المؤلفون: Erik H Murchie, Matthew Reynolds, Gustavo A Slafer, M John Foulkes, Liana Acevedo-Siaca, Lorna McAusland, Robert Sharwood, Simon Griffiths, Richard B Flavell, Jeff Gwyn, Mark Sawkins, Elizabete Carmo-Silva

مصطلحات موضوعية: Physiology, Source–sink, Plant Science, Biomass, Breeding, Photosynthesis, Yield physiology

الوصف: Source traits are currently of great interest for the enhancement of yield potential; for example, much effort is being expended to find ways of modifying photosynthesis. However, photosynthesis is but one component of crop regulation, so sink activities and the coordination of diverse processes throughout the crop must be considered in an integrated, systems approach. A set of ‘wiring diagrams’ has been devised as a visual tool to integrate the interactions of component processes at different stages of wheat development. They enable the roles of chloroplast, leaf, and whole-canopy processes to be seen in the context of sink development and crop growth as a whole. In this review, we dissect source traits both anatomically (foliar and non-foliar) and temporally (pre- and post-anthesis), and consider the evidence for their regulation at local and whole-plant/crop levels. We consider how the formation of a canopy creates challenges (self-occlusion) and opportunities (dynamic photosynthesis) for components of photosynthesis. Lastly, we discuss the regulation of source activity by feedback regulation. The review is written in the framework of the wiring diagrams which, as integrated descriptors of traits underpinning grain yield, are designed to provide a potential workspace for breeders and other crop scientists that, along with high-throughput and precision phenotyping data, genetics, and bioinformatics, will help build future dynamic models of trait and gene interactions to achieve yield gains in wheat and other field crops. Research of the authors on physiology and genetics of wheat yield potential has been funded by many different sources over the years. Recent grants include the International Wheat Yield Partnership (IWYP) projects funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Research Council of the UK [BB/N021061/1, BB/ N020871/2, BB/S005072/1] (IWYP48, IWYP64, IWYP163 and IWYP25FP, respectively), as well as projects funded by other donors (State Research Agency of Spain: AGL2015-69595-R and RTI2018-096213-B-100).

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::079fdee88a3a3e2e50a403fea417a22eTest
https://hdl.handle.net/10459.1/85301Test

المؤلفون: Matthew P. Reynolds, M. John Foulkes, M. Ali Babar, Aleyda Sierra-Gonzalez, Gemma Molero, Carolina Rivera-Amado

المصدر: Field Crops Research. 260:107979

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Genetic diversity, Glume, Soil Science, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biology, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, Carbon assimilation, Agronomy, Anthesis, Negatively associated, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Grain yield, Dry matter, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: Breeding to raise yield potential through enhancing photosynthesis will have limited impact unless harvest index (HI: proportion of above-ground biomass as grain yield) is maintained or ideally increased. Boosting grain dry matter (DM) partitioning will require increased allocation of assimilates to sink organs to enhance spike growth. A high biomass spring wheat panel of 150 genotypes encompassing elite, landrace-derived and synthetic-derived lines was grown under yield potential conditions in two seasons in NW Mexico. Results showed that the incorporation of landrace-derived and synthetic-derived backgrounds into elite lines resulted in higher expression of above-ground biomass (AGDM), leaf lamina and stem DM partitioning at anthesis. However, no grain yield advantage was observed over elite lines, due to lower grain number per unit area (GN) and decreased harvest index (HI). Positive linear associations were found among spike fertility-related traits - fruiting efficiency (grains per unit of spike DM at anthesis; FE), GN and HI - which were, in turn, related positively with grain yield (GY). Stem-internode 3 length and internode 3 DM partioning were negatively associated with spike partitioning index (SPI: ratio of spike DM to total above-ground DM at anthesis) and GN, suggesting an enhanced competition for assimilates between the spike and stem internode 3 during stem elongation. Within-spike DM partitioning analysis (glume, lemma, palea, rachis, awn) showed decreased partitioning to awns was associated with increased FE and thousand grain weight (TGW). While the use of exotic material can enhance biomass, special attention needs to be paid in the selection for novel DM partitioning traits that raise HI and GN coming from the elite genepool. The selection for grain partitioning traits in wheat breeding combined with sources expressing high biomass can potentially allow breeders to increase grain carbon assimilation that will deliver higher yields.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::a7abf338437e8a4c73dd98b331fbd678Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2020.107979Test

