المؤلفون: Gilles Delage, Sheila F. O'Brien, Evan M. Bloch, Lauren A. Crowder, Silvano Wendel, Silvia Sauleda, David A. Leiby

المصدر: Vox Sanguinis. 117:58-63

مصطلحات موضوعية: Chagas disease, medicine.medical_specialty, Blood transfusion, Latin Americans, Trypanosoma cruzi, medicine.medical_treatment, media_common.quotation_subject, Immigration, Blood Donors, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Environmental health, medicine, Humans, Blood Transfusion, Chagas Disease, media_common, biology, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Public health, Hematology, General Medicine, Emigration and Immigration, Risk factor (computing), biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, business, 030215 immunology

الوصف: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is endemic to Mexico, Central and South America. While initially limited to the Americas, emigration of infected persons triggered geographically broader blood safety challenges. To mitigate transfusion-transmitted Chagas (TTC), transfusion services implemented approaches including risk factor questions and serologic testing. We sought to understand and compare strategies in non-endemic countries. MATERIALS AND METHODS Transfusion services in International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT)-affiliated organizations and members of the ISBT Working Party on Transfusion-Transmitted Infectious Diseases were invited to complete an online survey on T. cruzi mitigation strategies. The survey queried about cases of TTC, risk factors, testing methodology, educational materials, pathogen reduction, donor/product management, donor deferral and perceived public health concerns surrounding TTC. RESULTS Responses were received from 27 institutions in 22 countries. Most countries (77.3%) reported no historical TTC cases, while 18.2% reported 1-5 cases and 4.5% reported 6-10 cases. Concern about Chagas among the general public and public health authorities was low, but 12 of 25 blood centres reported moderate/high concern. Overall, 17 countries mitigated for TTC: 15 used risk factor questions and 10tested for T. cruzi antibodies. Ten countries used pathogen reduction but not specifically to prevent TTC. CONCLUSION While Chagas is rarely cited as a public health concern, blood centres in many non-endemic countries, including those outside the Americas, implemented measures to mitigate risk. Mitigation focussed on risk factors associated with Latin American immigrants and serologic testing. Thus, despite the rarity of TTC, many non-endemic countries continue to address it as an ongoing blood safety risk.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::6561ed315711e365038003f525dd87dcTest
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.13164Test

المؤلفون: Alexander Turdziladze, Muazzam Nasrullah, Nazibrola Chitadze, Vladimer Getia, Tinatin Kuchuloria, Lia Gvinjilia, Francisco Averhoff, Eteri Kipiani, Sheila M. Keating, Mariam Izoria, Beth Skaggs, Shaun Shadaker, Evan M. Bloch, Amiran Gamkrelidze, Maia Alkhazashvili

المصدر: Transfusion

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, HBsAg, medicine.medical_specialty, Blood transfusion, Adolescent, Blood Safety, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Viremia, Hepacivirus, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Hepatitis C virus Antibody, Georgia (Republic), Article, Donor Selection, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Seroprevalence, Blood Transfusion, Syphilis, Treponema pallidum, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Hematology, Donor status, Hepatitis C, Hepatitis C Antibodies, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Blood safety, Female, Biomarkers, 030215 immunology

الوصف: BACKGROUND: In April 2015, the government of Georgia (country) initiated the world’s first national hepatitis C elimination program. An analysis of blood donor infectious screening data was conducted to inform a strategic plan to advance blood transfusion safety in Georgia. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Descriptive analysis of blood donation records (2015–2017) was performed to elucidate differences in demographics, donor type, remuneration status, and seroprevalence for infectious markers (hepatitis C virus antibody [anti-HCV], human immunodeficiency virus [HIV], hepatitis B virus surface antigen [HBsAg], and Treponema pallidum). For regression analysis, final models included all variables associated with the outcome in bivariate analysis (chi-square) with a p value of less than 0.05. RESULTS: During 2015 to 2017, there were 251,428 donations in Georgia, representing 112,093 unique donors; 68.5% were from male donors, and 51.2% of donors were paid or replacement (friends or family of intended recipient). The overall seroprevalence significantly declined from 2015 to 2017 for anti-HCV (2.3%−1.4%), HBsAg (1.5%−1.1%), and T. pallidum (1.1%−0.7%) [p < 0.0001]; the decline was not significant for HIV (0.2%−0.1%). Only 41.0% of anti-HCV seropositive donors underwent additional testing to confirm viremia. Infectious marker seroprevalence varied by age, sex, and geography. In multivariable analysis, first-time and paid donor status were associated with seropositivity for all four infectious markers. CONCLUSION: A decline during the study period in infectious markers suggests improvement in blood safety in Georgia. Areas that need further improvement are donor recruitment, standardization of screening and diagnostic follow-up, quality assurance, and posttransfusion surveillance.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::889662bbac2d65c145515aec3f0e7acbTest
https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.15815Test

