المؤلفون: Giberson, Jeremy, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Khan, Sameera, Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal, St.Helen, Gideon

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 25(8)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Prevention, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Humans, Male, Female, Nicotine, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products, Cigarette Smoking, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vaping, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionThis study examined user behavior, e-cigarette dependence, and device characteristics on nicotine intake among users of pod-mod e-cigarettes.Aims and methodsIn 2019-2020, people who use pod-mods in the San Francisco Bay Area completed questionnaires and provided a urine sample for analysis of total nicotine equivalents (TNE). The relationship between TNE and e-cigarette use, e-cigarette brands, e-liquid nicotine strength, e-cigarette dependence, and urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), as a measure of combustible cigarette exposure, were examined.ResultsOf 100 participants (64% male, 71% in the 18-34 age group, 45% white), 53 used JUUL primarily, 12 used Puff Bar primarily, and 35 used other brands, including Suorin; 48 participants reported current cigarette smoking. Participants most often reported use of e-liquid with 4.5%-6.0% nicotine (68%), fruit (35%), tobacco (28%), and menthol or mint flavors (26%), used e-cigarettes on 25.5 (SD = 6.3) days a month, 10.2 (SD = 14.2) times a day, and 40% used 1-2 pods/cartridges per week. In bivariate analysis, urinary TNE was higher with greater frequency (days used) and intensity (number of pods used) of e-cigarette use, e-cigarette dependence, and combustible cigarette use. In multivariable analysis, days of e-cigarette use in the last 30 days, number of pods used per week, and NNAL levels were significantly associated with TNE. There was no significant impact of e-liquid nicotine strength on TNE.ConclusionsNicotine intake among people who used pod-mod e-cigarettes increased with e-cigarette consumption and e-cigarette dependence, but not with e-liquid nicotine strength. Our findings may inform whether FDA adopts a nicotine standard for e-cigarettes.ImplicationsThe study examined how device and user characteristics influence nicotine intake among pod-mod e-cigarette users. Nicotine intake increased with frequency (days of e-cigarette use in past 30 days) intensity of use (number of pods used per day) and e-cigarette dependence but not with the flavor or nicotine concentration of the e-liquids. Regulation of nicotine concentration of e-liquids is unlikely to influence nicotine exposure among adult experienced pod-mod users.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7gm5809bTest

المؤلفون: Benowitz, Neal L, St.Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Zhang, Junfeng, Harvanko, Arit M, Calfee, Carolyn S, Jacob, Peyton

المصدر: Journal of the American Heart Association. 9(23)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Tobacco, Clinical Research, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Prevention, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Biomarkers, Blood Pressure, Catecholamines, Cigarette Smoking, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Over Studies, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Oxidative Stress, Platelet Aggregation, Vaping, biomarkers, electronic cigarettes, nicotine, tobacco, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology

الوصف: Background Cardiovascular safety is an important consideration regarding the benefits versus risks of electronic cigarette use (EC) for public health. The single-use cardiovascular effects of EC have been well studied but may not reflect effects of ad libitum use throughout the day. We aimed to compare the circadian hemodynamic effects as well as 24-hour biomarkers of oxidative stress, and platelet aggregation and inflammation, with ad libitum cigarette smoking (CS) versus EC versus no tobacco product use. Methods and Results Thirty-six healthy dual CS and EC users participated in a crossover study in a confined research setting. Circadian heart rate, blood pressure and plasma nicotine levels, 24-hour urinary catecholamines, 8-isoprostane and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, and plasma interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were compared in CS, EC, and no nicotine conditions. Over 24 hours, and during daytime, heart rate and blood pressure were higher in CS and EC compared with no tobacco product conditions (P

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29j4m1j5Test

المؤلفون: Liakoni, Evangelia, Nardone, Natalie, St Helen, Gideon, Dempsey, Delia A, Tyndale, Rachel F, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(8)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Substance Misuse, Prevention, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Clinical Research, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Reinforcement, Psychology, Tobacco Products, Tobacco Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionThe rate of nicotine metabolism, estimated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is an important determinant of tobacco dependence. This study investigated the effect of NMR on smoking behavior due to nicotine reinforcement during ad libitum smoking.Aims and methodsAs part of a larger study, participants were stratified based on saliva NMR as fast and slow metabolizers. After smoking a cigarette and measuring nicotine blood concentrations, participants smoked as desired over a 90-minute period. Analysis included time to first cigarette, total number of cigarettes, total number of puffs, and weight of tobacco consumed.ResultsSixty-one (48%) participants were fast metabolizers and 66 (52%) slow metabolizers by NMR. No significant differences were found regarding the smoking topography variables by NMR. Normal metabolizers by genotype (n = 79) had a shorter time to first cigarette than reduced metabolizers (n = 39; p = .032). Blacks smoked fewer cigarettes (p = .008) and took fewer total puffs (p = .002) compared with Whites. Among Whites, fast metabolizers by NMR had a shorter time to first cigarette compared with slow metabolizers (p = .014). Among fast metabolizers, Whites had, compared with Blacks, shorter latency to first cigarette (p = .003) and higher number of total puffs (p = .014) and cigarettes smoked (p = .014). Baseline cigarettes per day and nicotine elimination half-life significantly predicted topography outcomes.ConclusionsSaliva NMR did not predict cigarette reinforcement during a relatively brief period of ad libitum smoking. Differences were seen by race, with White fast metabolizers by NMR having shorter time to first cigarettes compared with slow metabolizers.ImplicationsAfter a 90-minute period of nicotine abstinence, NMR was not significantly associated with smoking reinforcement. Slow and fast metabolizers had similar time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked, total number of puffs, and tobacco consumed; however, within-race differences show that within Whites, fast metabolizers had a faster time to first cigarette than slow metabolizers.

