المؤلفون: Benowitz, Neal L, St.Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Zhang, Junfeng, Harvanko, Arit M, Calfee, Carolyn S, Jacob, Peyton

المصدر: Journal of the American Heart Association. 9(23)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Tobacco, Clinical Research, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Prevention, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Biomarkers, Blood Pressure, Catecholamines, Cigarette Smoking, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Over Studies, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Oxidative Stress, Platelet Aggregation, Vaping, biomarkers, electronic cigarettes, nicotine, tobacco, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology

الوصف: Background Cardiovascular safety is an important consideration regarding the benefits versus risks of electronic cigarette use (EC) for public health. The single-use cardiovascular effects of EC have been well studied but may not reflect effects of ad libitum use throughout the day. We aimed to compare the circadian hemodynamic effects as well as 24-hour biomarkers of oxidative stress, and platelet aggregation and inflammation, with ad libitum cigarette smoking (CS) versus EC versus no tobacco product use. Methods and Results Thirty-six healthy dual CS and EC users participated in a crossover study in a confined research setting. Circadian heart rate, blood pressure and plasma nicotine levels, 24-hour urinary catecholamines, 8-isoprostane and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, and plasma interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were compared in CS, EC, and no nicotine conditions. Over 24 hours, and during daytime, heart rate and blood pressure were higher in CS and EC compared with no tobacco product conditions (P

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29j4m1j5Test

المؤلفون: Harvanko, Arit M, St Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Addiction. 115(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical and Health Psychology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Psychology, Brain Disorders, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Substance Misuse, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, San Francisco, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Products, United States, Vaping, Young Adult, Area under the curve, behavior, blood, e-cigarettes, ENDS, nicotine, plasma, smoking, vaping, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: Background and aimsRelative pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad-libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24-hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48-hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were measured among dual users.DesignTwo-arm within-subject cross-over design with preferred e-cigarette or cigarette ad-libitum use over 48 hours.SettingHospital research ward in San Francisco, California, USA.ParticipantsThirty-six healthy dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (n = 8, 25% females).MeasurementsTwenty-four-hour blood plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations and 48-hour self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects.FindingsAnalyses used analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based mixed models with order of product (e-cigarette or cigarette) and product type (combustible cigarette or type of e-cigarette) as fixed effects, and subject as a repeated effect. During a 24-hour period, e-cigarettes produced lower nicotine exposure than cigarettes for the majority of users, although 25% received more nicotine from e-cigarettes, which was predicted by more frequent e-cigarette use or greater dependence. Compared to cigarette smoking, nicotine exposure for variable-power tank users was similar, while cig-a-like (t(30)  = 2.71, P = 0.011, d = 0.745) and fixed-power tank users (t(30)  = 3.37, P = 0.002, d = 0.993) were exposed to less nicotine. Cigarettes were rated higher than e-cigarettes on some desirable subjective effects (e.g. psychological reward, t(322)  = 7.24 P

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ms177v3Test

المؤلفون: Benowitz, Neal L, St. Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Cox, Lisa Sanderson, Jacob, Peyton

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Substance Misuse, Brain Disorders, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Biomarkers, Cigarette Smoking, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Nicotiana, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionAccurate measurement of nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke is important in studying disease risk and level of dependence. Urine total nicotine equivalents, the molar sum of nicotine and six metabolites (NE7), accounts for more than 90% of a nicotine dose and is independent of individual metabolic differences. However, measuring NE7 is technically difficult and costly. We compared NE7, the gold standard of nicotine intake, with different combinations of fewer urinary nicotine metabolites. We also examined the impact of individual differences in nicotine metabolic rate, sex, and race on strength of association with NE7.MethodsUrine samples from 796 daily smokers, who participated across five clinical studies, were assayed for nicotine and/or metabolites. Associations with NE7 were assessed by regression and Bland-Altman analyses.ResultsOverall, the molar sum of urine [cotinine + 3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC)] (NE2) and [nicotine + 
cotinine + 3HC] (NE3) were strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .97 and .99, respectively). However, in slow metabolizers NE2 was less predictive of NE7, whereas NE3 was equally robust. Urine total cotinine was also strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .87).ConclusionsUrine NE3 is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, whereas NE2 is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies.ImplicationsThe molar sum of urine total nicotine, cotinine and 3HC (NE3) is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, and performs as well as measuring seven nicotine metabolites (NE7). The sum of cotinine and 3HC (NE2) is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3r28m6whTest

