المؤلفون: Janneke Balk, Yongfang Wan, Sadia Sheraz, Qing Xiong, Peter R. Shewry, James M. Connorton, Joshua Waites, Eudri Venter, Shailender Kumar Verma, Katie L. Moore

مصطلحات موضوعية: Cell type, Trafficking, Phytic Acid, Physiology, Iron, Aleurone, Biofortification, food and beverages, Chromosomal translocation, Plant Science, Vacuole, Nicotianamine, Apoplast, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Seeds, Wheat, Biophysics, NanoSIMS, Pulse-chase, Edible Grain, Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry, Triticum

الوصف: Understanding the mechanisms of iron trafficking in plants is key to enhancing the nutritional quality of crops. Because it is difficult to image iron in transit, we currently have an incomplete picture of the route(s) of iron translocation in developing seeds and how the tissue-specific distribution is established. We have used a novel approach, combining iron-57 (57 Fe) isotope labelling and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), to visualize iron translocation between tissues and within cells in immature wheat grain, Triticum aestivum. This enabled us to track the main route of iron transport from maternal tissues to the embryo through the different cell types. Further evidence for this route was provided by genetically diverting iron into storage vacuoles, with confirmation provided by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). Almost all iron in both control and transgenic grains was found in intracellular bodies, indicating symplastic rather than apoplastic transport. Furthermore, a new type of iron body, highly enriched in 57 Fe, was observed in aleurone cells and may represent iron being delivered to phytate globoids. Correlation of the 57 Fe enrichment profiles obtained by NanoSIMS with tissue-specific gene expression provides an updated model of iron homeostasis in cereal grains with relevance for future biofortification strategies.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::a1da668ec6f8dfe37e5c0d3c7fb6c527Test
https://ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk/id/eprint/79924Test/

المؤلفون: Yan Wang, Stephen J. Powers, Kirsty L. Hassall, Alison K. Huttly, Peter R. Shewry, Caroline A. Sparks, Yongfang Wan, Peter Buchner, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Doris Rentsch, Jane L. Ward, Zhiqiang Shi

المصدر: Wan, Yongfang; Wang, Yan; Shi, Zhiqiang; Rentsch, Doris; Ward, Jane L.; Hassall, Kirsty; Sparks, Caroline A.; Huttly, Alison K.; Buchner, Peter; Powers, Stephen; Shewry, Peter R.; Hawkesford, Malcolm J. (2021). Wheat amino acid transporters highly expressed in grain cells regulate amino acid accumulation in grain. PLoS ONE, 16(2), e0246763. Public Library of Science 10.1371/journal.pone.0246763 <http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0246763Test>
PLoS ONE
PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 2, p e0246763 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Fruit and Seed Anatomy, Amino Acid Transport Systems, Physiology, Overexpression, Flour, Plant Science, 580 Plants (Botany), Biochemistry, 01 natural sciences, Endosperm, RNA interference, Glutenin, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Aleurone, Medicine and Health Sciences, RNA-Seq, Amino Acids, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Triticum, Plant Proteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, Multidisciplinary, biology, Chemistry, Amino acid transporter, Plant Anatomy, Eukaryota, food and beverages, Plants, Grain size, Up-Regulation, Amino acid, Nucleic acids, Genetic interference, Physiological Parameters, Wheat, Amino Acid Analysis, Medicine, Hyperexpression Techniques, Epigenetics, Grain metabolites, Research Article, Glutens, Amino Acid Transport Systems, Acidic, Nitrogen, Science, Phloem, Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Research and Analysis Methods, 03 medical and health sciences, Genetics, Gene Expression and Vector Techniques, Storage protein, Grasses, Molecular Biology Techniques, Wheat grain, Molecular Biology, Nutrition, Molecular Biology Assays and Analysis Techniques, Body Weight, fungi, Organisms, Fungi, Biology and Life Sciences, Grain nitrogen, Yeast, Diet, Plant Leaves, Glutamine, 030104 developmental biology, Food, RNAi, Glycine, biology.protein, RNA, Gene expression, Edible Grain, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: Amino acids are delivered into developing wheat grains to support the accumulation of storage proteins in the starchy endosperm, and transporters play important roles in regulating this process. RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, and promoter-GUS assays showed that three amino acid transporters are differentially expressed in the endosperm transfer cells (TaAAP2), starchy endosperm cells (TaAAP13), and aleurone cells and embryo of the developing grain (TaAAP21), respectively. Yeast complementation revealed that all three transporters can transport a broad spectrum of amino acids. RNAi-mediated suppression of TaAAP13 expression in the starchy endosperm did not reduce the total nitrogen content of the whole grain, but significantly altered the composition and distribution of metabolites in the starchy endosperm, with increasing concentrations of some amino acids (notably glutamine and glycine) from the outer to inner starchy endosperm cells compared with wild type. Overexpression of TaAAP13 under the endosperm-specific HMW-GS (high molecular weight glutenin subunit) promoter significantly increased grain size, grain nitrogen concentration, and thousand grain weight, indicating that the sink strength for nitrogen transport was increased by manipulation of amino acid transporters. However, the total grain number was reduced, suggesting that source nitrogen remobilized from leaves is a limiting factor for productivity. Therefore, simultaneously increasing loading of amino acids into the phloem and delivery to the spike would be required to increase protein content while maintaining grain yield. © 2021 Wan et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::0c1f00e23bf7aecde1e9b54974eb09b9Test

