المؤلفون: Balappa Murigeppa Bannur, B.G. Patil, Ashwini Balasaheb Nuchhi, Sulabha Hanumant Deshpande

المصدر: National Journal of Clinical Anatomy, Vol 06, Iss 03, Pp 188-192 (2017)

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, Foramen magnum, Histology, foramen magnum, sex determination, Medicine (miscellaneous), lcsh:Human anatomy, Anatomy, Biology, lcsh:QM1-695, medicine.anatomical_structure, anthropologists, medicine, skeletal remains

الوصف: Background : Anthropologists are often faced with the task of assigning sex to remains that are incomplete, fragmented or damaged as may result from incidents such as mass disasters, airplane crashes, fire, explosions or physical violence. The size of foramen magnum does not change after puberty, not related to age then after. It is this part of the cranial base which can withstand fire explosions as the area is covered by large amount of soft tissue. Hence the foramen magnum was considered for studying the sexual differences in skull. Aims : To analyse the morphology and morphometry of foramen magnum, and the impact of these variables on sex determination of skull. Materials and Methods : 68 male and 68 female adult dry skulls were used for the study. The shapes of foramen magnum were studied. Results : In total, oval was the most common shape comprising of 61.76%, 16.17% arrow head, 11.76% irregular and 10.29% round. The sagittal diameter was 33.0 [28-40] mm in males and 33.0 [28-43] in females and transverse diameters of foramen magnum were 27[21-31] in males and 26.0[23-33]mm in females. Area of foramen magnum was calculated using Radinsky and Teixeria formulae and foramen magnum index was calculated. Mean, standard deviation and median [where ever required] were calculated. Student t test and Mann Whitney U test/ T test were applied. We did not find significant difference between male and female values. Conclusion : Our study did not demonstrate statistically significant difference in expression of sexual differences in the foramen magnum. However if detailed analysis is done with greater sample size by discriminant function analysis, it may prove useful in predicting sex in severely fragmented cranial bases.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e0e6cec97ab6af9fa8272563c8aab4f0Test
https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1700749Test

المؤلفون: Melek Günes Yavuzer

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, Foramen magnum, biology, business.industry, Anatomy, musculoskeletal system, biology.organism_classification, body regions, Valgus, Femoral head, medicine.anatomical_structure, Gait (human), medicine, Back pain, Femur, Bipedalism, medicine.symptom, business, human activities, Femoral neck

الوصف: Bipedalism is the ability to stand and walk entirely on two feet. Bipedalism is marked by several adaptive skeletal changes along with certain costs. The most spectacular alterations to support body weight and maintain balance are in spine, the pelvis, the skull and the feet. On the other hand, overloaded low back and lower extremity joints during bipedal locomotion cause knee and back pain later in life. In females, to walk upright may be difficult and painful to carry as well as deliver a baby with a large brain. Other disadvantages of bipedal gait are longer motor learning period and inability to ambulate when one leg is injured. Morphological adaptations that are crucial to support and enable this new form of locomotion include: a more inferiorly placed foramen magnum, larger femoral head, increased femoral neck length, anteroposteriorly elongated condyles of the femur, the knee positioned in slight valgus at knees due to bicondylar angle, shorter big toe, and a higher foot arch.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::a55b554672c3cd183032490ad8037fccTest
https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-812162-7.00028-xTest

المؤلفون: Maher T. Hadidi, Omar W. Al-Khayat, Amjad Shatarat, Justin Z. Amarin, Osama A. Samara, Darwish H. Badran, Haya H. Suradi

المصدر: International Journal of Morphology v.35 n.4 2017
SciELO Chile
CONICYT Chile
instacron:CONICYT

مصطلحات موضوعية: 0301 basic medicine, musculoskeletal diseases, Morphology, Foramen magnum, Morphometry, Measurements, Anatomy, Biology, musculoskeletal system, body regions, 03 medical and health sciences, Sexual dimorphism, 030104 developmental biology, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, Morphometric analysis, medicine, 030216 legal & forensic medicine

الوصف: SUMMARY: The foramen magnum is morphometrically typified by two perpendicular diameters and a distinct margin. This important anatomical landmark is subject to high interindividual variation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the dimensions and morphology of the foramen magnum in a Jordanian population. In this retrospective study, 247 individuals were consecutively sampled using the institutional picture archiving and communication system. The anteroposterior and transverse diameters of the foramen magnum were measured; the foramen magnum index was calculated; and, the shape of the foramen magnum was visually assessed. The sex-pooled anteroposterior and transverse diameters were 35.1 ± 3.2 mm and 29.3 ± 2.5 mm, respectively. The sex-pooled foramen magnum index was 1.20 ± 0.10. The diameters were significantly different (P

