المؤلفون: Trunfio, Mattia, Tang, Bin, Okwuegbuna, Oluwakemi, Iudicello, Jennifer E, Bharti, Ajay, Moore, David J, Gelman, Benjamin B, Morgello, Susan, Patel, Payal B, Rubin, Leah H, Ances, Beau M, Gianella, Sara, Heaton, Robert K, Ellis, Ronald J, Letendre, Scott L

المصدر: Journal of Medical Virology. 96(3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Immunology, HIV/AIDS, Infectious Diseases, Clinical Research, Neurosciences, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, HIV-1, RNA, Viral, HIV Infections, Iron, Serum Globulins, Viral Load, CSF control, CSF/plasma discordance, HIV viral load, antiretroviral naïve, blood–brain barrier, central nervous system, Microbiology, Virology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology

الوصف: Interindividual variation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) RNA setpoint in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its determinants are poorly understood, but relevant for HIV neuropathology, brain reservoirs, viral escape, and reseeding after antiretroviral interruptions. Longitudinal multicentric study on demographic, clinical, and laboratory correlates of CSF HIV RNA in 2000 follow-up visits from 597 people with HIV (PWH) off antiretroviral therapy (ART) and with plasma HIV RNA > the lower limit of quantification (LLQ). Factors associated with CSF control (CSFC; CSF HIV RNA  LLQ) and with CSF/plasma discordance (CSF > plasma HIV RNA > LLQ) were also assessed through mixed-effects models. Posthoc and sensitivity analyses were performed for persistent CSFC and ART-naïve participants, respectively. Over a median follow-up of 2.1 years, CSF HIV RNA was associated with CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, CSF leukocytes, blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, biomarkers of iron and lipid metabolism, serum globulins, past exposure to lamivudine, and plasma HIV RNA (model p

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3kn4j4bsTest

المؤلفون: Ellis, Ronald J, Chenna, Ahmed, Lie, Yolanda, Curanovic, Dusica, Winslow, John, Tang, Bin, Marra, Christina M, Rubin, Leah H, Clifford, David B, McCutchan, J Allen, Gelman, Benjamin B, Robinson-Papp, Jessica, Petropoulos, Christos J, Letendre, Scott L

المصدر: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 76(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Clinical Research, HIV/AIDS, Infection, Humans, Female, Middle Aged, Aged, Male, HIV, Intermediate Filaments, HIV Infections, Biomarkers, Polyneuropathies, polyneuropathy, biomarker, cerebrospinal fluid, neurofilament light, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Clinical sciences

الوصف: BackgroundNeurofilament light (NFL) chain concentrations, reflecting axonal damage, are seen in several polyneuropathies but have not been studied in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP). We evaluated NFL in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma in relation to DSP in people with HIV (PWH) from 2 independent cohorts and in people without HIV (PWoH).MethodsCohort 1 consisted of PWH from the CHARTER Study. Cohort 2 consisted of PWH and PWoH from the HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center (HNRC). We evaluated DSP signs and symptoms in both cohorts. Immunoassays measured NFL in CSF for all and for plasma as well in Cohort 2.ResultsCohort 1 consisted of 111 PWH, mean ± SD age 56.8 ± 8.32 years, 15.3% female, 38.7% Black, 49.6% White, current CD4+ T-cells (median, interquartile range [IQR]) 532/µL (295, 785), 83.5% with plasma HIV RNA ≤50 copies/mL. Cohort 2 consisted of 233 PWH of similar demographics to PWH in Cohort 1 but also 51 PWoH, together age 58.4 ± 6.68 years, 41.2% female, 18.0% Black, Hispanic, non-Hispanic White 52.0%, 6.00% White. In both cohorts of PWH, CSF and plasma NFL were significantly higher in both PWH with DSP signs. Findings were similar, albeit not significant, for PWoH. The observed relationships were not explained by confounds.ConclusionsBoth plasma and CSF NFL were elevated in PWH and PWoH with DSP. The convergence of our findings with others demonstrates that NFL is a reliable biomarker reflecting peripheral nerve injury. Biomarkers such as NFL might provide, validate, and optimize clinical trials of neuroregenerative strategies in HIV DSP.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jw5p8jpTest

