المؤلفون: Sandra Vale, Preeti Joshi, Jill Smith, Dianne E. Campbell

المصدر: Medical Journal of Australia. 210:89-93

مصطلحات موضوعية: Allergy, medicine.medical_specialty, Clinical immunology, Allergy prevention, First year of life, Disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Allergy and Immunology, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Infant feeding, Early onset, Australasia, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Diet, Solid food, Child, Preschool, Family medicine, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Female, Infant Food, business, Food Hypersensitivity

الوصف: INTRODUCTION The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, the peak professional body for clinical immunology and allergy in Australia and New Zealand, develops and provides information on a wide range of immune-mediated disorders, including advice about infant feeding and allergy prevention for health professionals and families. Guidelines for infant feeding and early onset allergy prevention were published in 2016, with additional guidance published in 2017 and 2018, based on emerging evidence. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS When the infant is ready, at around 6 months, but not before 4 months, start to introduce a variety of solid foods. (This is not a strict window of introduction but rather a recommendation not to delay the introduction of solid foods beyond 12 months.) Introduce peanut and egg in the first year of life in all infants, regardless of their allergy risk factors. Hydrolysed (partially and extensively) formula is no longer recommended for the prevention of allergic disease. CHANGES IN MANAGEMENT A RESULT OF THE GUIDELINES The guidelines specifically recommend introducing solid foods at around 6 months of age and introducing peanut and egg in the first year of life in all infants to prevent allergy development. Hydrolysed formula is no longer recommended for prevention of allergic disease. A new document outlining the reasons for and the method of peanut introduction to high risk infants is available for health professionals.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::592d095a65b7cfbd433c89f1cc68fe5aTest
https://doi.org/10.5694/mja2.12102Test

المؤلفون: Martha Gay, Anita Safronenka, Hong Cao, Robin Tucker, Narayan Shivapurkar, Annie Kruger, Jill Smith

المصدر: Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. 4:93-94

مصطلحات موضوعية: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, medicine.medical_specialty, Endocrinology, business.industry, Internal medicine, Antagonist, medicine, General Medicine, business, Cholecystokinin receptor, Proinflammatory cytokine, Cholecystokinin

الوصف: OBJECTIVES/GOALS: NASH increases the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. High-fat diets increase CCK levels and CCK receptors have been identified on fibroblasts and immune cells. We hypothesized that CCK receptor blockade could prevent NASH by altering the hepatic microenvironment and macrophage activation. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Female mice were fed a Choline Deficient Ethionine supplemented (CDE) saturated fat diet or control high-fat diet for 18 weeks. Mice in each group were treated with a CCK receptor antagonist, proglumide (0.1 mg/ml) in the drinking water or regular water. Resected livers were stained for H&E for features of NASH and F4/80 for macrophages analysis. Liver RNA was evaluated for the expression of cytokines and chemokines using an 84-gene Profiler array (Qiagen). Oxidative stress was analyzed by qRT-PCR for heat shock proteins (HSPs) 27, 60, 70 and 90 and for glutathione by a fluorometric assay. Differences in CDE fed and CDE/proglumide-treated mouse livers were evaluated. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Livers from mice on the CDE diet displayed histologic features of NASH that were prevented by proglumide. Cytokines and chemokines expression, especially CCL20 and CCL2, were increased in the CDE fed mice and these levels were reduced greater than 20-fold with proglumide. Infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages was markedly increased in the CDE livers and these were reduced by > 50% (p < 0.0001) with proglumide. RNA expression of HSP70 (p = 0.006) and HSP27 (p = 0.011) were reduced with proglumide. Hepatic glutathione concentration more than doubled in the CDE/proglumide treated mice compared to CDE mice. CCK-B receptor expression increased in the CDE-fed mouse livers compared to controls. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: CCK receptor blockade decreases NASH by reducing hepatic macrophages, oxidative stress, and blocking inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This data supports our novel hypothesis that CCK receptors play a role in NASH and proglumide may provide an innovative treatment for this condition.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::03d164992e80fb0456a22ea22ffd095eTest
https://doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.293Test

المؤلفون: John Whitfield, D. Mascord, Jill Smith, Graham A. Starmer

المصدر: Alcohol and Alcoholism.