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie, Shahid, Marian, Strasser, Andrew A, Dempsey, Delia A, Benowitz, Neal L

مصطلحات موضوعية: Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Tobacco, Substance Misuse, Prevention, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Cognition, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Prospective Studies, Reaction Time, Smoking Cessation, Time Factors, Young Adult, Nicotine metabolite ratio, NMR, Smoking, Working memory, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Neurosciences, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences

الوصف: BackgroundA faster rate of nicotine metabolism has been associated with smoking more cigarettes, greater nicotine withdrawal symptoms, and lower smoking quit rates. However, the association between nicotine metabolic rate (NMR) and cognitive functioning during withdrawal has not been determined.MethodsWe compared cognitive function in 121 fast or slow nicotine metabolizers after smoking, and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence. Cognitive functioning was assessed using N-back working memory tests with outcomes of accuracy and processing speed. Participants smoked two cigarettes and then abstained from smoking for 6 h. N-back tests were administered after smoking (0 h) and at 3 and 6 h of nicotine abstinence.ResultsAn effect of processing speed was found over time on the 2-back, in that participants had significantly longer average reaction times when the stimuli presented did not match the target letter. NMR was not significantly associated with the processing speed change over time. Within-race differences in working memory were evident in that Caucasian fast metabolizers had significantly poorer accuracy and processing speed.ConclusionsMinimal change in working memory over 6 h of nicotine abstinence was observed. Overall, NMR was not significantly associated with the change in processing speed, however Caucasian fast metabolizers displayed poorer accuracy and processing speed at discrete time points.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1q93z49gTest

المؤلفون: Nardone, Natalie, Helen, Gideon St, Addo, Newton, Meighan, Sandra, Benowitz, Neal L

مصطلحات موضوعية: Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Brain Disorders, Substance Misuse, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Tobacco, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Behavior, Addictive, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Personal Satisfaction, Reinforcement, Psychology, Saliva, Surveys and Questionnaires, Tobacco Use Disorder, Young Adult, Electronic cigarettes, Dependence, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Biochemistry and cell biology, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences, Epidemiology

الوصف: BackgroundAs of March 2019, JUUL electronic cigarettes are the most popular e-cigarette on the U.S. market, but little is known of nicotine exposure and dependence on JUUL and user experience.MethodsJUUL users participated in a community-based study involving questionnaires, saliva collection and a qualitative interview.ResultsFifteen participants were enrolled (80% male, 53% White) and had an average age of 29.8 (standard deviation = 10) years. Daily exposure to nicotine assessed via salivary cotinine was similar to those reported for other e-cigarette and tobacco cigarette users in general. The majority reported low to moderate nicotine dependence. Qualitative interview themes included: the importance of social networks in adoption and use of the product; device features such as small size and vapor cloud reinforced product use; the product provided satisfaction compared to a tobacco cigarette; and a perceived sense of addiction to the product.ConclusionsJUUL e-cigarettes expose users to levels of nicotine similar to other e-cigarettes but may be more satisfying due to unique device features. JUUL may be quite acceptable to tobacco cigarette smokers who are seeking to quit. However, it holds addictive potential and can reinforce long-term nicotine use.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r86q1gnTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt6r86q1gn/qt6r86q1gn.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Liakoni, Evangelia, Edwards, Kathryn C, St. Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Dempsey, Delia A, Tyndale, Rachel F, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 105(3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Brain Disorders, Behavioral and Social Science, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Saliva, Smoking Cessation, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Use Disorder, Young Adult, Pharmacology & Pharmacy, Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences

الوصف: This study investigated the influence of the rate of nicotine metabolism, as indicated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), on tobacco dependence. We stratified 136 smokers on the basis of saliva NMR as fast (n = 65) and slow (n = 71) metabolizers. Two "loading cigarettes" were smoked after overnight, and a "reward cigarette" was smoked after 6 hours of daytime, abstinence. Blood nicotine concentrations, expired carbon monoxide, withdrawal/craving, and reward questionnaires were collected before/after smoking and during daytime abstinence. Compared with slow metabolizers, fast metabolizers had a shorter nicotine elimination half-life (P

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2nk7w7rhTest

المؤلفون: Bonfiglio, Ferdinando, Zheng, Tenghao, Garcia-Etxebarria, Koldo, Hadizadeh, Fatemeh, Bujanda, Luis, Bresso, Francesca, Agreus, Lars, Andreasson, Anna, Dlugosz, Aldona, Lindberg, Greger, Schmidt, Peter T, Karling, Pontus, Ohlsson, Bodil, Simren, Magnus, Walter, Susanna, Nardone, Gerardo, Cuomo, Rosario, Usai-Satta, Paolo, Galeazzi, Francesca, Neri, Matteo, Portincasa, Piero, Bellini, Massimo, Barbara, Giovanni, Latiano, Anna, Hübenthal, Matthias, Thijs, Vincent, Netea, Mihai G, Jonkers, Daisy, Chang, Lin, Mayer, Emeran A, Wouters, Mira M, Boeckxstaens, Guy, Camilleri, Michael, Franke, Andre, Zhernakova, Alexandra, D'Amato, Mauro

المصدر: Gastroenterology. 155(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genetics, Prevention, Digestive Diseases, Pain Research, Human Genome, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Adult, Aged, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Constipation, Europe, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Genetic Variation, Genome-Wide Association Study, Genotype, Humans, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Male, Menarche, Middle Aged, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Self Report, Sex Factors, Sweden, United States, SNP, Biobank Research, Bowel Symptoms, Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Paediatrics and Reproductive Medicine, Gastroenterology & Hepatology

الوصف: Background & aimsGenetic factors are believed to affect risk for irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), but there have been no sufficiently powered and adequately sized studies. To identify DNA variants associated with IBS risk, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of the large UK Biobank population-based cohort, which includes genotype and health data from 500,000 participants.MethodsWe studied 7,287,191 high-quality single nucleotide polymorphisms in individuals who self-reported a doctor's diagnosis of IBS (cases; n = 9576) compared to the remainder of the cohort (controls; n = 336,499) (mean age of study subjects, 40-69 years). Genome-wide significant findings were further investigated in 2045 patients with IBS from tertiary centers and 7955 population controls from Europe and the United States, and a small general population sample from Sweden (n = 249). Functional annotation of GWAS results was carried out by integrating data from multiple biorepositories to obtain biological insights from the observed associations.ResultsWe identified a genome-wide significant association on chromosome 9q31.2 (single nucleotide polymorphism rs10512344; P = 3.57 × 10-8) in a region previously linked to age at menarche, and 13 additional loci of suggestive significance (P < 5.0×10-6). Sex-stratified analyses revealed that the variants at 9q31.2 affect risk of IBS in women only (P = 4.29 × 10-10 in UK Biobank) and also associate with constipation-predominant IBS in women (P = .015 in the tertiary cohort) and harder stools in women (P = .0012 in the population-based sample). Functional annotation of the 9q31.2 locus identified 8 candidate genes, including the elongator complex protein 1 gene (ELP1 or IKBKAP), which is mutated in patients with familial dysautonomia.ConclusionsIn a sufficiently powered GWAS of IBS, we associated variants at the locus 9q31.2 with risk of IBS in women. This observation may provide additional rationale for investigating the role of sex hormones and autonomic dysfunction in IBS.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/625706n2Test

المؤلفون: Nardone, Anthony, Ferreccio, Catterina, Acevedo, Johanna, Enanoria, Wayne, Blair, Alden, Smith, Allan H, Balmes, John, Steinmaus, Craig