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9p9342rsTest

المؤلفون: Bickel, Warren, Hatsukami, Dorothy, Carroll, Dana, Strayer, Lori, Pacek, Lauren, Kozink, Rachel, Tessier, Katelyn, McClernon, Joseph, Benowitz, Neal, Nardone, Natalie

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(7)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Consumer Behavior, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Marketing, Nicotine, Pilot Projects, Tobacco Products, United States

الوصف: INTRODUCTION: We describe the development and pilot testing of the experimental tobacco and nicotine product marketplace (ETM)-a method for studying tobacco and nicotine product (TNP) choices and use behavior in a standardized way. AIMS AND METHODS: The ETM resembles an online store populated with TNPs. Surveillance activities and data from a US representative survey and consumer reports were used to determine the most popular TNPs for inclusion in the ETM. Standardized information and videos demonstrating how to use the TNPs were provided. To test the feasibility of using the ETM, smokers (n = 119) underwent monitoring of usual brand cigarette smoking and other TNP use (Baseline Phase) followed by access to the ETM (ETM Phase) that included their usual brand cigarettes, e-cigarettes, moist snuff, snus, and nicotine replacement therapy. During the ETM Phase, participants were provided points based on their baseline TNP consumption to exchange for TNPs in the ETM. Participants were advised to exchange points for enough TNPs to last until their next visit and to refrain from using TNPs not obtained in the ETM. A subset of the participants (n = 62) completed a survey on their experience with the ETM. RESULTS: The majority of the participants stated they were comfortable with navigating the ETM (97%), it was easy to determine product characteristics (89%), and they were satisfied with the products included in the marketplace (85%). CONCLUSIONS: The ETM was well received by the vast majority of the participants and can be utilized by researchers to investigate a variety of TNP policy and regulatory science research questions. IMPLICATIONS: Patterns of TNP use are complex due to greater availability, marketing, and promotion of a diverse array of TNPs. Innovative methods are needed to experimentally study TNP choices and patterns. Through describing the development of the ETM, we provide researchers with a tool that can be readily adapted to studying a variety of phenomena challenging public health.

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kp5r6t4Test

المؤلفون: Jacob, Peyton, St. Helen, Gideon, Yu, Lisa, Nardone, Natalie, Havel, Christopher, Cheung, Polly, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(7)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Lung Cancer, Substance Misuse, Lung, Prevention, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Tobacco Smoke and Health, Cancer, Clinical Research, Good Health and Well Being, Biomarkers, Carcinogens, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Environmental Exposure, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Nitrosamines, Tobacco Smoking, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionDual use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) and combustible cigarettes is a major public health issue. It is generally accepted that exclusive e-cigarette use is less harmful than exclusive combustible cigarette use, but most e-cigarette users continue to smoke combustible cigarettes as well. To what extent the use of e-cigarettes reduces harm in people who continue to smoke combustible cigarettes has been debated. The aim of this study was to explore the utility of biomarkers as measures of dual use.MethodsIn two human studies of participants who used e-cigarettes only or both combustible cigarettes and e-cigarettes, we measured urine concentrations of the metabolites of nicotine (total nicotine equivalents) as well as two biomarkers of tobacco exposure: 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), a tobacco-specific carcinogen metabolite, and nicotelline, a tobacco alkaloid not found in significant concentrations in e-cigarette products.ResultsThe presence of nicotine metabolites indicates either e-cigarette or combustible cigarette use. Nicotelline (half-life of 2-3 hours) indicates recent combustible cigarette use and NNAL (half-life of 10 days or more), indicates combustible cigarette use occurring within several weeks prior to sample collection.ConclusionsNicotelline and NNAL are useful biomarkers for combustible tobacco use in users e-cigarettes. The application of these biomarkers provides a tool to help assess whether, or to what extent, dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduces harm compared to sole use of combustible cigarettes. These biomarkers can also verify exclusive use of e-cigarettes over short (24 hour) or long (several week) time periods.ImplicationsTo what extent dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes reduce harm compared to smoking combustible cigarettes only is of considerable public health interest. We show that the levels of the minor tobacco alkaloid nicotelline and the nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) are extremely low in electronic cigarette fluids. The urine biomarkers nicotelline and the NNK metabolite 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) are indicative of cigarette smoking and can be used to assess recent and past smoking in dual users.