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Ethanol, Plasma samples, Fructose, Alcohol, General Medicine, Metabolism, Carbohydrate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Biochemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, Ethanol metabolism

الوصف: Plasma acetate concentration is increased during alcohol metabolism. However, measures which increase the rate of alcohol metabolism do not always increase plasma acetate concentration. Plasma samples from normal male subjects who had been given alcohol and then either fructose or glucose were analysed for acetate. Although each of these carbohydrates increased the mean rate of alcohol metabolism, only fructose increased the plasma acetate concentration. It was concluded that the further metabolism of acetate produced from alcohol may be increased by glucose.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::855b18087e74eacbdeff54f9b95f7ff6Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a045189Test

المؤلفون: D. Mascord, John Whitfield, Graham A. Starmer, Jill Smith

المصدر: Europe PubMed Central

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Blood Glucose, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Rate of infusion, Administration, Oral, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oral administration, Internal medicine, Infusion Procedure, medicine, Humans, Insulin, Ethanol metabolism, Infusions, Intravenous, Ethanol, General Medicine, Metabolism, Glucose Tolerance Test, Middle Aged, Carbohydrate, Glucose, Endocrinology, chemistry, Toxicity

الوصف: We have tested whether the effect of carbohydrate on the rate of alcohol metabolism can be reproduced by glucose alone. Ten male subjects were given ethanol by intravenous infusion until a steady state was established and 100 g glucose in solution was then taken orally. The rate of alcohol metabolism, measured as the rate of infusion required to maintain a constant breath alcohol reading, increased significantly after glucose but there were differences between the subjects. The presence or absence of a change in the rate of alcohol metabolism after glucose was associated with the subject's fasting rate and with their glucose tolerance.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::7212b2c390308ca712d002c0a962157fTest
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044830Test

المؤلفون: Jo Rogers, John Whitfield, Graham A. Starmer, Jill Smith

المصدر: Alcohol and Alcoholism.

مصطلحات موضوعية: chemistry.chemical_classification, medicine.medical_specialty, Ethanol, medicine.medical_treatment, Feedback control, Insulin, Fatty acid, General Medicine, Metabolism, Carbohydrate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Endocrinology, chemistry, Internal medicine, medicine, Ethanol metabolism, Saline

الوصف: The rate of metabolism of ethanol in humans has been assessed by intravenous infusion of ethanol/saline under feedback control to maintain a constant blood alcohol concentration. After equilibration, meals consisting predominantly of carbohydrate, fat or protein were eaten and changes in ethanol metabolic rate were found. Carbohydrate caused a significant increase in this rate and fat or protein caused small but non-significant decreases. Infusion of ethanol/saline resulted in a temporary fall in plasma free fatty acid levels and a steady rise in plasma triglycerides. The changes in alcohol metabolism following carbohydrate cannot be accounted for by changes in insulin, free fatty acid or lactate/pyruvate levels.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::6db276461fdf72ef04454f5b32e28be2Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044722Test

المؤلفون: Graham A. Starmer, Jill Smith, D. Mascord, John Whitfield, J. Rogers

المصدر: Europe PubMed Central

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Metabolic Clearance Rate, Alcohol, Biology, chemistry.chemical_compound, Internal medicine, Pyruvic Acid, Dietary Carbohydrates, medicine, Humans, Lactic Acid, Ethanol metabolism, Pyruvates, Ethanol, Dietary composition, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Carbohydrate, Dietary Fats, Fat balance, Endocrinology, Lactate pyruvate ratios, chemistry, Lactates, Alcoholic Intoxication

الوصف: Ten subjects received alcohol by intravenous infusion on two occasions, after five-day periods on high- or low-carbohydrate diets. Blood [lactate]/[pyruvate] ratios were significantly higher during fasting alcohol metabolism after the low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet. The carbohydrate/fat balance in the diet may affect cytoplasmic-mitochondrial NADH transfer. Dietary composition may modify the metabolic changes caused by alcohol.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::3367ba3416cf8295bb1eed54b2e6a9e5Test
https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.alcalc.a044894Test