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1دورية أكاديمية
المؤلفون: Fan Zhou, Zulin Wu, Mengzhu Zhao, Rakhilya Murtazina, Juan Cai, Ao Zhang, Rui Li, Dan Sun, Wenjing Li, Lei Zhao, Qunli Li, Jing Zhu, Xiaoxia Cong, Yixi Zhou, Zhiping Xie, Valeriya Gyurkovska, Liuju Li, Xiaoshuai Huang, Yanhong Xue, Liangyi Chen, Hui Xu, Haiqian Xu, Yongheng Liang, Nava Segev
مصطلحات موضوعية: Role of Autophagy in Disease and Health, Epidemiology, Medicine, Health Sciences, Mechanisms of Intracellular Membrane Trafficking, Cell Biology, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences, Lysosomal Storage Disorders in Human Health and Disease, Physiology, FOS Biological sciences, Autophagy, Biology, ESCRT, Cell biology, Closure psychology, Autophagosome, Computational biology, Endosome, Biochemistry, Intracellular, Apoptosis, Economics, Market economy
الوصف: In the conserved autophagy pathway, autophagosomes (APs) engulf cellular components and deliver them to the lysosome for degradation. Before fusing with the lysosome, APs have to close via an unknown mechanism. We have previously shown that the endocytic Rab5-GTPase regulates AP closure. Therefore, we asked whether ESCRT, which catalyzes scission of vesicles into late endosomes, mediates the topologically similar process of AP sealing. Here, we show that depletion of representative subunits from all ESCRT complexes causes late autophagy defects and accumulation of APs. Focusing on two subunits, we show that Snf7 and the Vps4 ATPase localize to APs and their depletion results in accumulation of open APs. Moreover, Snf7 and Vps4 proteins complement their corresponding mutant defects in vivo and in vitro. Finally, a Rab5-controlled Atg17-Snf7 interaction is important for Snf7 localization to APs. Thus, we unravel a mechanism in which a Rab5-dependent Atg17-Snf7 interaction leads to recruitment of ESCRT to open ... : في مسار البلعمة الذاتية المحفوظة، تبتلع البلعمة الذاتية (APs) المكونات الخلوية وتوصلها إلى الليزوزوم للتحلل. قبل الانصهار مع الليزوزوم، يجب أن تغلق نقاط الوصول عبر آلية غير معروفة. لقد أظهرنا سابقًا أن إنزيم Rab5 - GTPase ينظم إغلاق AP. لذلك، سألنا عما إذا كان ESCRT، الذي يحفز انشقاق الحويصلات إلى الإندوسومات المتأخرة، يتوسط عملية مماثلة طوبولوجيًا لختم AP. هنا، نظهر أن استنفاد الوحدات الفرعية التمثيلية من جميع مجمعات ESCRT يسبب عيوب البلعمة الذاتية المتأخرة وتراكم APs. بالتركيز على وحدتين فرعيتين، نظهر أن Snf7 و Vps4 ATPase يقومان بتوطين نقاط الوصول ويؤدي استنفادها إلى تراكم نقاط الوصول المفتوحة. علاوة على ذلك، تكمل بروتينات Snf7 و Vps4 عيوبها الطافرة المقابلة في الجسم الحي وفي المختبر. أخيرًا، يعد تفاعل Atg17 - Snf7 الذي يتحكم فيه Rab5 مهمًا لتوطين Snf7 إلى نقاط الوصول. وبالتالي، فإننا نكشف عن آلية يؤدي فيها تفاعل Atg17 - Snf7 المعتمد على Rab5 إلى توظيف ESCRT لفتح نقاط الوصول حيث يحفز ESCRT إغلاق نقطة الوصول. ...
