المؤلفون: Marshall Burke, Mark R. Cullen, Christina K. Francis, Michael Baiocchi, Gary M. Shaw, David J.X. Gonzalez

المصدر: Science of The Total Environment. 806:150298

مصطلحات موضوعية: Pollutant, Hydrology, Pollution, Air Pollutants, Environmental Engineering, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Fossil fuel, Drilling, Particulates, California, Volume (thermodynamics), Air Pollution, Environmental Chemistry, Environmental science, Oil and Gas Fields, business, Waste Management and Disposal, Air quality index, media_common, Exposure assessment

الوصف: Background. Prior studies have found that residential proximity to upstream oil and gas production is associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Emissions of ambient air pollutants from oil and gas wells in the preproduction and production stages have been proposed as conferring risk of adverse health effects, but the extent of air pollutant emissions and resulting nearby pollution concentrations from wells is not clear. Objectives. We examined the effects of upstream oil and gas preproduction (count of drilling sites) and production (total volume of oil and gas) activities on concentrations of five ambient air pollutants in California. Methods. We obtained data on approximately 1 million daily observations from 314 monitors in the EPA Air Quality System, 2006-2019, including daily concentrations of five routinely monitored ambient air pollutants: PM2.5, CO, NO2, O3, and VOCs. We obtained data on preproduction and production operations from Enverus and the California Geographic Energy Management Division (CalGEM) for all wells in the state. For each monitor and each day, we assessed exposure to upwind preproduction wells and total oil and gas production volume within 10 km. We used a panel regression approach in the analysis and fit adjusted fixed effects linear regression models for each pollutant, controlling for geographic, seasonal, temporal, and meteorological factors. Results. We observed higher concentrations of PM2.5 and CO at monitors within 3 km of preproduction wells, NO2 at monitors at 1-2 km, and O3 at 2-4 km from the wells. Monitors with proximity to increased production volume observed higher concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and VOCs within 1 km and higher O3 concentrations at 1-2 km. Results were robust to sensitivity analyses. Conclusion. Adjusting for geographic, meteorological, seasonal, and time-trending factors, we observed higher concentrations of ambient air pollutants at air quality monitors in proximity to preproduction wells within 4 km and producing wells within 2 km.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::b197df706721db311e7f995f0a9bf22aTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150298Test

المؤلفون: Clea Sarnquist, Michael Baiocchi, Benjamin Mboya, Jennifer Lee Kang, Duncan Kipkirui, Mary Amuyunzu-Nyamongo, Gabriel Oguda, Dorothy Otieno, Nancy Omondi

المصدر: BMC Public Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-1 (2021)
BMC Public Health

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, Intervention, Disease cluster, law.invention, Study Protocol, Randomized controlled trial, law, Intervention (counseling), Epidemiology, Protocol, medicine, Humans, Editorial Expression of Concern, Child, Empowerment, Retrospective Studies, media_common, Protocol (science), Schools, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Public health, Sex Offenses, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, lcsh:RA1-1270, Kenya, Research Design, Family medicine, Violence against woman and girls, Female, Power, Psychological, Biostatistics, business, Follow-Up Studies

الوصف: Background Sexual violence against adolescents is prevalent worldwide and results in significant physical and mental injuries as well as loss of economic and personal potential. Urban informal settlements such as those around Nairobi, Kenya have been shown to have especially high incidences of violence. Research has shown that empowerment interventions for female adolescents can reduce sexual assault. However, these interventions have had limited testing in urban informal settlements, with young adolescents, or in coordination with complementary programs for male adolescents. Methods/design This study was a two-arm, parallel, cluster-randomized trial testing a combination of a previously-tested girls’ intervention, IMPower, and a newly revised boys’ intervention, Source of Strength. Clusters were defined as schools within the informal settlements; participants were adolescent girls and boys in class 6, generally between the ages of 10–14 at baseline. Data collection began in January 2016 and continued through December 2018. The primary outcome was the change in incidence of self-reported sexual assault among girls from baseline, compared to a life skills standard of care intervention. Secondary outcomes included experiences of physical and emotional violence, as well as determining the effects of the intervention on self-efficacy, self-esteem, and gender attitudes and beliefs, and how those effects led to changes in experience of sexual assault. For the primary outcome and several of the secondary outcomes, we used an intention to treat estimand. Discussion This was the first randomized controlled trial with longitudinal follow-up of an empowerment self-defense approach to violence prevention for adolescents in informal settlements. The large size and rigorous design supported analysis to understand multiple subgroup experiences in the hypothesized reduction in sexual assault. The study was also unique in its focus on young (10–14 years of age) adolescents and in engaging both boys and girls in separate but coordinated curriculums. The focus on a highly vulnerable and understudied population will make it a significant contribution to the literature on violence prevention. Trial registration Clinical Trials.gov #NCT02771132. Version 3.1 registered May 2017, first participant enrolled January 2017. Retrospectively registered.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::071c32caf67596c5996e1a2ce1220239Test
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10263-4Test

