Summary Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is known to occur in association with primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT). A combination of secondary HPT and PTC is a rare event, and of pathogenetic interest. We report two long-term hemodialysis patients in whom invasive PTC was diagnosed at the time of parathyroidectomy for a medically uncontrolled HPT. We suggest that the association of simultaneous pathology of the thyroid and parathyroid glands should be always considered in uremic patients with secondary HPT. A common oncogenic stimulus may have been involved.