المؤلفون: Yongfang Wan, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Peter R. Shewry

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany

مصطلحات موضوعية: Repetitive Sequences, Amino Acid, Physiology, Nitrogen, Amino Acid Motifs, Molecular Sequence Data, grain quality, Sequence alignment, Plant Science, Biology, Gliadin, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Aegilops tauschii, Amino Acid Sequence, RNA, Messenger, Peptide sequence, Gene, Triticum, Genetics, wheat, Expressed sequence tag, gliadin genes, Sequence Homology, Amino Acid, Accession number (library science), food and beverages, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, biology.organism_classification, nutrition, Hordein, Seeds, biology.protein, protein, Sequence Alignment, Research Paper

الوصف: Six wheat cultivars were grown at Rothamsted (UK) with three levels of nitrogen fertilizer (100, 200 and 350 kg N/ha) in 2009 and 2010. Gene expression in developing caryopses at 21 days post-anthesis (DPA) was profiled using the Affymetrix Wheat GeneChip. Four of 105 transcripts which were significantly upregulated by nitrogen level were annotated as γ-3 hordein and the identification of corresponding expressed sequence tags showed that they differed in sequence from previously described (typical) γ-gliadins and represented a novel form of γ-gliadin. Real-time reverse transcriptase PCR at 14, 21, 28 and 35 DPA revealed that this transcript was most abundant and most responsive to nitrogen at 21 DPA. Four novel γ-gliadin genes were isolated by PCR amplification from wheat cv. Hereward and the related species Aegilops tauschii and Triticum monococcum while three were assembled from the genomic sequence database of wheat cv. Chinese Spring (www.cerealsdb.uk.net). Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequences of the seven genes showed that they shared only 44.4-46.0% identity with the sequence of a typical γ-gliadin (accession number EF15018), but 61.8-68.3% identity with the sequence of γ-3 hordein from the wild barley species Hordeum chilense (AY338065). The novel γ-gliadin genes were localized to the group 1 chromosomes (1A, 1B, 1D).

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::92a2c46d615c98b7f7a73f2817cfa391Test
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3528027Test

المؤلفون: G. He, R. B. Li, P. Chen, Peter R. Shewry, R. Zhou

المصدر: Cereal Research Communications. 38:406-418

مصطلحات موضوعية: chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, Physiology, Chemistry, Size-exclusion chromatography, Gluten, Glutenin, Biochemistry, Affinity chromatography, Gene expression, Genetics, biology.protein, Heterologous expression, Agronomy and Crop Science, Gene, Cysteine

