المؤلفون: Giberson, Jeremy, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Khan, Sameera, Jacob, Peyton, Benowitz, Neal, St.Helen, Gideon

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 25(8)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Prevention, Tobacco, Drug Abuse (NIDA only), Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Humans, Male, Female, Nicotine, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Tobacco Products, Cigarette Smoking, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vaping, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionThis study examined user behavior, e-cigarette dependence, and device characteristics on nicotine intake among users of pod-mod e-cigarettes.Aims and methodsIn 2019-2020, people who use pod-mods in the San Francisco Bay Area completed questionnaires and provided a urine sample for analysis of total nicotine equivalents (TNE). The relationship between TNE and e-cigarette use, e-cigarette brands, e-liquid nicotine strength, e-cigarette dependence, and urine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL), as a measure of combustible cigarette exposure, were examined.ResultsOf 100 participants (64% male, 71% in the 18-34 age group, 45% white), 53 used JUUL primarily, 12 used Puff Bar primarily, and 35 used other brands, including Suorin; 48 participants reported current cigarette smoking. Participants most often reported use of e-liquid with 4.5%-6.0% nicotine (68%), fruit (35%), tobacco (28%), and menthol or mint flavors (26%), used e-cigarettes on 25.5 (SD = 6.3) days a month, 10.2 (SD = 14.2) times a day, and 40% used 1-2 pods/cartridges per week. In bivariate analysis, urinary TNE was higher with greater frequency (days used) and intensity (number of pods used) of e-cigarette use, e-cigarette dependence, and combustible cigarette use. In multivariable analysis, days of e-cigarette use in the last 30 days, number of pods used per week, and NNAL levels were significantly associated with TNE. There was no significant impact of e-liquid nicotine strength on TNE.ConclusionsNicotine intake among people who used pod-mod e-cigarettes increased with e-cigarette consumption and e-cigarette dependence, but not with e-liquid nicotine strength. Our findings may inform whether FDA adopts a nicotine standard for e-cigarettes.ImplicationsThe study examined how device and user characteristics influence nicotine intake among pod-mod e-cigarette users. Nicotine intake increased with frequency (days of e-cigarette use in past 30 days) intensity of use (number of pods used per day) and e-cigarette dependence but not with the flavor or nicotine concentration of the e-liquids. Regulation of nicotine concentration of e-liquids is unlikely to influence nicotine exposure among adult experienced pod-mod users.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7gm5809bTest

المؤلفون: Gonzalez, David JX, Nardone, Anthony, Nguyen, Andrew V, Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Casey, Joan A

المصدر: Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology. 33(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Humans, United States, Oil and Gas Fields, Residence Characteristics, Environmental Exposure, Cities, Environmental Pollution, Environmental justice, Geospatial analyses, Population based studies, Chemical Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Epidemiology

الوصف: BackgroundThe presence of active or inactive (i.e., postproduction) oil and gas wells in neighborhoods may contribute to ongoing pollution. Racially discriminatory neighborhood security maps developed by the Home-Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the 1930s may contribute to environmental exposure disparities.ObjectiveTo determine whether receiving worse HOLC grades was associated with exposure to more oil and gas wells.MethodsWe assessed exposure to oil and gas wells among HOLC-graded neighborhoods in 33 cities from 13 states where urban oil and gas wells were drilled and operated. Among the 17 cities for which 1940 census data were available, we used propensity score restriction and matching to compare well exposure neighborhoods that were similar on observed 1940 sociodemographic characteristics but that received different grades.ResultsAcross all included cities, redlined D-graded neighborhoods had 12.2 ± 27.2 wells km-2, nearly twice the density in neighborhoods graded A (6.8 ± 8.9 wells km-2). In propensity score restricted and matched analyses, redlined neighborhoods had 2.0 (1.3, 2.7) more wells than comparable neighborhoods with a better grade.SignificanceOur study adds to the evidence that structural racism in federal policy is associated with the disproportionate siting of oil and gas wells in marginalized neighborhoods.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4mf101xvTest

المؤلفون: Rojo, Pablo, Moraleda, Cinta, Tagarro, Alfredo, Domínguez-Rodríguez, Sara, Castillo, Lola Madrid, Tato, Luis Manuel Prieto, López, Aranzazu Sancho, Manukyan, Lilit, Marcy, Olivier, Leroy, Valeriane, Nardone, Alessandra, Burger, David, Bassat, Quique, Bates, Matthew, Moh, Raoul, Iroh Tam, Pui-Ying, Mvalo, Tisungane, Magallhaes, Justina, Buck, W Chris, Sacarlal, Jahit, Musiime, Victor, Chabala, Chishala, Mujuru, Hilda Angela