المؤلفون: Heaton, Robert K, Ellis, Ronald J, Tang, Bin, Marra, Christina M, Rubin, Leah H, Clifford, David B, McCutchan, J Allen, Gelman, Benjamin B, Morgello, Susan, Franklin, Donald R, Letendre, Scott L

المصدر: Brain. 146(3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, HIV/AIDS, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Infectious Diseases, Neurodegenerative, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Aging, Behavioral and Social Science, 7.1 Individual care needs, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, Management of diseases and conditions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Humans, HIV Infections, Comorbidity, HIV, neurologic complications, cognition, brain, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences, Psychology

الوصف: Modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) has increased longevity of people with HIV and shifted the age distribution of the HIV pandemic upward toward that of the general population. This positive development has also led to concerns about premature and/or accelerated neurocognitive and physical ageing due to the combined effects of chronic HIV, accumulating comorbidities, adverse effects or possible toxicities of ART and biological ageing. Here we present results of comprehensive assessments over 12 years of 402 people with HIV in the CNS HIV ART Effects Research (CHARTER) programme, who at follow-up were composed of younger (

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/163317vnTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt163317vn/qt163317vn.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Solanky, Dipesh, Fields, Jerel A, Iudicello, Jennifer E, Ellis, Ronald J, Franklin, Donald, Clifford, David B, Gelman, Benjamin B, Marra, Christina M, Morgello, Susan, Rubin, Leah H, Grant, Igor, Heaton, Robert K, Letendre, Scott L, Mehta, Sanjay R

المصدر: Journal of NeuroVirology. 28(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Immunology, Neurodegenerative, Neurosciences, Aging, HIV/AIDS, Prevention, Clinical Research, Infectious Diseases, Genetics, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Adult, Aging, Premature, Biomarkers, DNA, Mitochondrial, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Mitochondrial DNA, Amyloid, Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, HIV, Clinical Sciences, Medical Microbiology, Virology, Clinical sciences, Medical microbiology

الوصف: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is potentially associated with premature aging, but demonstrating this is difficult due to a lack of reliable biomarkers. The mitochondrial (mt) DNA "common deletion" mutation (mtCDM) is a 4977-bp deletion associated with aging and neurodegenerative diseases. We examined how mtDNA and mtCDM correlate with markers of neurodegeneration and inflammation in people with and without HIV (PWH and PWOH). Data from 149 adults were combined from two projects involving PWH (n = 124) and PWOH (n = 25). We measured buccal mtDNA and mtCDM by digital droplet PCR and compared them to disease and demographic characteristics and soluble biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood measured by immunoassay. Participants had a median age of 52 years, with 53% white and 81% men. Median mtDNA level was 1,332 copies/cell (IQR 1,201-1,493) and median mtCDM level was 0.36 copies × 102/cell (IQR 0.31-0.42); both were higher in PWH. In the best model adjusting for HIV status and demographics, higher mtDNA levels were associated with higher CSF amyloid-β 1-42 and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and higher mtCDM levels were associated with higher plasma soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor II. The differences in mtDNA markers between PWH and PWOH support potential premature aging in PWH. Our findings suggest mtDNA changes in oral tissues may reflect CNS processes, allowing the use of inexpensive and easily accessible buccal biospecimens as a screening tool for CSF inflammation and neurodegeneration. Confirmatory and mechanistic studies on mt genome alterations by HIV and ART may identify interventions to prevent or treat neurodegenerative complications.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4jj871mhTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt4jj871mh/qt4jj871mh.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Lorenz, David R, Mukerji, Shibani S, Misra, Vikas, Uno, Hajime, Gelman, Benjamin B, Moore, David J, Singer, Elyse J, Morgello, Susan, Gabuzda, Dana

المصدر: JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 88(5)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Infectious Diseases, Lung, Aging, Nutrition, HIV/AIDS, Prevention, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Diabetes, Management of diseases and conditions, 7.1 Individual care needs, Aged, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Comorbidity, Diabetes Mellitus, Female, Frail Elderly, Frailty, HIV Infections, Humans, Liver Diseases, Male, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive, United States, frailty, HIV, multimorbidity, aging, diabetes, COPD, Clinical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Virology