المؤلفون: P. Carvalho, Malcolm J. Hawkesford, Jayalath DeSilva, M. John Foulkes, Oorbessy Gaju, Andrew Greenland, Simon Griffiths

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Germplasm, AMAX, Field experiment, Soil Science, Biomass, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Biology, Photosynthesis, 01 natural sciences, Wheat, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen-use efficiency, Landraces, Synthetic-derived wheats, Horticulture, Agronomy, Anthesis, Yield (chemistry), 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Cultivar, Agronomy and Crop Science, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: Future genetic progress in wheat grain yield will depend on increasing above-ground biomass and this must be achieved without commensurate increases in N fertilizer inputs to minimise environmental impacts. Our objective was to quantify variation in grain yield, above-ground biomass and N-use efficiency (NUE) and associated traits in a panel of diverse hexaploid wheat germplasm comprising: (i) landraces from the AE Watkins collection, (ii) synthetic-derived hexaploid lines in a cv. Paragon spring wheat background and (iii) UK modern cultivars including cv. Paragon under low N and high N conditions. A field experiment was carried out in two seasons examining 15 genotypes (five landraces, five synthetic-derived (SD) hexaploid lines and five UK modern cultivars) under low N and high N conditions at Nottingham University farm, UK. Machine-harvested grain yield, above-ground biomass and NUE were measured. Physiological traits were assessed including flag-leaf light-saturated photosynthetic rate (Amax) and relative chlorophyll content (SPAD) under HN conditions; and flag-leaf senescence duration and rate and Normalized Difference Vegetative Index (NDVI) under LN and HN conditions. Under HN conditions, the modern cultivars overall produced higher grain yield than the SD lines (+9.7%) and the landraces (+60.4%); and the modern cultivars and SD lines also produced higher biomass than the landraces (30.3% and 28.4%, respectively). Under LN conditions, reduction in grain yield and biomass compared to HN conditions was least for the landraces (?1% and ?8.6%, respectively), intermediate for the SD lines (?7.4 and ?10.2%, respectively) and highest for the modern cultivars (?9.3 and ?24.6%, respectively). As a result, the SD lines had higher biomass (+17%) than the modern cultivars under LN conditions. Under HN conditions the synthetic derivatives (23.8 ?mol m?2 s?1) and modern cultivars (241.1 ?mol m?2 s?1) had higher pre-anthesis Amax than the landraces (19.7 ?mol m?2 s?1) (P < 0.001). Pre-anthesis Amax was strongly positively linearly associated with above-ground biomass (R2 = 0.63, P < 0.001) and grain yield (R2 = 0.75, P < 0.001) amongst the 15 genotypes. Flag-leaf Amax was also positively linearly associated with flag-leaf relative chlorophyll content at anthesis (R2 = 0.74; P < 0.001). Comparing the SD lines to the recurrent parent Paragon, under HN conditions one line (SD 22) had higher pre-anthesis flag-leaf Amax than Paragon (P < 0.05). Under LN conditions one line (SD 24, +27%) had higher yield than Paragon (P < 0.05) and two lines (SD 24 and SD 38, +32% and +31%, respectively) had more biomass than Paragon (P < 0.05). Our results indicated that introgressing traits from synthetic-derived wheat and landraces into UK modern wheat germplasm offers scope to raise above-ground biomass and grain yield in moderate-to-low N availability environments.

وصف الملف: application/pdf; PDF

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::32b93ccd6fcecfed82e9b3745b016c49Test

المؤلفون: M. K. Grimmer, Neil Paveley, M. John Foulkes

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany. 63:4321-4331

مصطلحات موضوعية: Crops, Agricultural, Light, Resistance (ecology), Physiology, Host (biology), business.industry, fungi, Water, food and beverages, Agriculture, Plant Transpiration, Plant Science, Biology, Plant Leaves, Crop, Agronomy, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Plant Stomata, Botany, Plant Immunity, Photosynthesis, business, Water use, Plant Diseases