وصف الملف: text/html

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::987a3b977a539fbdfbe9af9200739469Test
http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-95022017000401270Test

المؤلفون: Adam D. Foster, D'Arcy Marsh, Gabrielle A. Russo

المصدر: Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007)LITERATURE CITED. 303(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, 0301 basic medicine, Histology, Axial skeleton, Lumbar vertebrae, Walking, Biology, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, 03 medical and health sciences, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Lumbar, Quadrupedalism, medicine, Animals, Bipedalism, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Foramen magnum, Behavior, Animal, Anatomy, Sacrum, Biological Evolution, Spine, Biomechanical Phenomena, Rats, 030104 developmental biology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Human evolution, Models, Animal, Female, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Locomotion, Biotechnology

الوصف: Many derived aspects of modern human axial skeletal morphology reflect our reliance on obligate bipedal locomotion. Insight into the adaptive significance of features, particularly in the spine, has been gained through experimental studies that induce bipedal standing or walking in quadrupedal mammals. Using an experimental animal model (Rattus norvegicus), the present study builds on earlier work by incorporating additional metrics of the cranium, employing quantitative methods established in the paleoanthropological literature, and exploring how variation in mechanical loading regimes impacts axial anatomy. Rats were assigned to one of five experimental groups, including "fully loaded bipedal walking," "partially loaded bipedal walking," "standing bipedally," "quadrupedal walking," and "no exercise control," and engaged in the behavior over 12-weeks. From μCT data obtained at the beginning and end of the experiment, we measured foramen magnum position and orientation, lumbar vertebral body wedging, cranial surface area of the lumbar and first sacral vertebral bodies, and sacral mediolateral width. Results demonstrate that bipedal rodents generally have more anteriorly positioned foramina magna, more dorsally wedged lumbar vertebrae, greater articular surface areas of lumbar and first sacral vertebral bodies, and sacra that exhibit greater mediolateral widths, compared to quadrupedal rodents. We further document variation among bipedal loading behavior groups (e.g., bipedal standing vs. walking). Our experimental animal model reveals how loading behaviors and adaptations may be specifically linked, and implicates a potential role for developmental plasticity in the evolutionary acquisition of bipedal adaptations in the hominin lineage. Anat Rec, 2018. © 2018 American Association for Anatomy.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::90b6957e45f0441266a88df141ce9783Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30365241Test

المؤلفون: Daniel Psonak, P. Maślińska, Agnieszka Tomaszewska, Barbara Kwiatkowska

المصدر: Homo : internationale Zeitschrift fur die vergleichende Forschung am Menschen. 71(1)

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, Adult, Male, Context (language use), Polish population, 03 medical and health sciences, Human skull, Young Adult, 0302 clinical medicine, Discriminant function analysis, medicine, Humans, 0601 history and archaeology, 030216 legal & forensic medicine, Foramen Magnum, Transverse diameter, Aged, Foramen magnum, 060101 anthropology, Crania, biology, 06 humanities and the arts, Anatomy, Middle Aged, biology.organism_classification, Circumference, Sex Determination by Skeleton, Body Remains, medicine.anatomical_structure, Anthropology, Female, Poland

الوصف: Although the foramen magnum is often described in the context of sex determination, to date, it has not been studied in relation to the Polish population. Considering interpopulation variation of human skull dimensions and shapes, study of a Polish population is needed. The aim of this paper is to evaluate a hierarchy of selected measurements of the foramen magnum in terms of their usefulness for sex determination and provide reference data for Polish non-modern populations in order to propose an alternative method of sex determination for fragmented human remains. Adult skulls from skeletal collection from Poland (N = 101, males 46.5% and females 53.5%) were measured to derive statistical functions. The anteroposterior diameter, transverse diameter, and the circumference of the foramen magnum were found to be significantly larger in males. Mollison's index and discriminant function analysis were performed to derive models for estimation of sex from the foramen magnum measurements and the ± 1 SD ranges of the dimensions were calculated. Each of foramen magnum dimensions was able to predict sex in above 90% of crania. Due to some limitations of this study and the need of population-specific standards, it is recommend employing the foramen magnum in sex determination only in cases of fragmented human remains and when no other method can be applied. Further investigation of possible factors influencing the variability of the foramen magnum size and shape should be conducted in larger and geographically more diverse samples, and this could contribute to forensic, clinical, anatomical, and anthropological studies of this anatomical structure.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8dd5cae82798528c0f4e461d6a69e043Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31651930Test