المؤلفون: Andrea L. Conroy, Eshan U. Patel, Henry Ddungu, Ronnie Kasirye, Heather Hume, Irene Lubega, Dorothy Kyeyune-Byabazaire, Chandy C. John, Kristin J. Murphy, Molly R Petersen, Ruchee Shrestha, Aaron A.R. Tobian, Ezra Musisi, Evan M. Bloch

المصدر: Transfusion

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium ovale, Immunology, Blood Donors, Parasitemia, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Asymptomatic, Plasmodium, Article, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, Plasmodium malariae, 0302 clinical medicine, Internal medicine, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Blood Transfusion, Uganda, Malaria, Falciparum, Asymptomatic Infections, Whole blood, biology, business.industry, Hematology, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Malaria, Red blood cell, Cross-Sectional Studies, medicine.anatomical_structure, Lower prevalence, Female, medicine.symptom, business, Nested polymerase chain reaction, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Background Malaria remains a leading transfusion associated infectious risk in endemic areas. However, the prevalence of malaria parasitemia has not been well characterized in blood donor populations. This study sought to determine the prevalence of Plasmodium in red blood cell (RBC) and whole blood (WB) units after the rainy season in Uganda. Methods and materials Between May and July 2018, blood was collected from the sample diversion pouch of 1000 WB donors in Kampala and Jinja, Uganda. The RBC pellet from ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) anticoagulated blood was stored at -80°C until testing. DNA was extracted and nested PCR was used to screen samples at the genus level for Plasmodium, with positive samples further tested for species identification. Results Malaria parasitemia among asymptomatic, eligible blood donors in two regions of Uganda was 15.4%; 87.7% (135/154) of infections were with P. falciparum, while P. malariae and P. ovale were also detected. There were 4.3% of blood donors who had mixed infection with multiple species. Older donors (>30 years vs. 17-19 years; aPR = 0.31 [95% CI = 0.17-0.58]), females (aPR = 0.60 [95% CI = 0.42-0.87]), repeat donors (aPR = 0.44 [95% CI = 0.27-0.72]) and those donating near the capital city of Kampala versus rural Jinja region (aPR = 0.49 [95% CI = 0.34-0.69]) had a lower prevalence of malaria parasitemia. Conclusions A high proportion of asymptomatic blood donors residing in a malaria endemic region demonstrate evidence of parasitemia at time of donation. Further research is needed to quantify the risk and associated burden of transfusion-transmitted malaria (TTM) in order to inform strategies to prevent TTM.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::4516f3d20af4669aa0b70e757ec29596Test
https://doi.org/10.1111/trf.15775Test

المؤلفون: W. M. Smid, Adaeze Oreh, Renée Bazin, Mary Townsend, Cynthia So-Osman, Evan M. Bloch, Thierry Burnouf, Arwa Z. Al-Riyami, Cheuk-Kwong Lee, Ruchika Goel, Kamini Khillan, Kevin J Land, Hans Vrielink, Vernon J. Louw, Pierre Tiberghien, Gopal Kumar Patidar, Dana V. Devine, Satyam Arora, Marion Vermeulen, Silvano Wendel, James Daly, Salwa Hindawi

المساهمون: Hematology

المصدر: Vox Sanguinis
Vox Sanguinis, 116(8), 872-879. Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd

مصطلحات موضوعية: blood component production, transfusion medicine, Staffing, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Procurement, COVID-19 Testing, blood safety, Pandemic, Medicine, Humans, Pandemics, plasma, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Original Paper, Data collection, business.industry, SARS-CoV-2, Social distance, blood collection, Immunization, Passive, Compassionate Use, COVID-19, Hematology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Original Papers, Clinical trial, Preparedness, Medical emergency, blood donation testing, business, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Background: The lack of definitive treatment or preventative options for COVID-19 led many clinicians early on to consider convalescent plasma (CCP) as potentially therapeutic. Regulators, blood centres and hospitals worldwide worked quickly to get CCP to the bedside. Although response was admirable, several areas have been identified to help improve future pandemic management. Materials and methods: A multidisciplinary, multinational subgroup from the ISBT Working Group on COVID-19 was tasked with drafting a manuscript that describes the lessons learned pertaining to procurement and administration of CCP, derived from a comprehensive questionnaire within the subgroup. Results: While each country’s responses and preparedness for the pandemic varied, there were shared challenges, spanning supply chain disruptions, staffing, impact of social distancing on the collection of regular blood and CCP products, and the availability of screening and confirmatory SARS-CoV-2 testing for donors and patients. The lack of a general framework to organize data gathering across clinical trials and the desire to provide a potentially life-saving therapeutic through compassionate use hampered the collection of much-needed safety and outcome data worldwide. Communication across all stakeholders was identified as being central to reducing confusion. Conclusion: The need for flexibility and adaptability remains paramount when dealing with a pandemic. As the world approaches the first anniversary of the COVID-19 pandemic with rising rates worldwide and over 115 million cases and 2·55 million deaths, respectively, it is important to reflect on how to better prepare for future pandemics as we continue to combat the current one.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::9fbab679fab9e5425f2c32cc349800e1Test
http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC8250874Test