الوصف: As the world population grows, there is a pressing need to improve productivity from water use in irrigated and rain-fed agriculture. Foliar diseases have been reported to decrease crop water-use efficiency (WUE) substantially, yet the effects of plant pathogens are seldom considered when methods to improve WUE are debated. We review the effects of foliar pathogens on plant water relations and the consequences for WUE. The effects reported vary between host and pathogen species and between host genotypes. Some general patterns emerge however. Higher fungi and oomycetes cause physical disruption to the cuticle and stomata, and also cause impairment of stomatal closing in the dark. Higher fungi and viruses are associated with impairment of stomatal opening in the light. A number of toxins produced by bacteria and higher fungi have been identified that impair stomatal function. Deleterious effects are not limited to compatible plant-pathogen interactions. Resistant and non-host interactions have been shown to result in stomatal impairment in light and dark conditions. Mitigation of these effects through selection of favourable resistance responses could be an important breeding target in the future. The challenges for researchers are to understand how the effects reported from work under controlled conditions translate to crops in the field, and to elucidate underlying mechanisms.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6b563675947ca070a8c293d783cf39d3Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers143Test

المؤلفون: Pierre Martre, Oorbessy Gaju, M. John Foulkes, Vincent Allard, Jacques Le Gouis, Delphine Moreau

المساهمون: Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales ( GDEC ), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 ( UBP ), Agroécologie [Dijon], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique ( INRA ) -Université de Bourgogne ( UB ) -AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, UK ( UON ), Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales (GDEC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Bourgogne (UB)-AgroSup Dijon - Institut National Supérieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)

المصدر: Plant Physiology
Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists, 2012, 160 (3), pp.1479-1490. 〈10.1104/pp.112.199935〉
Plant Physiology, American Society of Plant Biologists, 2012, 160 (3), pp.1479-1490. ⟨10.1104/pp.112.199935⟩
Plant Physiology, 2012, 160 (3), pp.1479-1490. ⟨10.1104/pp.112.199935⟩

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, Canopy, Crops, Agricultural, Light, Physiology, Nitrogen, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Acclimatization, chemistry.chemical_element, Plant Science, Biology, 01 natural sciences, Crop, Anthesis, Genetics, Cultivar, Photosynthesis, Nitrogen cycle, Triticum, Whole Plant and Ecophysiology, 2. Zero hunger, Photons, [ SDV ] Life Sciences [q-bio], 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Organ Size, 15. Life on land, Molar absorptivity, Plant Leaves, chemistry, Agronomy, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, Linear Models, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: Vertical leaf nitrogen (N) gradient within a canopy is classically considered as a key adaptation to the local light environment that would tend to maximize canopy photosynthesis. We studied the vertical leaf N gradient with respect to the light gradient for wheat (Triticum aestivum) canopies with the aims of quantifying its modulation by crop N status and genetic variability and analyzing its ecophysiological determinants. The vertical distribution of leaf N and light was analyzed at anthesis for 16 cultivars grown in the field in two consecutive seasons under two levels of N. The N extinction coefficient with respect to light (b) varied with N supply and cultivar. Interestingly, a scaling relationship was observed between b and the size of the canopy for all the cultivars in the different environmental conditions. The scaling coefficient of the b-green area index relationship differed among cultivars, suggesting that cultivars could be more or less adapted to low-productivity environments. We conclude that the acclimation of the leaf N gradient to the light gradient is a whole-plant process that depends on canopy size. This study demonstrates that modeling leaf N distribution and canopy expansion based on the assumption that leaf N distribution parallels that of the light is inappropriate. We provide a robust relationship accounting for vertical leaf N gradient with respect to vertical light gradient as a function of canopy size.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::f1f660bbfbfc8335df4f92a63bbf1e90Test
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01001606Test

المؤلفون: Pete Berry, Daniel F. Calderini, William J. Davies, Simon Griffiths, Matthew P. Reynolds, Gustavo A. Slafer, Pierre Martre, Roger Sylvester-Bradley, M. John Foulkes

المساهمون: Division of Plant and Crop Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK (UON), CREA (Catalonian Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) and Departament of Crop and Forest Sciences, Universitat de Lleida, Department of Biological Sciences [Lancaster], Lancaster University, High Mowthorpe, Agricultural Development and Advisory Service, Boxworth, Génétique Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales (GDEC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP), Plant Production and Plant Protection Institute, Universidad Austral de Chile, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany
Journal of Experimental Botany, Oxford University Press (OUP), 2010, 62 (2), pp.469-486. ⟨10.1093/jxb/erq300⟩