الوصف: The Avenin-like gene (EU096532) was cloned from Aegilops biuncialis (2n = 4X, UUMM) in our previously study, the encoded gluten protein contained 19 cysteine residues, much more than that in all other glutenin subunits characterized so far. In present study, the protein was expressed in E. coli in large scale and purified in high purity through His-binding affinity chromatography. The purified protein was simply added or incorporated into a base flour and conducted with a 2 g Mixograph in order to investigate the functional properties including mixing time (MT), peak dough resistance (PR) and breakdown in resistance (RBD). Both 10 mg and 15 mg Avenin-like protein could cause significant increases in MT and PR, and decrease in RBD, compared to the control, when incorporated into dough. But the latter showed larger effect on functional properties. Size exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) analysis confirmed that Avenin-like protein was chemically incorporated into polymeric subunits by intermolecular disulphide bonds.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::318aeb1802c5d9ee1cc02b62f9cde923Test
https://doi.org/10.1556/crc.38.2010.3.11Test

المؤلفون: Peter R. Shewry, Mary L. Parker, Raffaella Carzaniga, Barry Martin, C. Gritsch, Paola Tosi

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany

مصطلحات موضوعية: Glutens, Physiology, Protein subunit, Wheat flour, Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Plant Science, Biology, symbols.namesake, immunolocalization, Storage protein, Endomembrane system, Tolonium Chloride, Triticum, Organelles, chemistry.chemical_classification, wheat grain, Epitope tagging, food and beverages, Golgi apparatus, Plants, Genetically Modified, Research Papers, Gluten, Transport protein, Protein Subunits, Protein Transport, protein bodies, chemistry, Biochemistry, Protein body, gluten, Seeds, symbols, protein trafficking

الوصف: The processing properties of the wheat flour are largely determined by the structures and interactions of the grain storage proteins (also called gluten proteins) which form a continuous visco-elastic network in dough. Wheat gluten proteins are classically divided into two groups, the monomeric gliadins and the polymeric glutenins, with the latter being further classified into low molecular weight (LMW) and high molecular weight (HMW) subunits. The synthesis, folding and deposition of the gluten proteins take place within the endomembrane system of the plant cell. However, determination of the precise routes of trafficking and deposition of individual gluten proteins in developing wheat grain has been limited in the past by the difficulty of developing monospecific antibodies. To overcome this limitation, a single gluten protein (a LMW subunit) was expressed in transgenic wheat with a C-terminal epitope tag, allowing the protein to be located in the cells of the developing grain using highly specific antibodies. This approach was also combined with the use of wider specificity antibodies to compare the trafficking and deposition of different gluten protein groups within the same endosperm cells. These studies are in agreement with previous suggestions that two trafficking pathways occur in wheat, with the proteins either being transported via the Golgi apparatus into the vacuole or accumulating directly within the lumen of the ER. They also suggest that the same individual protein could be trafficked by either pathway, possibly depending on the stage of development, and that segregation of gluten proteins both between and within protein bodies may occur.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e798329a8543378689a05d5d73d2f516Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern346Test

المؤلفون: Peter R. Shewry, Zhao-Shi Xu, L-Q. Xia, Z. H. He, Y. Yang, Xiao Chen, Huw Jones, Mark Wilkinson, You-Zhi Ma, Z. Yu

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany. 58:2863-2871

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genotype, Physiology, Sequence analysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence alignment, Plant Science, Biology, Plant Growth Regulators, Botany, RNA, Messenger, Allele, Gene, Alleles, Triticum, Plant Proteins, Sequence Deletion, Genetics, Base Sequence, Alternative splicing, Intron, Chromosome, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Alternative Splicing, Mutagenesis, Insertional, GenBank, Sequence Alignment, Abscisic Acid