الوصف: BackgroundPeople with HIV (PWH) have increased frailty risk at younger ages compared with the general population. Multimorbidity is associated with frailty, yet effects of specific comorbidities on transition to frailty in PWH are unknown.SettingProspective study of 219 PWH age 45 years or older in the National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium.MethodsFrailty status was categorized using Fried frailty phenotype criteria. Comorbidities [bone disease, cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, liver disease, renal disease, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), hypertension, obesity, cancers, neuropsychiatric conditions] were assessed from longitudinal data. Associations between baseline comorbidities and transition to frailty within 30 months were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression models. Grip strength was assessed using mixed-effects models.ResultsAt baseline, the median age was 61 years, 73% were male 98% were on antiretroviral therapy, 29% had ≥3 comorbidities, 27% were robust, and 73% were pre-frail. Cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, and COPD were independent predictors of transition to frailty within 30 months in models adjusted for age, sex, and multimorbidity (≥3 additional comorbidities) [hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) 2.52 (1.29 to 4.93), 2.31 (1.12 to 4.76), and 1.82 (0.95 to 3.48), respectively]. Furthermore, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, COPD, or liver disease co-occurring with multimorbidity was associated with substantially increased frailty hazards compared with multimorbidity alone (hazard ratios 4.75-7.46). Cerebrovascular disease was associated with decreased baseline grip strength (P = 0.0001), whereas multimorbidity, diabetes, and COPD were associated with declining grip strength (P < 0.10).ConclusionsIn older PWH, cerebrovascular disease, diabetes, COPD, or liver disease co-occurring with multimorbidity is associated with substantially increased risk of becoming frail within 30 months. Interventions targeting these comorbidities may ameliorate frailty and age-related functional decline in PWH.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8wt5g6g6Test

المؤلفون: Diaz, Monica M, Keltner, John R, Simmons, Alan N, Franklin, Donald, Moore, Raeanne C, Clifford, David, Collier, Ann C, Gelman, Benjamin B, Marra, Christina, McCutchan, J Allen, Morgello, Susan, Sacktor, Ned, Best, Brookie, Notestine, Christine Fennema, Weibel, Sara Gianella, Grant, Igor, Marcotte, Thomas D, Vaida, Florin, Letendre, Scott, Heaton, Robert, Ellis, Ronald J

المصدر: Pain Medicine. 22(8)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Chronic Pain, HIV/AIDS, Infectious Diseases, Peripheral Neuropathy, Neurodegenerative, Pain Research, Aging, Neurosciences, Aged, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Middle Aged, Neuralgia, Paresthesia, Polyneuropathies, Prospective Studies, Quality of Life, HIV, Neuropathy, Pain, CHARTER Study, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Public Health and Health Services, Anesthesiology, Clinical sciences, Health services and systems, Clinical and health psychology

الوصف: ObjectiveDistal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP) is a disabling consequence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), leading to poor quality of life and more frequent falls in older age. Neuropathic pain and paresthesia are prevalent symptoms; however, there are currently no known curative treatments and the longitudinal course of pain in HIV-associated DSP is poorly characterized.MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal study of 265 people with HIV (PWH) enrolled in the CNS HIV Antiretroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study with baseline and 12-year follow-up evaluations. Since pain and paresthesia are highly correlated, statistical decomposition was used to separate the two symptoms at baseline. Multivariable logistic regression analyses of decomposed variables were used to determine the effects of neuropathy symptoms at baseline on presence and worsening of distal neuropathic pain at 12-year follow-up, adjusted for covariates.ResultsMean age was 56 ± 8 years, and 21% were female at follow-up. Nearly the entire cohort (96%) was on antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 82% had suppressed (≤50 copies/mL) plasma viral loads at follow-up. Of those with pain at follow-up (n = 100), 23% had paresthesia at the initial visit. Decomposed paresthesia at baseline increased the risk of pain at follow-up (odds ratio [OR] 1.56; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18, 2.07), and decomposed pain at baseline predicted a higher frequency of pain at follow-up (OR 1.96 [95% CI 1.51, 2.58]).ConclusionsParesthesias are a clinically significant predictor of incident pain at follow-up among aging PWH with DSP. Development of new therapies to encourage neuroregeneration might take advantage of this finding to choose individuals likely to benefit from treatment preventing incident pain.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6zk922twTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt6zk922tw/qt6zk922tw.pdfTest

المؤلفون: Ellis, Ronald J, Heaton, Robert K, Tang, Bin, Collier, Ann C, Marra, Christina, Gelman, Benjamin B, Morgello, Susan, Clifford, David B, Sacktor, Ned, Letendre, Scott L

