المؤلفون: Romina M. Russo, Hernán Pietronave, Claudia A. Conte, María C. Liendo, Alicia Basilio, Silvia B. Lanzavecchia, Alejandra C. Scannapieco

المصدر: Frontiers in Bee Science, Vol 2 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Apis mellifera, Varroa-resistance, grooming, gene expression, honey bee stocks, Varroa destructor, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Science

الوصف: Grooming behavior is one of the mechanisms of social immunity in Apis mellifera. This behavior has been proposed as an active strategy of honey bees to restrain the population growth of the ectoparasitic mite Varroa destructor in honey bee colonies. The characterization of honey bee stocks with high grooming behavior is of utmost importance for honey bee breeding programs to set the background for mite resistance biomarker-based selection. In this study, we analyzed the expression level of 11 candidate genes putatively involved in grooming and hygiene behaviors in adult workers from mite-resistant (R) and mite-susceptible (S) honey bee stocks. Heads and bodies of worker bees from both stocks, previously tested for grooming response to two treatments (mite infestation and a paintbrush touch control stimulus) were assessed by qPCR. In the head, R bees exposed to mite infestation showed higher levels of Nrx1 and Dop2 and lower levels of Obp3 than S bees. At the body level, R and S bees differed in the expression levels of Nrx1, Oa1, Obp4, Obp14, Obp16, Obp18, Spf45, CYP9Q3, with no stimulus-specific pattern. Overall, our results suggest the involvement of some of the analyzed genes in the specific response to mite infestation, possibly related to the sensitivity and specificity of the R bee to this stimulus at the head level, while other genes would be involved in the non-specific motor response to irritants at the body level. The present study provides new insights into the characterization of the grooming behavior in a selected honey bee stock and increases the available information on its underlying molecular mechanisms. We discuss the putative functions and use of the assessed genes as potential tools for biomarker-assisted selection and improvement of Varroa mite control strategies in honey bee colonies.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbee.2024.1441317/fullTest; https://doaj.org/toc/2813-5911Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/6d49a945722a444bb11058049837d8d6Test

المؤلفون: Samnegård, Ulrika, Kendall, Liam K., Brummell, Martin E., Rocchetti, Maurizio, da Silva Santos, Karen Cristine Bezerra, Smith, Henrik G., Rader, Romina

المصدر: Basic and Applied Ecology BECC: Biodiversity and Ecosystem services in a Changing Climate. 72:64-73

مصطلحات موضوعية: Floral constancy, Foraging behaviour, Heterospecific pollen, Honey bee, Phenology, Pollination, Stingless bee, Temporal changes, Tetragonula, Vaccinium, Naturvetenskap, Biologi, Ekologi, Natural Sciences, Biological Sciences, Ecology, Lantbruksvetenskap och veterinärmedicin, Lantbruksvetenskap, skogsbruk och fiske, Jordbruksvetenskap, Agricultural Sciences, Agricultural Science, Forestry and Fisheries

الوصف: Intra-seasonal variation in abiotic and biotic conditions can have profound consequences for pollinator community compositions and foraging movement, with flow-on effects upon pollination services. Yet, few studies have related such variations to pollination services in crop systems. In a cultivated highbush blueberry system with two primary pollinators — the managed European honey bee and a wild stingless bee species — we investigated how pollinator abundances, bee foraging behaviour, and con- and heterospecific stigmatic pollen loads changed over early, mid, and late blueberry blooming. Both con- and heterospecific stigmatic pollen loads declined following early bloom. This shift was associated with a decline in the abundance of stingless bees, whereas the abundance of honey bees only declined during late bloom. Simultaneously, honey bees were more likely to forage for blueberry pollen, and stigmatic pollen loads, relative to bee abundance, increased during late bloom. Although mixed pollen loads were common on pollinator bodies, especially on pollen foraging honey bees, heterospecific pollen deposition on blueberry stigmas was low. Given the similar effectiveness of honey bees and stingless bees as pollinators of blueberries, we contend that the observed seasonal variation in pollen deposition is likely caused by the decline in stingless bee abundances, as honey bees were not able to fully compensate for the loss of stingless bees during late bloom. Greater consideration of seasonal heterogeneity of pollinator abundance and behaviour, as part of pollination management plans, may aid in ensuring high pollination services throughout the entirety of crop bloom.