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0106 biological sciences, QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCUS, Physiology, Yield (finance), GENETIC-RESOURCES, Quantitative Trait Loci, WHEAT, Plant Science, engineering.material, Biology, Breeding, 01 natural sciences, MARKER ASSISTED SELECTION, GENE-DISCOVERY, PHENOLOGY, Poaceae, Photosynthesis, Triticum, 2. Zero hunger, Food security, DRY MASS PARTITIONING, Resistance (ecology), business.industry, ALIEN INTROGRESSION, Reproduction, SPIKE-FERTILITY, food and beverages, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, 15. Life on land, [SDV.BV.BOT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Vegetal Biology/Botanics, Photosynthetic capacity, CROP BREEDING, GRAIN WEIGHT, Agronomy, GRAIN SIZE, LODGING RESISTANCE, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, engineering, Food processing, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Spike (software development), Fertilizer, business, 010606 plant biology & botany

الوصف: A substantial increase in grain yield potential is required, along with better use of water and fertilizer, to ensure food security and environmental protection in future decades. For improvements in photosynthetic capacity to result in additional wheat yield, extra assimilates must be partitioned to developing spikes and grains and/or potential grain weight increased to accommodate the extra assimilates. At the same time, improvement in dry matter partitioning to spikes should ensure that it does not increase stem or root lodging. It is therefore crucial that improvements in structural and reproductive aspects of growth accompany increases in photosynthesis to enhance the net agronomic benefits of genetic modifications. In this article, six complementary approaches are proposed, namely: (i) optimizing developmental pattern to maximize spike fertility and grain number, (ii) optimizing spike growth to maximize grain number and dry matter harvest index, (iii) improving spike fertility through desensitizing floret abortion to environmental cues, (iv) improving potential grain size and grain filling, and (v) improving lodging resistance. Since many of the traits tackled in these approaches interact strongly, an integrative modelling approach is also proposed, to (vi) identify any trade-offs between key traits, hence to define target ideotypes in quantitative terms. The potential for genetic dissection of key traits via quantitative trait loci analysis is discussed for the efficient deployment of existing variation in breeding programmes. These proposals should maximize returns in food production from investments in increased crop biomass by increasing spike fertility, grain number per unit area and harvest index whilst optimizing the trade-offs with potential grain weight and lodging resistance.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e3923ae307ef29857b29a00524b29e9aTest
https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00964196Test

المؤلفون: William J. Angus, Martin A. J. Parry, John W. Snape, M. John Foulkes, Matthew P. Reynolds, Gustavo A. Slafer, Pete Berry

مصطلحات موضوعية: Molecular breeding, biology, Physiology, Crop yield, food and beverages, Plant Science, Breeding, Grain filling, Plants, Genetically Modified, biology.organism_classification, Photosynthesis, Photosynthetic capacity, Agronomy, Genetic gain, Poaceae, Triticeae, Triticum

الوصف: Recent advances in crop research have the potential to accelerate genetic gains in wheat, especially if co-ordinated with a breeding perspective. For example, improving photosynthesis by exploiting natural variation in Rubisco's catalytic rate or adopting C(4) metabolism could raise the baseline for yield potential by 50% or more. However, spike fertility must also be improved to permit full utilization of photosynthetic capacity throughout the crop life cycle and this has several components. While larger radiation use efficiency will increase the total assimilates available for spike growth, thereby increasing the potential for grain number, an optimized phenological pattern will permit the maximum partitioning of the available assimilates to the spikes. Evidence for underutilized photosynthetic capacity during grain filling in elite material suggests unnecessary floret abortion. Therefore, a better understanding of its physiological and genetic basis, including possible signalling in response to photoperiod or growth-limiting resources, may permit floret abortion to be minimized for a more optimal source:sink balance. However, trade-offs in terms of the partitioning of assimilates to competing sinks during spike growth, to improve root anchorage and stem strength, may be necessary to prevent yield losses as a result of lodging. Breeding technologies that can be used to complement conventional approaches include wide crossing with members of the Triticeae tribe to broaden the wheat genepool, and physiological and molecular breeding strategically to combine complementary traits and to identify elite progeny more efficiently.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::ec2f092502ad78a9b888d72386e152c0Test