مصطلحات موضوعية: Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Neurology & Neurosurgery

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3p07f540Test

المؤلفون: Robinson-Papp, Jessica, Gensler, Gary, Navis, Allison, Sherman, Seth, Ellis, Ronald J, Gelman, Benjamin B, Kolson, Dennis L, Letendre, Scott L, Singer, Elyse J, Valdes-Sueiras, Miguel, Morgello, Susan

المصدر: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 71(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Medical Microbiology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences, Infectious Diseases, Mental Health, Clinical Research, HIV/AIDS, Brain Disorders, Neurodegenerative, Pediatric, Acquired Cognitive Impairment, Neurological, AIDS Dementia Complex, HIV, HIV Infections, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Quality of Life, neurocognitive disorders, cerebrovascular disease, motor dysfunction, Biological Sciences, Medical and Health Sciences, Microbiology, Clinical sciences

الوصف: BackgroundCognitive dysfunction in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has decreased, but milder forms of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) persist along with motor dysfunction. The HIV Motor Scale (HMS) is a validated tool that captures motor abnormalities on routine neurologic examination and which is associated with cognitive impairment in HIV. In this study, we applied a modified HMS (MHMS) to a nationwide cohort of people with longstanding HIV to characterize and understand the factors contributing to motor dysfunction.MethodsThe National NeuroAIDS Tissue Consortium is a nationwide longitudinal cohort study. Participants undergo regular assessments including neurological examination, neuropsychological testing, and immunovirologic data collection. Data from examinations were used to calculate the MHMS score, which was then correlated with history of AIDS-related central nervous system (CNS) disorders (ARCD; eg, prior CNS opportunistic infection), cerebrovascular disease (CVD), and HAND.ResultsSixty-nine percent of participants showed an abnormality on the MHMS, with 27% classified as severe. Results did not vary based on demographic or immunologic variables. The most common abnormalities seen were gait (54%), followed by coordination (39%) and strength (25%), and these commonly co-occurred. CVD (P = .02), history of ARCD (P = .001), and HAND (P = .001) were all associated with higher (ie, worse) HMS in univariate analyses; CVD and ARCD persisted in multivariate analyses. CVD was also marginally associated with symptomatic HAND.ConclusionsComplex motor dysfunction remains common in HIV and is associated with CVD, ARCD, and to a lesser extent, HAND. Future studies are needed to understand the longitudinal trajectory of HIV-associated motor dysfunction, its neural substrates, and impact on quality of life.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2sw1f159Test

المؤلفون: Ellis, Ronald J, Letendre, Scott L, Atkinson, J Hampton, Clifford, David, Collier, Ann C, Gelman, Benjamin B, Marra, Christina, McCutchan, J Allen, Morgello, Susan, Sacktor, Ned, Tang, Bin, Heaton, Robert K

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Depression, Clinical Research, Mental Health, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, 6.1 Pharmaceuticals, Inflammatory and immune system, Inflammation, Sex differences, HIV infection, Quality of life, Clinical sciences, Immunology