الوصول الحر: https://lup.lub.lu.se/record/7e1d13a0-fc6e-4ed9-963e-1e758d363fddTest
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2023.06.002Test

المؤلفون: Arrian Karbassioon, Dara A. Stanley

المصدر: Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol 72, Iss , Pp 74-81 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Bumble bee, Circadian, Diurnal, Fungicide, Herbicide, Honey bee, Ecology, QH540-549.5

الوصف: Pesticide exposure can be harmful to insect pollinators and the ecosystem services they provide. As many pesticide guidelines warn against applying such products when pollinators are active, it is important to evaluate how pollinator activity changes with time of day to determine the most appropriate time to spray.We walked transects from sunrise to sunset in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) fields in Ireland to capture the abundance of honeybees, bumblebees, solitary bees, and hoverflies across daylight hours. We also recorded the activity of representative species from the three bee groups at their nests across similar time periods to compare with field observations.Peak pollinator abundance was in the mid-afternoon with fewer individuals in the early morning and late evening for all groups. At the nest we observed patterns of activity that broadly reflected field abundance but indicated that bees are active earlier and later than observed on the crop. However, there were differences between pollinator groups. Overall, honeybee and solitary bee abundance and activity were found to peak in the middle of the day, while bumblebee abundance and activity was more consistent throughout daylight hours. Hoverflies were relatively abundant in the morning and increased in number towards the late afternoon and early evening.Our results confirm current recommendations that pesticide application should be avoided in the middle of the day when pollinators are most active. However, the diversity of responses within and between pollinator groups to time of day should be accounted for when shaping guidelines, and clearly defining optimal pesticide application timings for end users is difficult and needs further consideration as it will vary between regions and crops. Further research should also explore how time impacts both pesticide efficacy and exposure of pollinators to residues post-application to allow full evaluation of how practical and beneficial timing of application may be when aiming to protect pollinators from pesticide exposure.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439179123000324Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1439-1791Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/3cd8949d9f3a4c0b9bb8baf3e2a643adTest

المؤلفون: Ulrika Samnegård, Liam K. Kendall, Martin E. Brummell, Maurizio Rocchetti, Karen Cristine Bezerra da Silva Santos, Henrik G. Smith, Romina Rader

المصدر: Basic and Applied Ecology, Vol 72, Iss , Pp 64-73 (2023)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Floral constancy, Foraging behaviour, Heterospecific pollen, Honey bee, Phenology, Pollination, Ecology, QH540-549.5

الوصف: Intra-seasonal variation in abiotic and biotic conditions can have profound consequences for pollinator community compositions and foraging movement, with flow-on effects upon pollination services. Yet, few studies have related such variations to pollination services in crop systems. In a cultivated highbush blueberry system with two primary pollinators — the managed European honey bee and a wild stingless bee species — we investigated how pollinator abundances, bee foraging behaviour, and con- and heterospecific stigmatic pollen loads changed over early, mid, and late blueberry blooming. Both con- and heterospecific stigmatic pollen loads declined following early bloom. This shift was associated with a decline in the abundance of stingless bees, whereas the abundance of honey bees only declined during late bloom. Simultaneously, honey bees were more likely to forage for blueberry pollen, and stigmatic pollen loads, relative to bee abundance, increased during late bloom. Although mixed pollen loads were common on pollinator bodies, especially on pollen foraging honey bees, heterospecific pollen deposition on blueberry stigmas was low. Given the similar effectiveness of honey bees and stingless bees as pollinators of blueberries, we contend that the observed seasonal variation in pollen deposition is likely caused by the decline in stingless bee abundances, as honey bees were not able to fully compensate for the loss of stingless bees during late bloom. Greater consideration of seasonal heterogeneity of pollinator abundance and behaviour, as part of pollination management plans, may aid in ensuring high pollination services throughout the entirety of crop bloom.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1439179123000336Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1439-1791Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/4ab02e2dc7b74cc7a63464c4aadfc3c0Test