المؤلفون: Maciej Henneberg, Frank J Rühli, Thomas Böni, Philipp Gruber

المساهمون: University of Zurich

المصدر: The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology. 292:1713-1719

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Aging, 10017 Institute of Anatomy, 2722 Histology, Ethnicity, Sagittal diameter, Foramen Magnum, Cervical Atlas, Aged, 80 and over, Skull Base, Sex Characteristics, Foramen magnum, Anthropometry, Age Factors, Anatomy, Middle Aged, 2702 Anatomy, Sex Determination by Skeleton, Biological Evolution, medicine.anatomical_structure, 10222 Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, 1305 Biotechnology, Cervical Vertebrae, 10046 Balgrist University Hospital, Swiss Spinal Cord Injury Center, Female, Biotechnology, Adult, musculoskeletal diseases, Histology, Cephalometry, 610 Medicine & health, Biology, Positive correlation, Anthropology, Physical, Young Adult, medicine, Humans, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Aged, Skull, Osteometry, Body Height, Sagittal plane, Secular variation, Sexual dimorphism, 1105 Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Occipital Bone, 11294 Institute of Evolutionary Medicine, 570 Life sciences, biology

الوصف: The foramen magnum is an important landmark of the skull base and is of particular interest for anthropology, anatomy, forensic medicine, and other medical fields. Despite its importance, few osteometric studies of the foramen magnum have been published so far. A total of 110 transverse and 111 sagittal diameters from Central European male and female dry specimens dating from the Pleistocene to modern times were measured, and related to sex, age, stature, ethnicity, and a possible secular trend. Only a moderate positive correlation between the transverse and the sagittal diameter of the foramen magnum was found. Surprisingly, neither sexual dimorphism, individual age-dependency, nor a secular trend was found for either diameter. Furthermore, the relationship between the individual stature and foramen magnum diameters was weak: thus foramen magnum size cannot be used as reliable indicator for stature estimation. Further consideration of possible factors influencing the variability of human foramen magnum size shall be explored in larger and geographically more diverse samples, thus serving forensic, clinical, anatomical, and anthropological interests in this body part. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

وصف الملف: Boeni_AnatRecord_2009_V.pdf - application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6fc15c05c5dbab4dbe967abe60a61010Test
https://doi.org/10.1002/ar.21005Test

المؤلفون: Pavle Banović, Nikola Batinić, Bojana Krstonošić, Dusica Maric

المصدر: Glasnik Antropološkog Društva Srbije, Vol 2014, Iss 49, Pp 57-65 (2014)

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, Foramen magnum, Crania, biology, lcsh:GN1-890, Morphometry, Lateral parts of occipital bone, lcsh:Anthropology, Gender determination, Anatomy, musculoskeletal system, biology.organism_classification, Condyle, medicine.anatomical_structure, Geography, stomatognathic system, medicine, Foramen, Calipers, Occipital condyle, Vertebral column, Human skull, Condylar canal

الوصف: Occipital condyles, located at the inferior sides of lateral parts of occipital bone, are important structures that connect the cranium and the vertebral column. Their size, shape, location and, also, their congruence with superior articular facets of the atlas vertebra are of great importance for the stability of craniovertebral junctions. The progress in medical diagnostic and surgical techniques in the area of foramen magnum, requires the knowledge regarding anatomical aspects of this region. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurements of the occipital condyles, as well as to analyse the variations in the shape of the condyles and their position in relation to the foramen magnum. This study included 25 adult human skulls (11 male and 14 female) from the Osteological collection of the Department of Anatomy at Medical Faculty in Novi Sad. Nine parameters, which define morfological properties of the occipital condyles, were measured using Vernier caliper. Also, the shape and location of the condyles, as well as the narrowness of the foramen magnum were described. Our findings show that length of the left occipital condyle, as well as distance between the posterior top of the left occipital condyle and basion are statistically greater in male crania, comparing to female crania. According to the shape of the occipital condyles, we classified them in seven groups. Predominant type is oval shaped. The condylar foramen is bilaterally present in 36 % and the occipital condyles bilaterally protrude the foramen magnum in 40 % of analyzed crania. Morphometric analysis of the occipital condyles showed variations in their size, shape, presence of condylar canal and relation to the foramen magnum.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::47667334015e14446e43ce795320c4d5Test
https://doi.org/10.5937/gads1449057kTest

المؤلفون: Pasquale Gallo, Francesco Sala

المصدر: British journal of neurosurgery. 29(6)