الوصف: Background and objectivesPeople with HIV (PWH) often suffer from depressive symptoms which have a deleterious impact on numerous domains including antiretroviral adherence and quality of life. In the general population, a treatment-resistant phenotype of depression is associated with systemic inflammation, which is of considerable importance as it responds favorably to anti-inflammatory medications. Aging PWH experience increasing inflammation. We sought to evaluate the impact of chronic inflammation in aging PWH on depressed mood.MethodsPWH were recruited at 6 U.S. academic medical centers. Depressed mood was assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)-II. Inflammatory biomarkers measured at the 12-year follow-up visit in blood plasma using immunoassays were neopterin, sTNFRII, d-dimer, IL-6, CRP, MCP-1, sCD14 and sCD40L. Factor analyses with oblique Equamax rotation were employed to reduce the dimensionality of the biomarkers.ResultsParticipants were 78 PWH, 14 (17.9%) women, 40 (51.3%) non-White, mean age 55.3 (±SD 8.29), with a nadir and current CD4 of 134 (IQR 36, 204) and 567 (316, 797), respectively. 80.5% were virally suppressed. A factor analysis of the eight inflammatory biomarkers in plasma at the 12-year follow-up visit yielded 3 Factors, with Factor 1 loading on neopterin and sTNFRII, Factor 2 loading on d-dimer, IL-6 and CRP, and Factor 3 loading on sCD40L (MCP-1 and sCD14 did not appear in any of the factors). Univariate regressions of each factor vs BDI-II scores yielded significance only for Factor 2 (r ​= ​0.295; p ​= ​0.0083 (Bonferroni-adjusted p ​= ​0.0261). Of the Factor 2 component biomarkers, BDI-II scores correlated significantly with d-dimer and IL-6, but not CRP. Women had worse BDI-II scores (p ​= ​0.0127). In a logistic regression with sex and Factor 2, both variables were significant (sex p ​= ​0.0246, Factor 2 p ​= ​0.0168). The relationship between Factor 2 and BDI was significant for men (r ​= ​0.348 [95% CI 0.111, 0.547]; p ​= ​0.0049), but not women (r ​= ​0.0580 95% CI -0.488, 0.571]; p ​= ​0.844). Viral suppression was not significant in the multivariate model.ConclusionsSome PWH with depressed mood have elevated markers of inflammation in blood. Men showed this relationship, while women did not. Together with previous findings that an inflammatory depression phenotype responds to treatment with anti-inflammatory medications, our findings suggest that treatment with anti-inflammatory medications might benefit at least a subset of depressed PWH who have a high inflammatory biomarker profile, as well as poor response to antidepressant medications alone, and that the pathophysiology of depression in men and women with HIV may differ.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5s20s8wnTest

المؤلفون: Campbell, Laura M, Fennema-Notestine, Christine, Saloner, Rowan, Hussain, Mariam, Chen, Anna, Franklin, Donald, Umlauf, Anya, Ellis, Ronald J, Collier, Ann C, Marra, Christina M, Clifford, David B, Gelman, Benjamin B, Sacktor, Ned, Morgello, Susan, McCutchan, J Allen, Letendre, Scott, Grant, Igor, Heaton, Robert K

المصدر: Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 26(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Clinical Sciences, Psychology, HIV/AIDS, Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Good Health and Well Being, Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, HIV Infections, Humans, Inflammation, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Male, Middle Aged, Neurocognitive Disorders, Neuroimaging, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Cognition, Infectious disease, HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders, Frascati criteria, CHARTER Group, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences

الوصف: ObjectiveFrascati international research criteria for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are controversial; some investigators have argued that Frascati criteria are too liberal, resulting in a high false positive rate. Meyer et al. recommended more conservative revisions to HAND criteria, including exploring other commonly used methodologies for neurocognitive impairment (NCI) in HIV including the global deficit score (GDS). This study compares NCI classifications by Frascati, Meyer, and GDS methods, in relation to neuroimaging markers of brain integrity in HIV.MethodTwo hundred forty-one people living with HIV (PLWH) without current substance use disorder or severe (confounding) comorbid conditions underwent comprehensive neurocognitive testing and brain structural magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Participants were classified using Frascati criteria versus Meyer criteria: concordant unimpaired [Frascati(Un)/Meyer(Un)], concordant impaired [Frascati(Imp)/Meyer(Imp)], or discordant [Frascati(Imp)/Meyer(Un)] which were impaired via Frascati criteria but unimpaired via Meyer criteria. To investigate the GDS versus Meyer criteria, the same groupings were utilized using GDS criteria instead of Frascati criteria.ResultsWhen examining Frascati versus Meyer criteria, discordant Frascati(Imp)/Meyer(Un) individuals had less cortical gray matter, greater sulcal cerebrospinal fluid volume, and greater evidence of neuroinflammation (i.e., choline) than concordant Frascati(Un)/Meyer(Un) individuals. GDS versus Meyer comparisons indicated that discordant GDS(Imp)/Meyer(Un) individuals had less cortical gray matter and lower levels of energy metabolism (i.e., creatine) than concordant GDS(Un)/Meyer(Un) individuals. In both sets of analyses, the discordant group did not differ from the concordant impaired group on any neuroimaging measure.ConclusionsThe Meyer criteria failed to capture a substantial portion of PLWH with brain abnormalities. These findings support continued use of Frascati or GDS criteria to detect HIV-associated CNS dysfunction.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2s11k4wbTest
https://escholarship.org/content/qt2s11k4wb/qt2s11k4wb.pdfTest