المؤلفون: Rika Raffiudin, Meis Dyahastuti, Rahmia Nugraha, Tiara Sayusti, Nina Ratna Djuita, Erik Suwananda, Vera Allvioningrum, Reza Mardhony, Siria Biagioni, Christina Ani Setyaningsih, Lilik Budi Prasetyo, Windra Priawandiputra, Tri Atmowidi, Asmadi Saad, Hermann Behling

المصدر: Frontiers in Bee Science, Vol 2 (2024)

مصطلحات موضوعية: forest-agriculture landscape, flight activity, flight directions, honey bee conservation, melissopalynology, plantation-dominated landscape, Ecology, QH540-549.5, Science

الوصف: IntroductionApis dorsata, the common bee pollinator in tropical forests, is experiencing a population decrease due to several anthropogenic factors that lead to land cover changes and habitat loss. Land cover changes may alter their resource supply and foraging behavior. Our study aimed to determine foraging behavior and botanical origin using pollen of A. dorsata honey in two land cover types: plantationdominated landscape (PL) in Kampar (Riau) and forest-agriculture-dominated landscape (FL) in Kerinci (Jambi) Sumatra, Indonesia.MethodsWe observed two colonies of A. dorsata flight direction and flight activities in each land cover from 9 am–3pm. Honey was harvested from both nests of A. dorsata and the pollen in the honey was analyzed using acetolysis procedure. Vegetation analysis in both locations was conducted based on the flight directions of the giant honey bees.ResultsThe foraging data of A. dorsata showed a difference in the total number of bees between these two land cover types. The number of bees flying out and returning to the nest was higher in Kerinci than in Kampar, while high morning foraging activities were recorded in both land cover types. Furthermore, the foraging activity of the colonies in the PL landscape, i.e., flying out and returning to the nest with and without pollen, decreased at noon. The palynological results of the honey showed that in the PL landscape, pollen diversity was very low and mainly consisted of Elaeis gueneensis pollen (97%). Meanwhile, pollen types and concentrations were much higher in the FL than in the PL.DiscussionThis result suggests that A. dorsata exhibits a more varied foraging behavior in a diverse and heterogeneous landscape in Kerinci compared to a plantation-dominated habitat in Kampar.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frbee.2024.1366287/fullTest; https://doaj.org/toc/2813-5911Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/7ed978134ee2401ca2f9038c00b4a149Test

المؤلفون: Santiago Alexander Guamán-Rivera, Robinson J. Herrera-Feijoo, María Fernanda Baquero-Tapia, Julio César Benavides Lara, Fredy Patricio Erazo-Rodriguez

مصطلحات موضوعية: Impact of Pesticides on Honey Bee Health, Insect Science, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Life Sciences, Impact of Pollinator Decline on Ecosystems and Agriculture, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Biological and Therapeutic Properties of Bee Products, Varroa destructor, Varroa, Honey Bees, Destructor, Biology, Beekeeping, Altitude triangle, Honey bee, Zoology, FOS Biological sciences, Lithium chloride, Veterinary medicine, Ecology, Chemistry, Medicine, Mathematics, FOS Mathematics, Geometry, Organic chemistry, Mite