الوصف: Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) of wheat reduces the quality and economic value of grain, and increasing PHS tolerance is one of the most important traits in wheat breeding. Two new Vp-1B alleles related to PHS tolerance were identified on the 3BL chromosome of bread wheat and were designated Vp-1Bb and Vp-1Bc. Sequence analysis showed that Vp-1Bb has a 193 bp insertion and Vp-1Bc has a 83 bp deletion located in the third intron region of the Vp-1B gene, and that they shared 95.43% and 97.89% similarity, respectively, with the sequence of AJ400713 (Vp-1Ba) at the nucleotide level. Their sequences were deposited in the GenBank under the accession numbers DQ517493 and DQ517494. Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that alternatively spliced transcripts of the Vp-1A, Vp-1B, and Vp-1D homologues were present and there were no differences in the splicing patterns or abundances of Vp-1A and Vp-1D from embryos 35 d after pollination between PHS-tolerant and -susceptible cultivars. Although Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb, and Vp-1Bc could each produce a set of transcripts, only one was correctly spliced and had the capacity to encode the full-length VP1 protein and was more highly expressed with Vp-1Bb and Vp-1Bc than with Vp-1Ba. Comparison of the expression patterns of Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb, and Vp-1Bc on different days after pollination also revealed that the expression of these genes was developmentally regulated. Furthermore, genotypes with different levels of tolerance to PHS respond differently to ABA exposure and differences in transcript levels of Vp-1Ba, Vp-1Bb, and Vp-1Bc were observed after ABA treatment. The results indicated that insertion or deletion in the third intron region might affect the expression of the Vp-1B gene and its sensitivity to ABA, and thus resistance to PHS.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6853811a2137a85973f27afe5ea14f99Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm073Test

المؤلفون: Rowan A. C. Mitchell, Peter R. Shewry, Paul Dupree

المصدر: Plant Physiology. 144:43-53

مصطلحات موضوعية: Candidate gene, 175_Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics, Physiology, Arabidopsis, RRES175, Plant Science, Biology, Genes, Plant, Cell wall, Genetics, Arabidopsis thaliana, 175_Plant sciences, Gene, Integral membrane protein, Expressed Sequence Tags, Expressed sequence tag, Oryza sativa, Computational Biology, Glycosyltransferases, food and beverages, Oryza, biology.organism_classification, Multigene Family, Xylans, Edible Grain

الوصف: Arabinoxylans (AXs) are major components of graminaceous plant cell walls, including those in the grain and straw of economically important cereals. Despite some recent advances in identifying the genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes for a number of other plant cell wall polysaccharides, the genes encoding enzymes of the final stages of AX synthesis have not been identified. We have therefore adopted a novel bioinformatics approach based on estimation of differential expression of orthologous genes between taxonomic divisions of species. Over 3 million public domain cereal and dicot expressed sequence tags were mapped onto the complete sets of rice (Oryza sativa) and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) genes, respectively. It was assumed that genes in cereals involved in AX biosynthesis would be expressed at high levels and that their orthologs in dicotyledonous plants would be expressed at much lower levels. Considering all rice genes encoding putative glycosyl transferases (GTs) predicted to be integral membrane proteins, genes in the GT43, GT47, and GT61 families emerged as much the strongest candidates. When the search was widened to all other rice or Arabidopsis genes predicted to encode integral membrane proteins, cereal genes in Pfam family PF02458 emerged as candidates for the feruloylation of AX. Our analysis, known activities, and recent findings elsewhere are most consistent with genes in the GT43 families encoding β-1,4-xylan synthases, genes in the GT47 family encoding xylan α-1,2- or α-1,3-arabinosyl transferases, and genes in the GT61 family encoding feruloyl-AX β-1,2-xylosyl transferases.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e52c5cc5480b177d5135f1410e4ddc65Test
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.106.094995Test

المؤلفون: Yongfang Wan, Angela Karp, Steven J. Hanley, Rowan A. C. Mitchell, Peter R. Shewry, C. Gritsch