المصدر: Trials. 23(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Rare Diseases, Pneumonia, Clinical Trials and Supportive Activities, Tuberculosis, Pediatric, Patient Safety, HIV/AIDS, Clinical Research, Pneumonia & Influenza, Lung, Orphan Drug, Infectious Diseases, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Child, Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic, Cytomegalovirus, Cytomegalovirus Infections, HIV Infections, Humans, Infant, Multicenter Studies as Topic, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Valganciclovir, Factorial, Empirical, HIV, Infants, Child mortality, Factorial randomized clinical trial, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular System & Hematology, General & Internal Medicine, Clinical sciences, Epidemiology, Health services and systems

الوصف: BackgroundPneumonia is the primary cause of death among HIV-infected children in Africa, with mortality rates as high as 35-40% in infants hospitalized with severe pneumonia. Bacterial pathogens and Pneumocystis jirovecii are well known causes of pneumonia-related death, but other important causes such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and tuberculosis (TB) remain under-recognized and undertreated. The immune response elicited by CMV may be associated with the risk of developing TB and TB disease progression, and CMV may accelerate disease caused both by HIV and TB. Minimally invasive autopsies confirm that CMV and TB are unrecognized causes of death in children with HIV. CMV and TB may also co-infect the same child. The aim of this study is to compare the impact on 15-day and 1-year mortality of empirical treatment against TB and CMV plus standard of care (SoC) versus SoC in HIV-infected infants with severe pneumonia.MethodsThis is a Phase II-III, open-label randomized factorial (2 × 2) clinical trial, conducted in six African countries. The trial has four arms. Infants from 28 to 365 days of age HIV-infected and hospitalized with severe pneumonia will be randomized (1:1:1:1) to (i) SoC, (ii) valganciclovir, (iii) TB-T, and (iv) TB-T plus valganciclovir. The primary endpoint of the study is all-cause mortality, focusing on the short-term (up to 15 days) and long-term (up to 1 year) mortality. Secondary endpoints include repeat hospitalization, duration of oxygen therapy during initial admission, severe and notable adverse events, adverse reactions, CMV and TB prevalence at enrolment, TB incidence, CMV viral load reduction, and evaluation of diagnostic tests such as GeneXpert Ultra on fecal and nasopharyngeal aspirate samples and urine TB-LAM.DiscussionGiven the challenges in diagnosing CMV and TB in children and results from previous autopsy studies that show high rates of poly-infection in HIV-infected infants with respiratory disease, this study aims to evaluate a new approach including empirical treatment of CMV and TB for this patient population. The potential downsides of empirical treatment of these conditions include toxicity and medication interactions, which will be evaluated with pharmacokinetics sub-studies.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03915366, Universal Trial Number U111-1231-4736, Pan African Clinical Trial Registry PACTR201994797961340.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4wm7f0hrTest

المؤلفون: Fontán-Vela, Mario, Kissling, Esther, Nicolay, Nathalie, Braeye, Toon, Van Evercooren, Izaak, Holm Hansen, Christian, Emborg, Hanne-Dorthe, Fabiani, Massimo, Mateo-Urdiales, Alberto, AlKerwi, Ala'a, Schmitz, Susanne, Castilla, Jesús, Martínez-Baz, Iván, de Gier, Brechje, Hahné, Susan, Meijerink, Hinta, Starrfelt, Jostein, Nunes, Baltazar, Caetano, Constantino, Derrough, Tarik, Nardone, Anthony, Monge Corella, Susana, VEBIS-Lot4 working group

مصطلحات موضوعية: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Cohort design, Electronic health records, Hospitalisation, Multi-country study, Vaccine effectiveness, Humans, Aged, 80 and over, Retrospective Studies, Vaccine Efficacy, Europe, Hospitalization

الوصف: To monitor relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) against COVID-19-related hospitalisation of the first, second and third COVID-19 booster (vs complete primary vaccination), we performed monthly Cox regression models using retrospective cohorts constructed from electronic health registries in eight European countries, October 2021-July 2023. Within 12 weeks of administration, each booster showed high rVE (≥ 70% for second and third boosters). However, as of July 2023, most of the relative benefit has waned, particularly in persons ≥ 80-years-old, while some protection remained in 65-79-year-olds. ; Sí

العلاقة: https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.1.2300670Test; Euro Surveill. 2024 Jan;29(1):2300670.; http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/18983Test; Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/20.500.12105/18983Test
https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2024.29.1.2300670Test
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12105/18983Test