الوصف: Objective: The present study evaluated lithium chloride (LiCl) as a potential alternative for the control of the Varroa destructor mite Theoretical Framework: Beekeeping has taken on enormous relevance worldwide, in fact, the use of bees in experimental studies have revealed the irreversible effects of climate change. Furthermore, Varroa destructor being one of the most feared external parasites, the use of chemicals in the beekeeping industry increases production costs with serious consequences for the environment. At Ecuador's level, given an exuberant honey wealth, small and medium-scale beekeeping has demonstrated significant growth. In the face of a fight against climate change, the search for more efficient and low-carbon alternatives for the control of Varroa destructor is necessary. Consequently, due to the lack of scientific information generated at the country level. Method: Through a completely randomized design, using 24 hives, different treatments were established and randomly assigned. There is ... : الهدف: قيمت هذه الدراسة كلوريد الليثيوم (LiCl) كبديل محتمل للسيطرة على عث الفاروا المدمر الإطار النظري: اكتسبت تربية النحل أهمية كبيرة في جميع أنحاء العالم، وفي الواقع، كشف استخدام النحل في الدراسات التجريبية عن الآثار التي لا رجعة فيها لتغير المناخ. علاوة على ذلك، نظرًا لأن مدمر الفاروا هو أحد أكثر الطفيليات الخارجية إثارة للخوف، فإن استخدام المواد الكيميائية في صناعة تربية النحل يزيد من تكاليف الإنتاج مع عواقب وخيمة على البيئة. على مستوى الإكوادور، بالنظر إلى ثروة العسل الوفيرة، أظهرت تربية النحل الصغيرة والمتوسطة نموًا كبيرًا. في مواجهة مكافحة تغير المناخ، من الضروري البحث عن بدائل أكثر كفاءة ومنخفضة الكربون للسيطرة على مدمر الفاروا. وبالتالي، بسبب نقص المعلومات العلمية المتولدة على المستوى القطري. الطريقة: من خلال تصميم عشوائي تمامًا، باستخدام 24 خلية، تم إنشاء علاجات مختلفة وتخصيصها عشوائيًا. هناك أولاً عنصر تحكم، دون استخدام LiCl، وثانيًا L1، 94 مللي مولار LiCl، وثالثًا L2، 141 مللي مولار LiCl، وأخيرًا L3، باستخدام 189 مللي مولار LiCl. النتائج والمناقشة: أظهرت البيانات التي تم تحليلها بموجب نموذج خطي ...

العلاقة: https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/81krp-07g25Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.60692/d2wxs-s7j4110.60692/81krp-07g25Test

المؤلفون: Sarasie Tennakoon, Armando Apan, Tek Maraseni

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genomic Insights into Social Insects and Symbiosis, Genetics, FOS Biological sciences, Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Life Sciences, Impact of Pollinator Decline on Ecosystems and Agriculture, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Impact of Pesticides on Honey Bee Health, Insect Science, Honey Bees, Apiary, Honey bee, Climate change, Habitat, Ecology, Seasonality, Environmental science, Geography, Biology

الوصف: Honey bees play a vital role in providing essential ecosystem services and contributing to global agriculture. However, the potential effect of climate change on honey bee distribution is still not well understood. This study aims to identify the most influential bioclimatic and environmental variables, assess their impact on honey bee distribution, and predict future distribution. An ensemble modelling approach using the biomod2 package in R was employed to develop three models: a climate‐only model, an environment‐only model, and a combined climate and environment model. By utilising bioclimatic data (radiation of the wettest and driest quarters and temperature seasonality) from 1990 to 2009, combined with observed honey bee presence and pseudo absence data, this model predicted suitable locations for honey bee apiaries for two future time spans: 2020–2039 and 2060–2079. The climate‐only model exhibited a true skill statistic (TSS) value of 0.85, underscoring the pivotal role of radiation and ... : يلعب نحل العسل دورًا حيويًا في توفير خدمات النظام البيئي الأساسية والمساهمة في الزراعة العالمية. ومع ذلك، فإن التأثير المحتمل لتغير المناخ على توزيع نحل العسل لا يزال غير مفهوم جيدًا. تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد المتغيرات المناخية والبيئية الأكثر تأثيرًا، وتقييم تأثيرها على توزيع نحل العسل، والتنبؤ بالتوزيع المستقبلي. تم استخدام نهج نمذجة المجموعة باستخدام حزمة biomod2 في R لتطوير ثلاثة نماذج: نموذج المناخفقط، ونموذج البيئة فقط، ونموذج المناخ والبيئة المشترك. من خلال استخدام البيانات المناخية الحيوية (إشعاع الأرباع الأكثر رطوبة وجفافاً وموسمية درجة الحرارة) من 1990 إلى 2009، جنبًا إلى جنب مع بيانات وجود نحل العسل المرصودة وبيانات الغياب الزائفة، تنبأ هذا النموذج بالمواقع المناسبة لمناحل نحل العسل لفترتين زمنيتين مستقبليتين: 2020–2039 و 2060–2079. أظهر النموذج المناخي فقط قيمة إحصائية للمهارات الحقيقية (TSS) تبلغ 0.85، مما يؤكد الدور المحوري للإشعاع ودرجة الحرارة الموسمية في تشكيل توزيع نحل العسل. أظهر النموذج البيئي الوحيد، الذي يتضمن القرب من موارد الأزهار، والغطاء الإسقاطي لأوراق الشجر، والارتفاع، أداءً ...