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p4138s0Test

المؤلفون: Carroll, Dana Mowls, Strayer, Lori, Nardone, Natalie, Pacek, Lauren R, Kozink, Rachel V, Tessier, Katelyn, McClernon, Joseph, Benowitz, Neal, Bickel, Warren K, Hatsukami, Dorothy

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(7)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Substance Misuse, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Cancer, 3.1 Primary prevention interventions to modify behaviours or promote wellbeing, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Consumer Behavior, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Marketing, Nicotine, Pilot Projects, Tobacco Products, United States, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Public Health

الوصف: IntroductionWe describe the development and pilot testing of the experimental tobacco and nicotine product marketplace (ETM)-a method for studying tobacco and nicotine product (TNP) choices and use behavior in a standardized way.Aims and methodsThe ETM resembles an online store populated with TNPs. Surveillance activities and data from a US representative survey and consumer reports were used to determine the most popular TNPs for inclusion in the ETM. Standardized information and videos demonstrating how to use the TNPs were provided. To test the feasibility of using the ETM, smokers (n = 119) underwent monitoring of usual brand cigarette smoking and other TNP use (Baseline Phase) followed by access to the ETM (ETM Phase) that included their usual brand cigarettes, e-cigarettes, moist snuff, snus, and nicotine replacement therapy. During the ETM Phase, participants were provided points based on their baseline TNP consumption to exchange for TNPs in the ETM. Participants were advised to exchange points for enough TNPs to last until their next visit and to refrain from using TNPs not obtained in the ETM. A subset of the participants (n = 62) completed a survey on their experience with the ETM.ResultsThe majority of the participants stated they were comfortable with navigating the ETM (97%), it was easy to determine product characteristics (89%), and they were satisfied with the products included in the marketplace (85%).ConclusionsThe ETM was well received by the vast majority of the participants and can be utilized by researchers to investigate a variety of TNP policy and regulatory science research questions.ImplicationsPatterns of TNP use are complex due to greater availability, marketing, and promotion of a diverse array of TNPs. Innovative methods are needed to experimentally study TNP choices and patterns. Through describing the development of the ETM, we provide researchers with a tool that can be readily adapted to studying a variety of phenomena challenging public health.

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/14h389z6Test

المؤلفون: Harvanko, Arit M, St Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Addiction. 115(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical and Health Psychology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Psychology, Brain Disorders, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Substance Misuse, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, San Francisco, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Products, United States, Vaping, Young Adult, Area under the curve, behavior, blood, e-cigarettes, ENDS, nicotine, plasma, smoking, vaping, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: Background and aimsRelative pharmacological effects of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 24 hours of ad-libitum use have not been described. In this study, 24-hour blood plasma nicotine concentrations and 48-hour subjective effects with use of cigarettes and e-cigarettes were measured among dual users.DesignTwo-arm within-subject cross-over design with preferred e-cigarette or cigarette ad-libitum use over 48 hours.SettingHospital research ward in San Francisco, California, USA.ParticipantsThirty-six healthy dual users of e-cigarettes and cigarettes (n = 8, 25% females).MeasurementsTwenty-four-hour blood plasma nicotine and cotinine concentrations and 48-hour self-reported nicotine withdrawal symptoms and rewarding effects.FindingsAnalyses used analysis of variance (ANOVA)-based mixed models with order of product (e-cigarette or cigarette) and product type (combustible cigarette or type of e-cigarette) as fixed effects, and subject as a repeated effect. During a 24-hour period, e-cigarettes produced lower nicotine exposure than cigarettes for the majority of users, although 25% received more nicotine from e-cigarettes, which was predicted by more frequent e-cigarette use or greater dependence. Compared to cigarette smoking, nicotine exposure for variable-power tank users was similar, while cig-a-like (t(30)  = 2.71, P = 0.011, d = 0.745) and fixed-power tank users (t(30)  = 3.37, P = 0.002, d = 0.993) were exposed to less nicotine. Cigarettes were rated higher than e-cigarettes on some desirable subjective effects (e.g. psychological reward, t(322)  = 7.24 P