المؤلفون: David A. Leiby, Sushil G. Devare, Evan M. Bloch, Gilles Delage, Silvia Sauleda, Anthony Hardiman, Megan L. Nguyen, Sheila F. O'Brien, Hira L. Nakhasi, Silvano Wendel

المصدر: Vox Sanguinis. 114:17-27

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Blood Safety, Psychological intervention, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Environmental health, Epidemiology, Disease Transmission, Infectious, medicine, Animals, Humans, Protozoan Infections, business.industry, Transmission (medicine), Public health, Transfusion Reaction, Babesiosis, Hematology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Risk perception, Parasitic disease, business, Malaria, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Background and objectives Globally, blood safety interventions have been successful in mitigating risk of the major transfusion-transmitted (TT) viruses. However, strategies that address risk from parasites are comparatively limited. TT parasites are often regional in nature, posing unique challenges; we sought to understand their impact on blood safety. Materials and methods An electronic questionnaire was distributed to transfusion medicine leaders in 100 countries. The survey focused on specific questions pertaining to four parasitic diseases: babesiosis, Chagas, leishmaniasis and malaria. Respondents provided data on historical TT cases, local epidemiology, policies to mitigate risk and an assessment of public health perceptions for each aetiologic agent. Results Twenty-eight (28%) surveys were returned from countries in Europe (n = 13), the Americas (n = 6), Africa (n = 4), Asia (n = 3) and Oceana (n = 2). Historically, no cases of TT leishmaniasis were reported, TT babesiosis was exclusive to Canada and the USA, TT Chagas was limited to the Americas and Spain, while TT malaria was cosmopolitan. Mitigation efforts varied widely; malaria was the most frequently tested parasitic disease. The public's perception of risk for parasitic agents was low, while that of health authorities in endemic countries was higher. Conclusion The global impact of parasitic infections on blood safety and related mitigation efforts varied widely by parasite epidemiology, test availability, public health priorities and socioeconomic constraints. While parasites continue to pose a risk to blood safety, the successful mitigation of viral risk has elevated the prominence of TT parasites in many locations, thereby requiring consideration of mitigation efforts.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::ddb191013bd52057c1b71220683c826bTest
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12727Test

المؤلفون: Silvano Wendel, Evan M. Bloch, Steven J. Drews, Bryan R. Spencer

المصدر: Vox sanguinisReferences. 116(7)

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Blood transfusion, medicine.medical_treatment, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease_cause, Microfilaria, Filariasis, 03 medical and health sciences, Loa, 0302 clinical medicine, parasitic diseases, medicine, Animals, Blood Transfusion, Wuchereria bancrofti, Intensive care medicine, biology, business.industry, Transfusion Reaction, Transfusion medicine, Hematology, General Medicine, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Onchocerca volvulus, business, Loa loa, Malaria, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Background and objectives Filariae are parasitic worms that include the pathogens Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia spp. and Mansonella spp. which are endemic in parts of Africa, Asia, Asia-Pacific, South and Central America. Filariae have a wide clinical spectrum spanning asymptomatic infection to chronic debilitating disease including blindness and lymphedema. Despite successful eradication programmes, filarial infections remain an important -albeit neglected - source of morbidity. We sought to characterize the risk of transfusion transmission of microfilaria with a view to guide mitigation practices in both endemic and non-endemic countries. Materials and methods A scoping review of scientific publications as well as grey literature was carried out by a group of domain experts in microbiology, transfusion medicine and infectious diseases, representing the parasite subgroup of the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Results Cases of transfusion-transmitted filariasis are rare and confined to case reports of variable quality. Transfusion-associated adverse events related to microfilariae are confined to isolated reports of transfusion reactions. Serious outcomes have not been reported. No known strategies have been implemented, specifically, to mitigate transfusion-transmitted filariasis yet routine blood donor screening for other transfusion-transmissible infections (e.g. hepatitis B, malaria) may indirectly defer donors with microfilaremia in endemic areas. Conclusion Rare examples of transfusion-transmitted filariasis, without serious clinical effect, suggest that filariasis poses low transfusion risk. Dedicated mitigation strategies against filarial transfusion transmission are not recommended. Given endemicity in low-resource regions, priority should be on the control of filariasis with public health measures.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1a3b0a1fd332effa49e9def7eea799eeTest
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33491765Test