المؤلفون: June A. Flora, Samantha L. Wong, Judith J. Prochaska, Anna E. Epperson, Michael Baiocchi, Eric F. Lambin, Lisa Henriksen

المصدر: J Adolesc Health
The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine, vol 68, iss 3

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Pediatric Research Initiative, Adolescent, media_common.quotation_subject, Eco-friendly marketing, Medical and Health Sciences, Article, Education, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Clinical Research, 030225 pediatrics, Intervention (counseling), Perception, Tobacco, medicine, Natural (music), Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, media_common, Cancer, Pediatric, Marketing, Smokers, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Public health, Addiction, Prevention, Smoking, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Advertising, Tobacco Products, Popularity, United States, Psychiatry and Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Public Health, Psychology, Cigarette pack

الوصف: PurposeNatural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes, which have recently grown in popularity, are marketed as eco-friendly and natural. The present study examined whether NAS's on-the-pack messaging influences adolescents' health perceptions of the brand.MethodsIn a mixed-factor design, adolescent participants (N= 1,003, ages 13-17, 75% female) were randomized to one of the six exposure conditions. All viewed images of an NAS and a Pall Mall (comparison brand) cigarette pack, but differed in pack color (blue, green, or gold/orange) and brand viewed first. Perceptions of pack logos, addictiveness, harms to the smoker, others, and the environment were assessed directly after viewing pack images for each brand.ResultsAdolescents who perceived NAS as more pro-environment tended to perceive NAS cigarettes to be less addictive, r=-.19, p < .01. NAS cigarettes also were perceived as less addictive and better for the environment than Pall Mall. Most (90%) participants provided nature-friendly words (e.g., environment, recycle) when asked to describe logos on the NAS packs. In adjusted models, relative to Pall Mall, NAS was perceived as healthier for smokers, healthier for smokers' family and friends, and safer for the environment. Findings did not differ by pack color and ever tobacco use.ConclusionsAdolescents perceived a health advantage for NAS cigarettes with its on-the-pack, eco-friendly and pro-health marketing. The findings are consistent with prior research with adults. Given the accumulating evidence of consumer misperceptions, eco-friendly messaging on cigarettes is a public health concern that warrants further consideration for regulatory intervention.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5f61d1a87198de539a1ad68479f877eaTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32713741Test

المؤلفون: Karen Eggleston, Victor R. Fuchs, Pooja Loftus, Michael Baiocchi, Mark R. Cullen

المصدر: SSM: Population Health, Vol 2, Iss, Pp 512-524 (2016)
SSM-Population Health

مصطلحات موضوعية: 030505 public health, Health (social science), lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, Health Policy, media_common.quotation_subject, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Male mortality, lcsh:RA1-1270, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Mortality data, lcsh:H1-99, 030212 general & internal medicine, Psychological resilience, lcsh:Social sciences (General), 0305 other medical science, Psychology, Socioeconomic status, Disadvantage, Demography, media_common

الوصف: Sex differences in mortality vary over time and place as a function of social, health, and medical circumstances. The magnitude of these variations, and their response to large socioeconomic changes, suggest that biological differences cannot fully account for sex differences in survival. Drawing on a wide swath of mortality data across countries and over time, we develop a set of empiric observations with which any theory about excess male mortality and its correlates will have to contend. We show that as societies develop, M/F survival first declines and then increases, a “sex difference in mortality transition” embedded within the demographic and epidemiologic transitions. After the onset of this transition, cross-sectional variation in excess male mortality exhibits a consistent pattern of greater female resilience to mortality under socio-economic adversity. The causal mechanisms underlying these associations merit further research.
Highlights • Sex differences in mortality (SDIM) vary over time and place. • Biological differences cannot fully account for sex differences in survival. • Women exhibit greater survival resilience to adverse socioeconomic conditions. • The largest male-female differences in mortality occur in conditions of socioeconomic adversity. • SDIM should decrease if social policy reduces exposure to adverse conditions.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2f50f6b9a1f6dee9175c573685be01daTest