المؤلفون: De Luca, Roberto, Nardone, Stefano, Grace, Kevin P, Venner, Anne, Cristofolini, Michela, Bandaru, Sathyajit S, Sohn, Lauren T, Kong, Dong, Mochizuki, Takatoshi, Viberti, Bianca, Zhu, Lin, Zito, Antonino, Scammell, Thomas E, Saper, Clifford B, Lowell, Bradford B, Fuller, Patrick M, Arrigoni, Elda

المصدر: Nature Communications. 13(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Behavioral and Social Science, Sleep Research, Animals, Arousal, Humans, Neurons, Orexins, Sleep, Wakefulness

الوصف: Humans and animals lacking orexin neurons exhibit daytime sleepiness, sleep attacks, and state instability. While the circuit basis by which orexin neurons contribute to consolidated wakefulness remains unclear, existing models posit that orexin neurons provide their wake-stabilizing influence by exerting excitatory tone on other brain arousal nodes. Here we show using in vivo optogenetics, in vitro optogenetic-based circuit mapping, and single-cell transcriptomics that orexin neurons also contribute to arousal maintenance through indirect inhibition of sleep-promoting neurons of the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus. Activation of this subcortical circuit rapidly drives wakefulness from sleep by differentially modulating the activity of ventrolateral preoptic neurons. We further identify and characterize a feedforward circuit through which orexin (and co-released glutamate) acts to indirectly target and inhibit sleep-promoting ventrolateral preoptic neurons to produce arousal. This revealed circuitry provides an alternate framework for understanding how orexin neurons contribute to the maintenance of consolidated wakefulness and stabilize behavioral state.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jw3r30zTest

المؤلفون: De Angelis, Carmine, Fu, Xiaoyong, Cataldo, Maria Letizia, Nardone, Agostina, Pereira, Resel, Veeraraghavan, Jamunarani, Nanda, Sarmistha, Qin, Lanfang, Sethunath, Vidyalakshmi, Wang, Tao, Hilsenbeck, Susan G, Benelli, Matteo, Migliaccio, Ilenia, Guarducci, Cristina, Malorni, Luca, Litchfield, Lacey M, Liu, Jiangang, Donaldson, Joshua, Selenica, Pier, Brown, David N, Weigelt, Britta, Reis-Filho, Jorge S, Park, Ben H, Hurvitz, Sara A, Slamon, Dennis J, Rimawi, Mothaffar F, Jansen, Valerie M, Jeselsohn, Rinath, Osborne, C Kent, Schiff, Rachel

المصدر: Clinical Cancer Research. 27(17)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Oncology and Carcinogenesis, Cancer, Genetics, Breast Cancer, 5.1 Pharmaceuticals, Development of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Good Health and Well Being, Antineoplastic Agents, Breast Neoplasms, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 6, Female, Humans, Piperazines, Pyridines, Receptors, Estrogen, Signal Transduction, Tumor Cells, Cultured, Oncology & Carcinogenesis, Clinical sciences, Oncology and carcinogenesis

الوصف: PurposeCyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) are highly effective against estrogen receptor-positive (ER+)/HER2- breast cancer; however, intrinsic and acquired resistance is common. Elucidating the molecular features of sensitivity and resistance to CDK4/6i may lead to identification of predictive biomarkers and novel therapeutic targets, paving the way toward improving patient outcomes.Experimental designParental breast cancer cells and their endocrine-resistant derivatives (EndoR) were used. Derivatives with acquired resistance to palbociclib (PalboR) were generated from parental and estrogen deprivation-resistant MCF7 and T47D cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed in palbociclib-sensitive and PalboR lines. Gene expression data from CDK4/6i neoadjuvant trials and publicly available datasets were interrogated for correlations of gene signatures and patient outcomes.ResultsParental and EndoR breast cancer lines showed varying degrees of sensitivity to palbociclib. Transcriptomic analysis of these cell lines identified an association between high IFN signaling and reduced CDK4/6i sensitivity; thus an "IFN-related palbociclib-resistance Signature" (IRPS) was derived. In two neoadjuvant trials of CDK4/6i plus endocrine therapy, IRPS and other IFN-related signatures were highly enriched in patients with tumors exhibiting intrinsic resistance to CDK4/6i. PalboR derivatives displayed dramatic activation of IFN/STAT1 signaling compared with their short-term treated or untreated counterparts. In primary ER+/HER2- tumors, the IRPS score was significantly higher in lumB than lumA subtype and correlated with increased gene expression of immune checkpoints, endocrine resistance, and poor prognosis.ConclusionsAberrant IFN signaling is associated with intrinsic resistance to CDK4/6i. Experimentally, acquired resistance to palbociclib is associated with activation of the IFN pathway, warranting additional studies to clarify its involvement in resistance to CDK4/6i.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/87g7q5d4Test

