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Forest Ecology & Management is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Delard, Claudia, del Río, Rodrigo, Barrales, Luis, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: Forest Ecology & Management; Feb2023, Vol. 529, pN.PAG-N.PAG, 1p

مصطلحات موضوعية: CHESTNUT, TREE farms, PLANTATIONS, RED oak, CASTANEA, SWEET cherry, SPECIES

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHILE

مستخلص: • Growth, survival, health and quality of was assessed in pure and mixed plantations. • Benefits of some mixed plantations on growth and timber quality were evident at age 20. • The association including main species enhanced chestnut tree performance. • No pests were recorded on chestnut trees, and survival was high in all plantations. • Embotrium coccineum as companion species was detrimental on growth and timber quality. Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is an important tree species for its timber, which is widely used for multiple purposes, including the veneer industry. The species has an interesting productive potential in Chile and requires specific management strategies to produce valuable, high-quality logs. Although mixed plantations including companion species usually enhance timber quality of several trees, the performance of chestnut under different associations is not well known. The objective of this study was to assess growth, survival, health, and timber quality of chestnut trees in several plantation types, including monoculture and mixtures with other companion trees and/or shrub. Growth and survival measurements were taken periodically in pure chestnut and mixed plantations established in southern Chile for a 20-year period after planting. The mixed plantations tested were: a main forest species mixture (Castanea sativa Mill., Quercus rubra L., Quercus robur L. and Prunus avium L.); three mixtures including main forest species plus one arboreal companion species (Alnus glutinosa L., Gevuina avellana Mol. or Embothrium coccineum J.R. Forst. & G. Forst.); one including main forest species plus one shrub nurse species (Fabiana imbricata Ruiz & Pav.); and three mixtures including one of the arboreal companion species and the shrub. Timber quality variables were assessed at age 20, and health status was recorded at ages 7 and 20 in all plantations. Growth variables were analyzed using linear mixed models to assess plantation effect over time. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Log Rank Test were used to compare chestnut tree survival among plantation types. Quality timber variables were analyzed with a χ² test. Chestnut trees associated with arboreal main species (P. avium, Q. rubra, Q. robur) (Mix1) showed the best performance, with 10.1 % and 8.3 % higher height than average values of the other mixtures and the monoculture, respectively, and 19.1 % and 12.8 % higher diameter growth than across plantation types and monoculture average values, respectively. Mix1 had the highest average volume per tree (0.34 m⁻³), at least 30 % higher than the average volume of pure and other mixed plantations. This mixture including only main species also exhibited the highest percentage of trees with high trunk length values of all plantation types. No pest or diseases were recorded on chestnut trees, and survival was high in all plantation types. The impact of mixed plantations on growth and timber quality was evidenced at age 20. In particular, the association including arboreal companion species enhanced chestnut tree performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Forest Ecology & Management is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Loewe M., Verónica, González O., Marta, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: Forest Ecology & Management; Oct2013, Vol. 306, p31-41, 11p

مصطلحات موضوعية: SWEET cherry, TREE farms, PLANTATIONS, COMPARATIVE studies, POPULATION biology

مصطلحات جغرافية: SOUTH America

مستخلص: Highlights: [•] Mixed and pure plantations were compared. [•] Superior Cherry tree height and DBH in mixed plantations were found. [•] Species association improved Cherry sanitary conditions. [•] Site-specific designs are recommended for mixed plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Forest Ecology & Management is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Loewe-Muñoz, Verónica, Delard, Claudia, Del Río, Rodrigo, Balzarini, Mónica

المصدر: Forest Ecology & Management; Sep2021, Vol. 496, pN.PAG-N.PAG, 1p

مصطلحات موضوعية: INTRODUCED insects, PINE, LIGHT cones, CROPS, CONES, PLANTATIONS

مصطلحات جغرافية: CHILE

مستخلص: • In the Southern Hemisphere L. occidentalis was first detected in 2017 in Chile. • A study of kernel yield and damages before (2010–15) and after (2018–19) its arrival was done in 7 sites. • Results showed average kernel yield of 4%, without decreases over time. • In a hotspot site for the insect a decrease was recorded in cone and seed weight, and kernels per cone. • Increases in damages attributed to the insect were found in all sites, mostly in lighter cones. Stone pine edible seeds are highly appreciated and increasingly demanded. However, kernel yield (percentage of total weight corresponding to kernel) has halved in European producing countries largely due to the attack of the invasive seed-feeding insect Leptoglossus occidentalis. In the Southern Hemisphere, where new stone pine plantations have shown positive results in terms of growth, cone production and health, the exotic seed pest L. occidentalis was first detected in 2017 in Chile, with observed changes and damages having been subsequently reported. The objective of this study was to assess cone and seed traits, and kernel-per-cone yield in P. pinea in Chile before and after the detection of the regional presence of L. occidentalis in 2017. Cone, seed and kernel traits were assessed in seven plantations from central Chile from 2010 to 2015 (before L. occidentalis arrival) and from 2018 to 2019 (after the pest arrival). For the kernels, three types of insect damage were quantified: type I (endosperm/embryo damage), type II (endosperm elimination) and type III (empty seeds). Results showed an average kernel yield of 4.0 ± 0.1%, with no differences between periods. However, in Mulchén, a significant decrease was recorded in cone weight, seed weight and kernels per cone. Regarding kernel analysis, significant increases in damage types I and II were found in all plantations after 2017. Cone assignment to weight categories showed that type I (partially damaged kernel) was the most frequent (58.6%) damage in heavy cones (>550 g), and damage type II was frequent in cones of <350 g in weight (51.4%). Thus, it is necessary to monitor the advance of the insect and its effects on stone pine cropping in non-native habitats. Given that in the southern area of Latin America stone pine is grown in managed plantations, biological and/or chemical control might be applied to limit the negative impact of L. occidentalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Forest Ecology & Management is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)