المؤلفون: Divya Ramamurthi, Adrienne Lazaro, Karma McKelvey, Michael Baiocchi, Bonnie Halpern-Felsher

المصدر: Preventive Medicine Reports

مصطلحات موضوعية: media_common.quotation_subject, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, 030209 endocrinology & metabolism, Health Informatics, Advertising, Regular Article, Tobacco industry, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, chemistry, Perception, 030212 general & internal medicine, Business, Product (category theory), Line (text file), Cigarette pack, Menthol, media_common

الوصف: Highlights • Youth interpret cigarette pack-colors in line with industry-intended associations. • Product-packaging restrictions may be circumvented by use of colors that misrepresent product harms. • 43.2% of participants attributed extra strong to the black cigarette pack. • 35.6% of participants ascribed rich to gold. • 31.1% of participants ascribed menthol to green.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e59ad0514ab9d1509755a0f1524264d9Test
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC6378849Test

المؤلفون: Nicole Anzai, Judith J. Prochaska, Adrienne Lazaro, Cati Brown-Johnson, Amy Chieng, Sarah Stinson, Michael Baiocchi

المصدر: Prev Med

مصطلحات موضوعية: Employment, Male, Nicotine, Epidemiology, media_common.quotation_subject, 01 natural sciences, Article, law.invention, Treatment and control groups, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Intervention (counseling), Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, Smoking Reduction, media_common, Nicotine replacement, business.industry, 010102 general mathematics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Tobacco Use Disorder, Abstinence, Tobacco Use Cessation Devices, Quitline, chemistry, Female, San Francisco, Smoking Cessation, Cotinine, business, Demography

الوصف: INTRODUCTION. U.S. reductions in smoking have not been experienced equally. Smoking prevalence is greater among persons of lower education, lower income, and unemployed. We evaluated whether a cessation intervention for job-seekers would result in significantly fewer cigarettes smoked per day and a greater likelihood of tobacco abstinence and re-employment, compared to the control condition at 6-months follow-up. METHODS. Unemployed, job-seekers who smoked daily were recruited from five employment development departments in the San Francisco Bay Area, October 2015 to February 2018. Intention to quit smoking was not required. Participants were randomized to a brief motivationally-tailored, computer-assisted counseling intervention or referred to a toll-free quitline. Midstudy, 8-weeks of combination nicotine replacement was added to the intervention. Expired carbon monoxide and cotinine testing verified abstinence. Data were analyzed fall 2019. RESULTS. Participants (N=360; 70% men; 43% African American, 27% non-Hispanic Caucasian; 19% unhoused) averaged 12 cigarettes/day (SD=6), 67% smoked within 30 minutes of wakening; 27% were in preparation stage to quit. During the 6-month study period, intervention participants were more likely to make a quit attempt (71% vs. 58%, p=.021) and reported significantly greater reduction in cigarettes/day than control participants (median reduction: 6.9 vs. 5.0, p=.038); however, bioconfirmed abstinence (3%) and re-employment (36%) did not differ by treatment group. CONCLUSIONS. In a diverse sample with economic hardships, quit attempts and smoking reduction were greater in the intervention group; however, few achieved abstinence, and neither abstinence nor re-employment differed by condition. A priority group, further research is needed on smoking and re-employment. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION: NCT02478697, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02478697Test

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::f64f8c67c4397f03ccb9dbcdccd3a485Test
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106259Test

المؤلفون: Paul G. Barnett, Marily Oppezzo, Kevin L. Delucchi, Michael Baiocchi, Judith J. Prochaska, Anne K. Michalek

المصدر: Quality of Life Research. 25:1949-1957

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Substance-Related Disorders, media_common.quotation_subject, Health Behavior, Population, Psychological intervention, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Quality of life (healthcare), Sickness Impact Profile, Intervention (counseling), medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Psychiatry, Aged, Veterans, media_common, Health related quality of life, education.field_of_study, business.industry, Addiction, Public health, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, humanities, Substance abuse, Female, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery

الوصف: US veterans report lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) relative to the general population. Identifying behavioral factors related to HRQoL that are malleable to change may inform interventions to improve well-being in this vulnerable group.The current study sought to characterize HRQoL in a largely male sample of veterans in addictions treatment, both in relation to US norms and in association with five recommended health behavior practices: regularly exercising, managing stress, having good sleep hygiene, consuming fruits and vegetables, and being tobacco free.We assessed HRQoL with 250 veterans in addictions treatment (96 % male, mean age 53, range 24-77) using scales from four validated measures. Data reduction methods identified two principal components reflecting physical and mental HRQoL. Model testing of HRQoL associations with health behaviors adjusted for relevant demographic and treatment-related covariates.Compared to US norms, the sample had lower HRQoL scores. Better psychological HRQoL was associated with higher subjective social standing, absence of pain or trauma, lower alcohol severity, and monotonically with the sum of health behaviors (all p 0.05). Specifically, psychological HRQoL was associated with regular exercise, stress management, and sleep hygiene. Regular exercise also related to better physical HRQoL. The models explained40 % of the variance in HRQoL.Exercise, sleep hygiene, and stress management are strongly associated with HRQoL among veterans in addictions treatment. Future research is needed to test the effect of interventions for improving well-being in this high-risk group.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::374fc9d1f5df5178269e46579ca47cbdTest
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-016-1236-3Test

المؤلفون: Eric F. Lambin, Lisa Henriksen, June A. Flora, Michael Baiocchi, Judith J. Prochaska, Anna E. Epperson

المساهمون: UCL - SST/ELI/ELIC - Earth & Climate

المصدر: Preventive Medicine, Vol. 126, no.n/A, p. 105782 (2019)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, Epidemiology, media_common.quotation_subject, Environment, Product Labeling, 01 natural sciences, Cigarette brand, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Harm Reduction, Surveys and Questionnaires, Perception, Product Packaging, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, Marketing campaign, 0101 mathematics, Health risk, media_common, Marketing, Analysis of Variance, Social Responsibility, business.industry, Environmental and Occupational Health, 010102 general mathematics, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Advertising, Survey research, Tobacco Products, Middle Aged, Harm, Corporate social responsibility, Female, Public Health, business, Tobacco product

الوصف: Natural American Spirit (NAS) cigarettes feature a pro-environment marketing campaign on the packs. The NAS “Respect for the Earth” campaign is the first example of on-the-pack corporate social responsibility advertising. In a randomized survey design, we tested perceptions of NAS relative to other cigarette brands on harms to self, others, and the environment. Never (n = 421), former (n = 135), and current (n = 358) US adult smokers were recruited for an online survey from January through March 2018. All participants viewed packs of both NAS and Pall Mall. Participants were randomized to view NAS vs. Pall Mall and to pack color (blue, green, or yellow/orange), which was matched between brands. Survey items assessed perceptions of health risk of the cigarette brand to self, others, and the environment and corporate perceptions. Consistently on all measures, NAS cigarettes were rated as less harmful for oneself, others, and the environment relative to Pall Mall (p's

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::b08a96cc943255af01b2c8264d26928cTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105782Test

المؤلفون: Bonnie Halpern-Felsher, Karma McKelvey, Michael Baiocchi

المصدر: JAMA Network Open

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Cross-sectional study, media_common.quotation_subject, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, 01 natural sciences, Nicotine, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Substance Use and Addiction, Perception, Transgender, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, 0101 mathematics, Young adult, Prospective cohort study, Original Investigation, media_common, business.industry, Research, Public health, Smoking, 010102 general mathematics, General Medicine, Checklist, 3. Good health, Online Only, Smoking Cessation, Public Health, business, Demography, medicine.drug