العلاقة: https://dx.doi.org/10.60692/0mhv5-z2744Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.60692/6jmr3-rse8510.60692/0mhv5-z2744Test

المؤلفون: Sofia Levin Nikulin, Poppy J. Hesketh-Best, Dean A. Mckeown, Marla Spivak, Declan C. Schroeder

مصطلحات موضوعية: Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Ecology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Space Science, Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified, Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified, magnetic bead capture, least 300 years, honey bee viruses, honey bee colonies, dead honey bees, based purification method, monitor viral loads, automated method described, honey bees, viral loads, screening colonies, effective method, ongoing decline, first detected, faster screening, easily applied, beekeeping industry, automated approach, analytical results, 96 samples

الوصف: Queen label represents a queen line. Viral load expressed as log10 viral RNA copies/ a pooled sample. Total sample volume was 19 ml; Sample input volume was 200ul (50ul of filtrate + 150ul of 1xPBS) and 150ul (50ul of filtrate + 100ul of 1xPBS) for magnetic beads and columns affinity extraction methods respectively. (DOCX)

العلاقة: https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/48_samples_of_viral_RNA_isolated_from_24_honey_bee_pooled_samples_/25409814Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297623.s001Test

المؤلفون: van Dooremalen, Coby, Ulgezen, Zeynep, Dall’olio, Raffaele, Godeau, Ugoline, Duan, Xiaodong, Sousa, José Paulo, Schäfer, Marc O, Beaurepaire, Alexis, van Gennip, Pim, Schoonman, Marten, Flener, Claude, Matthijs, Severine, Boúúaert, David Claeys, Verbeke, Wim, Freshley, Dana, Valkenburg, Dirk-Jan, van den Bosch, Trudy, Schaafsma, Famke, Peters, Jeroen, Xu, Mang, Le Conte, Yves, Alaux, Cedric, Dalmon, Anne, Paxton, Robert J, Tehel, Anja, Streicher, Tabea, Dezmirean, Daniel S, Giurgiu, Alexandru I, Topping, Christopher J, Williams, James Henty, Capela, Nuno, Lopes, Sara, Alves, Fátima, Alves, Joana, Bica, João, Simões, Sandra, Alves da Silva, António, Castro, Sílvia, Loureiro, João, Horčičková, Eva, Bencsik, Martin, Mcveigh, Adam, Kumar, Tarun, Moro, Arrigo, van Delden, April, Ziółkowska, Elżbieta, Filipiak, Michał, Mikołajczyk, Łukasz, Leufgen, Kirsten, de Smet, Lina, de Graaf, Dirk C