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3ms177v3Test

المؤلفون: St.Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Dempsey, Delia, Havel, Christopher, Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Addiction. 115(4)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biological Psychology, Psychology, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Affect, Craving, Cross-Over Studies, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, San Francisco, Smoking, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Tobacco Products, Dual users, e-cigarettes, e-cigarette dependence, JUUL PK profile, subjective effects, nicotine pharmacokinetics, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Substance Abuse, Public health, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: AimTo describe systemic nicotine exposure and subjective effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in people who use both e-cigarettes and cigarettes (dual users), including within-subject comparisons of e-cigarette and cigarette use.DesignTwo-arm, counterbalanced cross-over study. Participants used their usual brand of e-cigarette or cigarette during a standardized session in a 2-week study.SettingHospital research ward, San Francisco, CA, USA.ParticipantsThirty-six healthy (eight women, 28 men) participants.MeasurementsPlasma nicotine was analyzed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry; nicotine withdrawal, urge to smoke and vape, affective states, craving, satisfaction and psychological reward were measured by standardized questionnaires.FindingsCompared with cigarettes, average maximum plasma nicotine concentration (Cmax ) was lower with e-cigarettes [6.1 ± 5.5 ng/ml, mean ± standard deviation (SD) versus 20.2 ± 11.1 ng/ml, P

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3f2870qqTest

المؤلفون: Benowitz, Neal L, St. Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Cox, Lisa Sanderson, Jacob, Peyton

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Substance Misuse, Brain Disorders, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Biomarkers, Cigarette Smoking, Cotinine, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Nicotiana, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionAccurate measurement of nicotine exposure from cigarette smoke is important in studying disease risk and level of dependence. Urine total nicotine equivalents, the molar sum of nicotine and six metabolites (NE7), accounts for more than 90% of a nicotine dose and is independent of individual metabolic differences. However, measuring NE7 is technically difficult and costly. We compared NE7, the gold standard of nicotine intake, with different combinations of fewer urinary nicotine metabolites. We also examined the impact of individual differences in nicotine metabolic rate, sex, and race on strength of association with NE7.MethodsUrine samples from 796 daily smokers, who participated across five clinical studies, were assayed for nicotine and/or metabolites. Associations with NE7 were assessed by regression and Bland-Altman analyses.ResultsOverall, the molar sum of urine [cotinine + 3'-hydroxycotinine (3HC)] (NE2) and [nicotine + 
cotinine + 3HC] (NE3) were strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .97 and .99, respectively). However, in slow metabolizers NE2 was less predictive of NE7, whereas NE3 was equally robust. Urine total cotinine was also strongly correlated with NE7 (r = .87).ConclusionsUrine NE3 is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, whereas NE2 is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies.ImplicationsThe molar sum of urine total nicotine, cotinine and 3HC (NE3) is a robust biomarker of daily nicotine intake, independently of individual metabolic differences, and performs as well as measuring seven nicotine metabolites (NE7). The sum of cotinine and 3HC (NE2) is less accurate in slow metabolizers. Our findings inform the selection of more rigorous and cost-effective measures to assess nicotine exposure in tobacco research studies.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3r28m6whTest

المؤلفون: St. Helen, Gideon, Liakoni, Evangelia, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Cancer Prevention Research. 13(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Prevention, Tobacco, Good Health and Well Being, Acetylcysteine, Adult, Carcinogens, Cigarette Smoking, Cross-Over Studies, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Non-Smokers, Smokers, Smoking Cessation, Tobacco Products, Vaping, Volatile Organic Compounds, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Clinical sciences, Oncology and carcinogenesis

الوصف: Comparisons of systemic exposure to toxicants during monitored cigarette smoking, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use, and abstention are needed to enhance our understanding of the risks of e-cigarette use (vaping). In a cross-over study, we measured 10 mercapturic acid metabolites of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 24-hour urine samples collected from 36 dual users (8 women) of e-cigarettes and cigarettes during 2 days of ad libitum vaping or cigarette-only use, and 2 days of enforced abstention. Concentrations of VOC metabolites were higher during smoking compared with vaping, except for the methylating agents' metabolite. The fold-difference in concentrations when smoking relative to vaping ranged from 1.31 (1.06-1.61; geometric mean, 95% confidence interval; 1,3-butadiene) to 7.09 (5.88-8.54; acrylonitrile). Metabolites of acrylamide [fold difference of 1.21 (1.03-1.43)] and benzene [1.46 (1.13-1.90)] were higher during vaping compared with abstention. The 1,3-butadiene and propylene oxide metabolites were higher in variable-power tank users compared with users of cig-a-likes. E-cigarettes expose users to lower levels of toxic VOCs compared with cigarette smoking, supporting their harm reduction potential among smokers. However, some e-cigarettes expose users to VOCs such as acrylamide, benzene, and propylene oxide, and may pose health risks to nonsmoking users. The results of our study will inform regulators in assessing e-cigarettes with respect to the balance between its potential harm reduction for adult smokers and risk to nonsmoking users.

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الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93h6x6xkTest