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Physiology, Plant Science, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Cell Wall, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, (1–4)-β-D-galactan, In Situ Hybridization, Plant Proteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, 0303 health sciences, Microscopy, Confocal, biology, mannan, Salix, CCRC-M38, Wood, Cellulose microfibril, gelatinous fibres, Fiber cell, Secondary cell wall, Research Paper, fasciclin, Willow, reaction wood, xylan, Polysaccharide, LM5, Cell wall, 03 medical and health sciences, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Polysaccharides, Xylem, homogalacturonan, Botany, immunofluorescence, LM10, 030304 developmental biology, SxCOBL4, willow, biology.organism_classification, Xylan, immunogold, tension wood, chemistry, SxFLA12, TEM, LM21, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: Highlight Immunolocalization of cell wall polysaccharides in gelatinous fibres of willow tension wood indicates a distinct distribution with a particular enrichment of (1–4)-β-D-galactan in the G-layer.
Willows (Salix spp.) are important as a potential feedstock for bioenergy and biofuels. Previous work suggested that reaction wood (RW) formation could be a desirable trait for biofuel production in willows as it is associated with increased glucose yields, but willow RW has not been characterized for cell wall components. Fasciclin-like arabinogalactan (FLA) proteins are highly up-regulated in RW of poplars and are considered to be involved in cell adhesion and cellulose biosynthesis. COBRA genes are involved in anisotropic cell expansion by modulating the orientation of cellulose microfibril deposition. This study determined the temporal and spatial deposition of non-cellulosic polysaccharides in cell walls of the tension wood (TW) component of willow RW and compared it with opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW) using specific antibodies and confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, the expression patterns of an FLA gene (SxFLA12) and a COBRA-like gene (SxCOBL4) were compared using RNA in situ hybridization. Deposition of the non-cellulosic polysaccharides (1–4)-β-D-galactan, mannan and de-esterified homogalacturonan was found to be highly associated with TW, often with the G-layer itself. Of particular interest was that the G-layer itself can be highly enriched in (1–4)-β-D-galactan, especially in G-fibres where the G-layer is still thickening, which contrasts with previous studies in poplar. Only xylan showed a similar distribution in TW, OW, and NW, being restricted to the secondary cell wall layers. SxFLA12 and SxCOBL4 transcripts were specifically expressed in developing TW, confirming their importance. A model of polysaccharides distribution in developing willow G-fibre cells is presented.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::577a1b7ab379bdd50a6b97423d6202cfTest
https://repository.rothamsted.ac.uk/download/555f380bc0afce78fc210a7c1410a6cb9bdfb039b2f7621993dbbdd7111f3bfb/13809387/erv358.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Giuseppe Spano, Cristiano Platani, N. Di Fonzo, Peter R. Shewry, Carla Perrotta, Johnathan A. Napier, G. Ronga, David W. Lawlor

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany. 54:1415-1420

مصطلحات موضوعية: Chlorophyll, Senescence, Chlorophyll metabolism, Photosystem II, Nitrogen, Physiology, fungi, Mutant, food and beverages, Apoptosis, Plant Science, Biology, Photosynthesis, Plant Leaves, Chlorophyll concentration, chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Mutation, Seeds, Botany, Poaceae, Triticum

الوصف: Four mutants with delayed leaf senescence were selected from seed of durum wheat mutagenized with ethylmethane sulphonate. Changes in net photosynthetic rate, efficiency of photosystem II and chlorophyll concentration during the maturation and senescence of the flag leaves of both mutant and parental plants were determined under glasshouse conditions. The four mutant lines maintained photosynthetic competence for longer than the parental line and are therefore functionally 'stay green'. The mutant lines also had higher seed weights and grain yields per plant than the parental line.

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::27f1d4a3aefa0aaf2698323bf9a4b9dbTest
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erg150Test

المؤلفون: Peter R. Shewry, Nigel G. Halford

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany. 53:947-958

مصطلحات موضوعية: 175_Genetics, Glutens, Globulin, Physiology, Zein, RRES175, Plant Science, Nutritional quality, Zea mays, Gliadin, 175_Biochemistry, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Consensus Sequence, Storage protein, 175_Plant sciences, Food science, Prolamin, Triticum, Plant Proteins, chemistry.chemical_classification, biology, business.industry, food and beverages, Globulins, Oryza, 175_Nutrition, Gluten, Biotechnology, chemistry, Protein body, Seeds, biology.protein, Food processing, Composition (visual arts), Edible Grain, business, Prolamins

الوصف: Storage proteins account for about 50% of the total protein in mature cereal grains and have important impacts on their nutritional quality for humans and livestock and on their functional properties in food processing. Current knowledge of the structures and properties of the prolamin and globulin storage proteins of cereals and their mechanisms of synthesis, trafficking and deposition in the developing grain is briefly reviewed here. The role of the g uteri proteins of wheat in determining the quality of the grain for breadmaking and how their amount and composition can be manipulated leading to changes in dough mixing properties is also discussed. 

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الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::dc4eadc2281f0953c21691f41bef1865Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/53.370.947Test