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: TheoryofComputation_MISCELLANEOUS, Competition (economics), Microeconomics, symbols.namesake, Matching market, Sequential game, Nash equilibrium, Social cooperation, Fiat money, symbols, Economics, Perfect competition, Monetary economics
الوصف: Kiyotaki-Wright (1991, 1993) ensured fiat money’s essentiality; but they abstract competition away. Therefore, Lagos-Wright (2005) added a frictionless centralized market to their model; however, their method should be improved. This paper directly substitutes perfectly competitive decentralized markets for the randomly matching market to resolve the competition problem. Under a temporary equilibrium framework, it constructs a dynamic game model where agents choose strategies to determine their prediction functions of future nominal prices with respect to past nominal prices. It proves that a combination of the agents’ strategies to fully accept fiat money cooperatively – to avoid tremendous friction – is a Nash Equilibrium.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::d41fefe1187ff86fa05f01c14350b451Test
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2050751Test -
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: symbols.namesake, Endogenous money, Sequential game, Nash equilibrium, Financial transaction, Fiat money, Money measurement concept, Money illusion, symbols, Economics, Purchasing power, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, Monetary economics
الوصف: This paper addresses firstly why people have to use fiat money and then why they are rationally willing to accept it from the perspective of general equilibrium by using dynamic game to determine agents' expectation of its purchasing power in unrevealed future. Its model formulates the process that agents determine fiat money's nominal value in an infinite-time decentralized sequence economy where agents use fiat money to bridge markets to avoid huge transaction cost. It is proved that all agents' accepting fiat money with expectation of unchanged nominal value of it is Nash equilibrium so as to guarantee fiat money's essentiality.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::68ae067e75fec8eadae11786b6f97d1dTest
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1857282Test -
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: TheoryofComputation_MISCELLANEOUS, Transaction cost, Endogenous money, General equilibrium theory, Partial equilibrium, Fiat money, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, Monetary economics, Microeconomics, symbols.namesake, Nash equilibrium, Money illusion, symbols, Economics, Game theory
الوصف: In an infinite-time decentralized sequence economy, agents use fiat money to bridge markets as if they make trades in a centralized economy, to avoid huge transaction cost that all agents’ going together must incur. The model in this paper formulates the process how agents decide the fiat money’s nominal value. Three new concepts are suggested – plan of choices, Temporarily Partial Equilibrium and Intra-Date Equilibrium; and this paper proves the existence of these two equilibriums. Then, based on the equilibrium prices and allocations of the corresponding infinite-time Walrasian economy, this paper proves that all agents’ accepting fiat money with unchanged nominal value is a Nash equilibrium, which guarantees fiat money’s essentiality.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::0cb492d97b1be70673b6b01feb13831eTest
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1767565Test -
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: Transaction cost, symbols.namesake, Endogenous money, Sequential game, General equilibrium theory, Process (engineering), Nash equilibrium, Fiat money, symbols, Competitive economy, Economics, TheoryofComputation_GENERAL, Monetary economics
الوصف: This paper mainly addresses why people are rationally willing to cooperate with one another to accept fiat money from the perspective of decentralized sequential general equilibrium framework by using dynamic game to determine agents’ expectation of nominal prices in unrevealed future. The model formulates the process that agents determine fiat money’s nominal value competitively in an infinite-time decentralized sequence economy where agents use fiat money to bridge markets to avoid the huge transaction cost. It is proved that all agents’ expectation with fiat money’s unchanged nominal value is self-fulfilling with a Nash Equilibrium so as to guarantee fiat money’s essentiality.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::d9f361558a1009ec600e6eea53e71169Test
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1935730Test -
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: Dynamic programming, Mathematical optimization, General equilibrium theory, Economics, Excess demand function, Mathematical economics, Nonlinear programming
الوصف: Traditional ways to prove the existence of general equilibrium have to entail a common condition that the excess demand function must be continuous. This paper presents a new approach to change it. The technique used in this paper is that we tackle general equilibrium problem, which in fact is a static nonlinear programming problem, with dynamic programming. By this technique, it is strictly proven that general equilibrium with discontinuous excess demand function still exists.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::1bf1b7656bc3bef35f274a5971ff947fTest
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.721362Test -
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: Transaction cost, Microeconomics, General equilibrium theory, media_common.quotation_subject, Economics, Fundamental theorems of welfare economics, Perfect competition, Excess demand function, Welfare, Profit (economics), media_common, Nonlinear programming
الوصف: After taking into account positive transaction costs via tackling static nonlinear programming with dynamic programming, this paper reaches three main conclusions: 1) The aggregate excess demand function of each market will be discontinuous at many price points, but the transfiguration of the graph of aggregate excess demand of each commodity will be continuous with respect to prices of other commodities, and at those price points incurring discontinuity, the corresponding traders' utility or profit will be indifferent between different choices. 2) Via a new approach able to tackle the discontinuous aggregate excess demand, it is proved that, there must exist a market equilibrium price vector in a perfectly competitive economy with positive transaction costs even if each consumer's preference isn't convex. 3) Transaction cost probably spoils the satisfaction of those two fundamental theorems of welfare economics, as well as it ruins the social aggregate welfare through three approaches.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::d651fb448d69198e556bc5cba5165b78Test
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.576801Test -
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المؤلفون: Zhiping Xie
المصدر: SSRN Electronic Journal.
مصطلحات موضوعية: Transaction cost, education.field_of_study, General equilibrium theory, Population, Social Welfare, Walrasian auction, Supply and demand, Microeconomics, symbols.namesake, Nash equilibrium, symbols, Economics, Fraction (mathematics), education
الوصف: The functional relationships between the price vector and consumer's Marshallian demand and/or producer's optimal actual sale will be directly revealed respectively by two new geometric methods in general equilibrium framework without storage. The impact of transaction cost shared by individual on these functional relationships will be directly analyzed. Then, it is proved that, the demand and supply functions of different commodities will be no longer mathematically continuous, if there is a special kind of transaction cost independent of what are traded, which is mainly caused by information cost. This makes sure that the transaction cost will substantially disturb the Walrasian equilibrium without storage if non-infinitesimal fraction of population synchronously shift their decisions. And then, it is else suggested that transaction cost will dramatically cut down social welfare. Finally, a revised model with storage as a theoretic way out for Walrasian economy of zero-storage will be presented to suggest that a competitive economy with zero-storage probably isn't at Nash equilibrium.
الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::16c86d16b5ca2a6991016781aa6120e0Test
https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.415241Test