المساهمون: Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands, BeeSources di Raffaele Dall’Olio, Bologna, Italy, Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Avignon, France, Aarhus Universitet, Aarhus, Denmark, Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, TERRA Associated Laboratory, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Bundesforschunginstitut für Tiergesundheit, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany, Institute of Bee Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland, Stichting BEEP, Driebergen-Rijsenburg, The Netherlands, Suomen Mehiläishoitajain Liitto, Helsinki, Finland, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, Martin-Luther-Universitaet Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole si Medicina Veterinara Cluj Napoca, Cluj Napoca, Romania, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK, Uniwersytet Jagiellonski, Krakow, Poland, SCIPROM sàrl, Saint-Sulpice, Switzerland

مصطلحات موضوعية: honey bee automated health monitoring, bee, honey bee, health, colony, data, collection, standarization, method, protocol, stakeholder, beekeeper, beekeeping, apiary, ecology, work plan, B-GOOD

الوصف: Honey bees are very important for nature and food production. However, beekeepers’ work is continuously challenged by pests, pathogens, pesticides, and other impacts of the environment on their honey bee colonies, and, therefore, they would greatly benefit from up-to-date insights on the health condition of their bees. To disturb those bee colonies as little as possible, it is preferable that this information be collected in an automated way. In this article, we present the B-GOOD project as a case study to monitor the health of honey bee colonies in an automated, standardized way. The use of a similar approach by researchers in their future studies would allow the combination of different datasets on bee health. More data combinations would facilitate the use of machine learning to better and more accurately determine the thresholds for beekeeper interventions, the underlying mechanisms of honey bee colony health, and the prediction of health and colony losses, among other indicators. ; Honey bee colonies have great societal and economic importance. The main challenge that beekeepers face is keeping bee colonies healthy under ever-changing environmental conditions. In the past two decades, beekeepers that manage colonies of Western honey bees (Apis mellifera) have become increasingly concerned by the presence of parasites and pathogens affecting the bees, the reduction in pollen and nectar availability, and the colonies’ exposure to pesticides, among others. Hence, beekeepers need to know the health condition of their colonies and how to keep them alive and thriving, which creates a need for a new holistic data collection method to harmonize the flow of information from various sources that can be linked at the colony level for different health determinants, such as bee colony, environmental, socioeconomic, and genetic statuses. For this purpose, we have developed and implemented the B-GOOD (Giving Beekeeping Guidance by computational-assisted Decision Making) project as a case study to categorize the colony’s ...

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: van Dooremalen, C.; Ulgezen, Z.N.; Dall’Olio, R.; Godeau, U.; Duan, X.; Sousa, J.P.; Schäfer, M.O.; Beaurepaire, A.; van Gennip, P.; Schoonman, M.; et al. Bridging the Gap between Field Experiments and Machine Learning: The EC H2020 B-GOOD Project as a Case Study towards Automated Predictive Health Monitoring of Honey Bee Colonies. Insects 2024, 15, 76. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010076Test; https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/1/76Test; https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/23726Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.3390/insects15010076Test
https://depot.ceon.pl/handle/123456789/23726Test
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/15/1/76Test

المؤلفون: Sofia Levin Nikulin, Poppy J. Hesketh-Best, Dean A. Mckeown, Marla Spivak, Declan C. Schroeder

مصطلحات موضوعية: Molecular Biology, Biotechnology, Ecology, Infectious Diseases, Virology, Space Science, Biological Sciences not elsewhere classified, Mathematical Sciences not elsewhere classified, magnetic bead capture, least 300 years, honey bee viruses, honey bee colonies, dead honey bees, based purification method, monitor viral loads, automated method described, honey bees, viral loads, screening colonies, effective method, ongoing decline, first detected, faster screening, easily applied, beekeeping industry, automated approach, analytical results, 96 samples

الوصف: Significant p -value results (<0.05) are in bold. (M, mean; SD, standard deviation; N, number; df, degrees of freedom). (DOCX)

العلاقة: https://figshare.com/articles/journal_contribution/Summary_of_results_from_multiple_Welch_two-sample_t-tests_/25409817Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0297623.s002Test