المؤلفون: Nardone, Anthony, Rudolph, Kara E, Morello-Frosch, Rachel, Casey, Joan A

المصدر: Environmental Health Perspectives. 129(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Censuses, Humans, Models, Statistical, Parks, Recreational, Population Density, Racial Groups, Residence Characteristics, Social Segregation, United States, Continental Population Groups, Environmental Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Toxicology

الوصف: IntroductionRedlining, a racist mortgage appraisal practice of the 1930s, established and exacerbated racial residential segregation boundaries in the United States. Investment risk grades assigned >80y ago through security maps from the Home Owners' Loan Corporation (HOLC) are associated with current sociodemographics and adverse health outcomes. We assessed whether historical HOLC investment grades are associated with 2010 greenspace, a health-promoting neighborhood resource.ObjectivesWe compared 2010 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) across previous HOLC neighborhood grades using propensity score restriction and matching.MethodsSecurity map shapefiles were downloaded from the Mapping Inequality Project. Neighborhood investment risk grades included A (best, green), B (blue), C (yellow), and D (hazardous, red, i.e., redlined). We used 2010 satellite imagery to calculate the average NDVI for each HOLC neighborhood. Our main outcomes were 2010 annual average NDVI and summer NDVI. We assigned areal-apportioned 1940 census measures to each HOLC neighborhood. We used propensity score restriction, matching, and targeted maximum likelihood estimation to limit model extrapolation, reduce confounding, and estimate the association between HOLC grade and NDVI for the following comparisons: Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C.ResultsAcross 102 urban areas (4,141 HOLC polygons), annual average ±standard deviation (SD) 2010 NDVI was 0.47 (±0.09), 0.43 (±0.09), 0.39 (±0.09), and 0.36 (±0.10) in Grades A-D, respectively. In analyses adjusted for current ecoregion and census region, 1940s census measures, and 1940s population density, annual average NDVI values in 2010 were estimated at -0.039 (95% CI: -0.045, -0.034), -0.024 (95% CI: -0.030, -0.018), and -0.026 (95% CI: -0.037, -0.015) for Grades B vs. A, C vs. B, and D vs. C, respectively, in the 1930s.DiscussionEstimates adjusted for historical characteristics indicate that neighborhoods assigned worse HOLC grades in the 1930s are associated with reduced present-day greenspace. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7495Test.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1451z0gwTest

المؤلفون: Benowitz, Neal L, St.Helen, Gideon, Nardone, Natalie, Addo, Newton, Zhang, Junfeng, Harvanko, Arit M, Calfee, Carolyn S, Jacob, Peyton

المصدر: Journal of the American Heart Association. 9(23)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Cardiovascular Medicine and Haematology, Tobacco, Clinical Research, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Substance Misuse, Cardiovascular, Heart Disease, Prevention, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Biomarkers, Blood Pressure, Catecholamines, Cigarette Smoking, Circadian Rhythm, Cross-Over Studies, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nicotine, Oxidative Stress, Platelet Aggregation, Vaping, biomarkers, electronic cigarettes, nicotine, tobacco, Cardiorespiratory Medicine and Haematology, Cardiovascular medicine and haematology

الوصف: Background Cardiovascular safety is an important consideration regarding the benefits versus risks of electronic cigarette use (EC) for public health. The single-use cardiovascular effects of EC have been well studied but may not reflect effects of ad libitum use throughout the day. We aimed to compare the circadian hemodynamic effects as well as 24-hour biomarkers of oxidative stress, and platelet aggregation and inflammation, with ad libitum cigarette smoking (CS) versus EC versus no tobacco product use. Methods and Results Thirty-six healthy dual CS and EC users participated in a crossover study in a confined research setting. Circadian heart rate, blood pressure and plasma nicotine levels, 24-hour urinary catecholamines, 8-isoprostane and 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, and plasma interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 were compared in CS, EC, and no nicotine conditions. Over 24 hours, and during daytime, heart rate and blood pressure were higher in CS and EC compared with no tobacco product conditions (P

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/29j4m1j5Test

المؤلفون: Liakoni, Evangelia, Nardone, Natalie, St Helen, Gideon, Dempsey, Delia A, Tyndale, Rachel F, Benowitz, Neal L