مصطلحات موضوعية: Environmental Sciences, Pollution and Contamination, Cancer, Foodborne Illness, Lung, Clinical Research, Lung Cancer, Prevention, Respiratory, Adult, Arsenic, Body Mass Index, Chile, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Lung Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Prevalence, Respiration Disorders, Risk Factors, Water Pollutants, Chemical, Body mass index, Spirometry, Lung function, Chemical Sciences, Biological Sciences, Toxicology, Biological sciences, Chemical sciences, Environmental sciences

الوصف: BackgroundElevated body mass index (BMI) and arsenic are both associated with cancer and with non-malignant lung disease. Using a unique exposure situation in Northern Chile with data on lifetime arsenic exposure, we previously identified the first evidence of an interaction between arsenic and BMI for the development of lung cancer.ObjectivesWe examined whether there was an interaction between arsenic and BMI for the development of non-malignant lung disease.MethodsData on lifetime arsenic exposure, respiratory symptoms, spirometry, BMI, and smoking were collected from 751 participants from cities in Northern Chile with varying levels of arsenic water concentrations. Spirometry values and respiratory symptoms were compared across subjects in different categories of arsenic exposure and BMI.ResultsAdults with both a BMI above the 90th percentile (>33.9kg/m2) and arsenic water concentrations ≥11µg/L exhibited high odds ratios (ORs) for cough (OR = 10.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 3.03, 50.1), shortness of breath (OR = 14.2, 95% CI: 4.79, 52.4), wheeze (OR = 14.4, 95% CI: 4.80, 53.7), and the combined presence of any respiratory symptom (OR = 9.82, 95% CI: 4.22, 24.5). In subjects with lower BMIs, respiratory symptom ORs for arsenic water concentrations ≥11µg/L were markedly lower. In never-smokers, reductions in forced vital capacity associated with arsenic increased as BMI increased. Analysis of the FEV1/FVC ratio in never-smokers significantly increased as BMI and arsenic concentrations increased. Similar trends were not observed for FEV1 alone or in ever-smokers.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary evidence that BMI may increase the risk for arsenic-related non-malignant respiratory disease.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3rx5496bTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt3rx5496b/qt3rx5496b.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Mele C., Pagano L., Franciotta D., Caputo M., Nardone A., Aimaretti G., Marzullo P., Pingue V.

المساهمون: Mele, C., Pagano, L., Franciotta, D., Caputo, M., Nardone, A., Aimaretti, G., Marzullo, P., Pingue, V.

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epilepsy, Outcome, Thyroid, Traumatic brain injury, Brain, Female, Human, Italy, Male, Middle Aged, Neuroimaging, Neurologic Examination, Predictive Value of Test, Prognosi, Risk Assessment, Thyroid Function Test, Thyroid Gland, Trauma Severity Indice, Triiodothyronine, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Post-Traumatic, Recovery of Function

الوصف: Purpose: That thyroid hormones exert pleiotropic effects and have a contributory role in triggering seizures in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) can be hypothesized. We aimed at investigating thyroid function tests as prognostic factors of the development of seizures and of functional outcome in TBI. Methods: This retrospective study enrolled 243 adult patients with a diagnosis of mild-to-severe TBI, consecutively admitted to our rehabilitation unit for a 6-month neurorehabilitation program. Data on occurrence of seizures, brain imaging, injury characteristics, associated neurosurgical procedures, neurologic and functional assessments, and death during hospitalization were collected at baseline, during the workup and on discharge. Thyroid function tests (serum TSH, fT4, and fT3 levels) were performed upon admission to neurorehabilitation. Results: Serum fT3 levels were positively associated with an increased risk of late post-traumatic seizures (LPTS) in post-TBI patients independent of age, sex and TBI severity (OR = 1.85, CI 95% 1.22–2.61, p < 0.01). Measured at admission, fT3 values higher than 2.76 pg/mL discriminated patients with late post-traumatic seizures from those without, with a sensitivity of 74.2% and a specificity of 60.9%. Independently from the presence of post-traumatic epilepsy and TBI severity, increasing TSH levels and decreasing fT3 levels were associated with worse neurological and functional outcome, as well as with higher risk of mortality within 6 months from the TBI event. Conclusions: Serum fT3 levels assessed in the subacute phase post-TBI are associated with neurological and functional outcome as well as with the risk of seizure occurrence. Further studies are needed to investigate the mechanisms underlying these associations.