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, Spinal Accessory Nerve Injury, Adult, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, medicine.medical_specialty, Orthotic Devices, complications, Fossa, Decompression, Accessory Nerve Injuries, Chiari type I malformation,complications,craniovertebral junction,surgical decompression, Neurosurgical Procedures, Surgical decompression, Postoperative Complications, medicine, Humans, craniovertebral junction, Foramen Magnum, Physical Therapy Modalities, Chiari malformation, Foramen magnum, biology, business.industry, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, surgical decompression, Pathophysiology, Surgery, Arnold-Chiari Malformation, Microvascular Decompression Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, Treatment Outcome, Cranial Fossa, Posterior, Chiari type I malformation, Female, Neurology (clinical), business, Iatrogenic complication

الوصف: We report the case of a young patient with a transient transitory spinal accessory injury after foramen magnum decompression for Chiari malformation. The pathophysiology and the possible mechanisms of injury are highlighted and discussed. Some tips to avoid this potentially severe iatrogenic complication are provided.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8c7ea55856da3cec53fb860009515426Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26037939Test

المؤلفون: Mohammadali Mohajel Shoja, Jeffrey R. Lancaster, Martin M. Mortazavi, Joshua J. Chern, R. Shane Tubbs, Marios Loukas, Aaron A. Cohen-Gadol

المصدر: Journal of Neurosurgery: Spine. 15:55-59

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, Foramen magnum, Crania, biology, business.industry, Occiput, General Medicine, Anatomy, biology.organism_classification, Skull, medicine.anatomical_structure, Morphometric analysis, Atlas (anatomy), Foramen, Medicine, business, Normal range

الوصف: Object Assimilation of the atlas to the occiput may result in symptoms that are often compressive in nature around the outlet of the foramen magnum. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the morphological features of the bone through this foramen. Methods Thirteen adult skulls with atlantooccipital fusion underwent morphometrical analysis of the outlet of the foramen magnum. Results All specimens but one were found to have a decreased area of the outlet of the foramen magnum. In those 12 specimens, a decrease of 15%–35% was seen. Fusions of the atlas that were based primarily along the anterior rim of the foramen magnum resulted in more obstruction of its outlet. In general, the horizontal diameters of the outlet of these foramina were more decreased from the normal range. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that in the majority of cases, assimilation of the atlas to the occiput results in a compromised outlet of the foramen magnum.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_________::f0eb241506a919552f510d3dbc102516Test
https://doi.org/10.3171/2011.3.spine10828Test

المؤلفون: Shunichi Murakami, Arjun S. Sebastian, Aya Kawanami, Takehiko Matsushita, Gary E. Landreth, Susan Mackem

المصدر: Journal of Orthopaedic Research. 29:375-379

مصطلحات موضوعية: musculoskeletal diseases, MAPK/ERK pathway, congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities, medicine.medical_specialty, Thanatophoric dysplasia, MAP Kinase Signaling System, Synchondrosis, Dwarfism, Biology, Article, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Achondroplasia, Mice, Chondrocytes, Internal medicine, medicine, Animals, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Spinal canal, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Bone growth, Foramen magnum, Bone Development, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Tibia, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Mice, Mutant Strains, Spine, Cell biology, Disease Models, Animal, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endocrinology, Spinal Canal

الوصف: Activating mutations in FGFR3 cause the most common forms of human dwarfism: achondroplasia and thanatophoric dysplasia. In mouse models of achondroplasia, recent studies have implicated the ERK MAPK pathway, a pathway activated by FGFR3, in creating reduced bone growth. Our recent studies have indicated that increased Fgfr3 and ERK MAPK signaling in chondrocytes also causes premature synchondrosis closure in the cranial base and vertebrae, accounting for the sometimes fatal stenosis of the foramen magnum and spinal canal in achondroplasia. Conversely, whether the decrease--or inactivation--of ERK1 and ERK2 promotes bone growth and delays synchondrosis closure remains to be investigated. In this study, we inactivated ERK2 in the chondrocytes of ERK1-null mice using the Col2a1-Cre and Col2a1-CreER transgenes. We found that the genetic inactivation of ERK1 and ERK2 in chondrocytes enhances the growth of cartilaginous skeletal elements. We also found that the postnatal inactivation of ERK1 and ERK2 in chondrocytes delays synchondrosis closure and enlarges the spinal canal. These observations make ERK1 and ERK2 an attractive target for the treatment of achondroplasia and other FGFR3-related skeletal syndromes.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::279c85a7194eac899207a45dc07f2d08Test
https://doi.org/10.1002/jor.21262Test