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(8)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Epidemiology, Public Health, Health Sciences, Substance Misuse, Prevention, Tobacco, Tobacco Smoke and Health, Clinical Research, Cancer, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Nicotine, Reinforcement, Psychology, Tobacco Products, Tobacco Smoking, Tobacco Use Disorder, United States, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Marketing, Public health

الوصف: IntroductionThe rate of nicotine metabolism, estimated by the nicotine metabolite ratio (NMR), is an important determinant of tobacco dependence. This study investigated the effect of NMR on smoking behavior due to nicotine reinforcement during ad libitum smoking.Aims and methodsAs part of a larger study, participants were stratified based on saliva NMR as fast and slow metabolizers. After smoking a cigarette and measuring nicotine blood concentrations, participants smoked as desired over a 90-minute period. Analysis included time to first cigarette, total number of cigarettes, total number of puffs, and weight of tobacco consumed.ResultsSixty-one (48%) participants were fast metabolizers and 66 (52%) slow metabolizers by NMR. No significant differences were found regarding the smoking topography variables by NMR. Normal metabolizers by genotype (n = 79) had a shorter time to first cigarette than reduced metabolizers (n = 39; p = .032). Blacks smoked fewer cigarettes (p = .008) and took fewer total puffs (p = .002) compared with Whites. Among Whites, fast metabolizers by NMR had a shorter time to first cigarette compared with slow metabolizers (p = .014). Among fast metabolizers, Whites had, compared with Blacks, shorter latency to first cigarette (p = .003) and higher number of total puffs (p = .014) and cigarettes smoked (p = .014). Baseline cigarettes per day and nicotine elimination half-life significantly predicted topography outcomes.ConclusionsSaliva NMR did not predict cigarette reinforcement during a relatively brief period of ad libitum smoking. Differences were seen by race, with White fast metabolizers by NMR having shorter time to first cigarettes compared with slow metabolizers.ImplicationsAfter a 90-minute period of nicotine abstinence, NMR was not significantly associated with smoking reinforcement. Slow and fast metabolizers had similar time to first cigarette, number of cigarettes smoked, total number of puffs, and tobacco consumed; however, within-race differences show that within Whites, fast metabolizers had a faster time to first cigarette than slow metabolizers.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9p9342rsTest

المؤلفون: Bickel, Warren, Hatsukami, Dorothy, Carroll, Dana, Strayer, Lori, Pacek, Lauren, Kozink, Rachel, Tessier, Katelyn, McClernon, Joseph, Benowitz, Neal, Nardone, Natalie

المصدر: Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 22(7)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Cigarette Smoking, Consumer Behavior, Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems, Female, Humans, Male, Marketing, Nicotine, Pilot Projects, Tobacco Products, United States

الوصف: INTRODUCTION: We describe the development and pilot testing of the experimental tobacco and nicotine product marketplace (ETM)-a method for studying tobacco and nicotine product (TNP) choices and use behavior in a standardized way. AIMS AND METHODS: The ETM resembles an online store populated with TNPs. Surveillance activities and data from a US representative survey and consumer reports were used to determine the most popular TNPs for inclusion in the ETM. Standardized information and videos demonstrating how to use the TNPs were provided. To test the feasibility of using the ETM, smokers (n = 119) underwent monitoring of usual brand cigarette smoking and other TNP use (Baseline Phase) followed by access to the ETM (ETM Phase) that included their usual brand cigarettes, e-cigarettes, moist snuff, snus, and nicotine replacement therapy. During the ETM Phase, participants were provided points based on their baseline TNP consumption to exchange for TNPs in the ETM. Participants were advised to exchange points for enough TNPs to last until their next visit and to refrain from using TNPs not obtained in the ETM. A subset of the participants (n = 62) completed a survey on their experience with the ETM. RESULTS: The majority of the participants stated they were comfortable with navigating the ETM (97%), it was easy to determine product characteristics (89%), and they were satisfied with the products included in the marketplace (85%). CONCLUSIONS: The ETM was well received by the vast majority of the participants and can be utilized by researchers to investigate a variety of TNP policy and regulatory science research questions. IMPLICATIONS: Patterns of TNP use are complex due to greater availability, marketing, and promotion of a diverse array of TNPs. Innovative methods are needed to experimentally study TNP choices and patterns. Through describing the development of the ETM, we provide researchers with a tool that can be readily adapted to studying a variety of phenomena challenging public health.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6kp5r6t4Test