وصف الملف: ELETTRONICO

العلاقة: info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/pmid/34351610; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/wos/WOS:000681570500001; volume:45; issue:2; firstpage:379; lastpage:389; numberofpages:11; journal:JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION; http://hdl.handle.net/11579/138132Test; info:eu-repo/semantics/altIdentifier/scopus/2-s2.0-85111880594

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-021-01656-8Test
http://hdl.handle.net/11579/138132Test

المؤلفون: Tidey, Jennifer W, Pacek, Lauren R, Koopmeiners, Joseph S, Vandrey, Ryan, Nardone, Natalie, Drobes, David J, Benowitz, Neal L, Dermody, Sarah S, Lemieux, Andrine, Denlinger, Rachel L, Cassidy, Rachel, al'Absi, Mustafa, Hatsukami, Dorothy K, Donny, Eric C

المصدر: Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco. 19(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Humans, Tobacco Use Disorder, Nicotine, Diagnosis, Dual (Psychiatry), Double-Blind Method, Depression, Smoking, Smoking Cessation, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Adult, Middle Aged, Female, Male, Young Adult, Tobacco Products, Smoking Prevention, Diagnosis, Dual, Public Health, Public Health and Health Services, Clinical Sciences, Marketing

الوصف: BackgroundThe FDA recently acquired regulatory authority over tobacco products, leading to renewed interest in whether reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes would reduce tobacco dependence in the United States. Given the association between depressive symptoms and cigarette smoking, it is important to consider whether smokers with elevated depressive symptoms experience unique benefits or negative consequences of nicotine reduction.MethodsIn this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial that examined the effects of cigarettes varying in nicotine content over a 6-week period in non-treatment-seeking smokers, we used linear regression to examine whether baseline depressive symptom severity (scores on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale [CES-D]) moderated the effects of reduced-nicotine content (RNC) cigarettes, relative to normal-nicotine content (NNC) cigarettes, on smoking rates, depressive symptom severity, and related subjective and physiological measures.ResultsOf the 717 participants included in this analysis, 109 (15.2%) had CES-D scores ≥ 16, indicative of possible clinical depression. Relative to NNC cigarettes, RNC cigarettes reduced smoking rates, nicotine dependence, and cigarette craving, and these effects were not significantly moderated by baseline CES-D score. A significant interaction between baseline CES-D score and cigarette condition on week 6 CES-D score was observed (p < .05); among those with CES-D scores ≥ 16 at baseline, those assigned to RNC cigarettes had lower week 6 CES-D scores than those assigned to NNC cigarettes. Among those in the lowest nicotine content conditions, biochemically confirmed compliance with the RNC cigarettes was associated with an increase in CES-D score for those with baseline CES-D scores < 16 and no change in CES-D score for those with baseline CES-D scores ≥ 16.ConclusionsThese findings provide initial evidence that a reduced-nicotine standard for cigarettes may reduce smoking, without worsening depressive symptoms, among smokers with elevated depressive symptoms.ImplicationsThis secondary analysis of a recent clinical trial examined whether depressive symptom severity moderated the effects of reduced-nicotine cigarettes on smoking and depressive symptoms. Results indicate that, regardless of baseline depressive symptoms, participants randomized to reduced-nicotine cigarettes had lower smoking rates, nicotine intake, nicotine dependence, and craving at week 6 post-randomization than those assigned to normal-nicotine cigarettes. In participants with higher baseline depressive symptoms, those assigned to reduced-nicotine cigarettes had lower week 6 depressive symptoms than those assigned to normal-nicotine cigarettes. These results suggest that a nicotine reduction policy could have beneficial effects for smokers, regardless of depressive symptom severity.

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/69d9z7xfTest