الوصف: Importance Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are the most commonly used tobacco product among adolescents and young adults, and the new pod-based e-cigarette devices may put adolescents and young adults at increased risk for polytobacco use and nicotine dependence. Objective To build an evidence base for perceptions of risk from and use of pod-based e-cigarettes among adolescents and young adults. Design, Setting, and Participants In a survey study, a cross-sectional analysis was performed of data collected from April 6 to June 20, 2018, from 445 California adolescents and young adults as part of an ongoing prospective cohort study designed to measure the use and perceptions of tobacco products. Exposures Use of pod-based e-cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and cigarettes. Main Outcomes and Measures Ever use, past 7-day use, and past 30-day use and co-use of pod-based e-cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and cigarettes; use of flavors and nicotine in pod-based e-cigarettes and e-cigarettes; and associated perceptions of risks, benefits, and nicotine dependence. Results Among 445 adolescents and young adults (280 females, 140 males, 6 transgender individuals, and 19 missing data; mean [SD] age, 19.3 [1.7] years) who completed wave 6 of the ongoing prospective cohort study, ever use information was provided by 437 respondents, of which 68 (15.6%) reported use of pod-based e-cigarettes, 133 (30.4%) reported use of e-cigarettes, and 106 (24.3%) reported use of cigarettes. The mean (SD) number of days that pod-based e-cigarettes were used in the past 7 days was 1.5 (2.4) and in the past 30 days was 6.7 (10.0). The mean (SD) number of days that other e-cigarettes were used in the past 7 days was 0.8 (1.8) and in the past 30 days was 3.2 (7.4). The mean (SD) number of days that cigarettes were used in the past 7 days was 0.7 (1.8) and in the past 30 days was 3.0 (7.6). Among ever users of pod-based e-cigarettes, 18 (26.5%) reported their first e-liquid was flavored menthol or mint and 19 (27.9%) reported fruit (vs 13 [9.8%] and 50 [37.6%] for other e-cigarettes). The mean perceived chance of experiencing social risks and short-term and long-term health risks from the use of either pod-based e-cigarettes or other e-cigarettes was 40% and did not differ statistically by e-cigarette type. Among 34 adolescents and young adults reporting any loss of autonomy from nicotine, there was no difference in mean (SD) Hooked On Nicotine Checklist scores between those using pod-based e-cigarettes (2.59 [3.14]) and other e-cigarettes (2.32 [2.55]). Conclusions and Relevance Use by adolescents and young adults of newer types of e-cigarettes such as pod-based systems is increasing rapidly, and adolescents and young adults report corresponding misperceptions and lack of knowledge about these products. Rapid innovation by e-cigarette manufacturers suggests that public health and prevention efforts appear to be needed to include messages targeting components common to all current and emerging e-cigarette products to increase knowledge and decrease misperceptions, with the goal to try to ultimately reduce e-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults.
This survey study examines the perceptions of risk from and use of pod-based electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) among adolescents and young adults.
Key Points Question How and why are California adolescents and young adults using new pod-based electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes)? Findings This survey study of 445 adolescents and young adults revealed similar chances (40%) of experiencing negative health and social consequences from using pod-based and/or other types of e-cigarettes. Among 34 adolescents and young adults reporting any loss of autonomy from nicotine, there was no difference in mean Hooked On Nicotine Checklist scores between those using pod-based and other e-cigarettes. Meaning Increasing use of pod-based e-cigarettes among otherwise nicotine-naive adolescents and young adults could be associated with the absence of clear, consistent public health warnings and messaging targeting relevant aspects common to all types of e-cigarettes.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::9c3db6e8246c6b812df7302c4d4e866bTest
https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.3535Test

المؤلفون: Daniel Polsky, Michael Baiocchi, Dylan S. Small, Lin Yang, Peter W. Groeneveld

المصدر: Health servicesoutcomes research methodology. 12(4)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Selection bias, Matching (statistics), Health Policy, media_common.quotation_subject, Instrumental variable, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Nonparametric statistics, Structural equation modeling, Outcome (probability), Article, Covariate, Propensity score matching, Statistics, Econometrics, Mathematics, media_common

الوصف: Classic instrumental variable techniques involve the use of structural equation modeling or other forms of parameterized modeling. In this paper we use a nonparametric, matching-based instrumental variable methodology that is based on a study design approach. Similar to propensity score matching, though unlike classic instrumental variable approaches, near/far matching is capable of estimating causal effects when the outcome is not continuous. Unlike propensity score matching, though similar to instrumental variable techniques, near/far matching is also capable of estimating causal effects even when unmeasured covariates produce selection bias. We illustrate near/far matching by using Medicare data to compare the effectiveness of carotid arterial stents with cerebral protection versus carotid endarterectomy for the treatment of carotid stenosis.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::bf5c913e4252a371d11ccbcb870a4c4eTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087781Test