المؤلفون: Eric A. Gehrie, Ruchika Goel, Evan M. Bloch, Mohammed Farouk, Alex Owusu-Ofori, Heather A. Hume, Aaron A.R. Tobian, Paul M. Ness, Anne Sophie Heroes, Yembur Ahmad

المصدر: TransfusionREFERENCES. 61(3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Blood Platelets, medicine.medical_specialty, Microbiological culture, Blood transfusion, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Skin disinfection, Pathogen reduction, Blood Component Transfusion, Platelet Transfusion, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Sepsis, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, Surveys and Questionnaires, Epidemiology, medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, Blood Transfusion, Skin, Bacteriological Techniques, Bacteria, business.industry, Transfusion Reaction, Hematology, Contamination, medicine.disease, Disinfection, Africa, Blood Banks, Blood supply, business, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Background Bacterial contamination of blood components (notably platelets) remains a leading infectious risk to the blood supply. There has been extensive research in high-income countries to characterize the risk of bacterial contamination along with adoption of strategies to mitigate that risk. By contrast, related data in Africa are lacking. Study design and methods An electronic survey was distributed to members of African Society of Blood Transfusion to assess existing or planned measures at African blood centers and hospitals to mitigate bacterial contamination of blood products. A literature review of studies pertaining to related transfusion-associated risk in Africa was conducted to complement the findings. Results Forty-five responses were received, representing 16 African countries. All respondents were urban, either in blood centers (n = 36) or hospital-based transfusion services (n = 9). Reported measures included skin disinfection (n = 41 [91.1%]); diversion pouches (n = 14 [31.1%]); bacterial culture (n = 9 [20%]); pathogen reduction (PR) (n = 3 [6.7%]); and point-of-release testing (PoRT) (n = 2 [4.4%]). Measures being considered for implementation included: skin disinfection (n = 2 [4.4%]); diversion pouches (n = 2 [4.4%]); bacterial culture n = 14 (31.1%); PR (n = 11 [24.4%]); and PoRT (n = 4 [8.9%]). Of the 38 respondents who reported collection of platelets, 14 (36.8%) and 8 (21.1%) reported using diversion pouches and bacterial culture, respectively. The literature review identified 36 studies on the epidemiology of bacterial contamination and septic transfusion reactions in Africa; rates of contamination ranged from 0% to 17.9%. Conclusions The findings suggest that prevention of bacterial contamination of blood components and transfusion-associated sepsis in Africa remains neglected. Regional preventive measures have not been widely adopted.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::e043bea9969587e1657e950f51aaf411Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33469916Test

المؤلفون: Lucette Hall, Evan M. Bloch, Alexandra Budhai, Betsy Jett, Jill Alberigo, Bruce S. Sachais, Aaron A.R. Tobian, Sarai Paradiso, Donna Strauss, Annie A. Wu, Christopher D. Hillyer, Beth H. Shaz

المصدر: Transfusion

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Convalescent plasma, Pneumonia, Viral, Immunology, Blood Component Transfusion, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Antibodies, Viral, Patient advocacy, law.invention, Betacoronavirus, Plasma, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Pandemic, Humans, Medicine, Immunology and Allergy, Pandemics, COVID-19 Serotherapy, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Strategic planning, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Public health, Immunization, Passive, COVID-19, Investigational New Drug, Hematology, medicine.disease, How Do I?, Expanded access, Medical emergency, Coronavirus Infections, business, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of convalescent plasma as a possible treatment has been explored. Here we describe our experience as the first U.S. organization creating a COVID-19 convalescent plasma program to support its use through the single-patient emergency investigational new drug, the National Expanded Access Program, and multiple randomized controlled trials. Within weeks, we were able to distribute more than 8000 products, scale up collections to more than 4000 units per week, meet hospital demand, and support randomized controlled trials to evaluate the efficacy of convalescent plasma treatment. This was through strategic planning; redeployment of staff; and active engagement of hospital, community, and public health partners. Our partners helped with donor recruitment, testing, patient advocacy, and patient availability. The program will continue to evolve as we learn more about optimizing the product. Remaining issues to be resolved are antibody titers, dose, and at what stage of disease to transfuse.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8d13affb9f8bc4d189bba933423e2b72Test

المؤلفون: John Anthony, Edward L. Murphy, Lauren Courtney, Adam Jauregui, Joan F. Hilton, Robert Crookes, Charlotte Ingram, Jennifer Hull, Nhlbi Reds-Iii South Africa Program, Nareg Roubinian, Randolph Green-Thompson, S Fawcus, Evan M. Bloch

المصدر: TransfusionREFERENCES. 60(3)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Blood transfusion, Cross-sectional study, Anemia, medicine.medical_treatment, Immunology, Gestational Age, HIV Infections, Hemorrhage, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Abortion, 03 medical and health sciences, South Africa, 0302 clinical medicine, Pregnancy, Epidemiology, medicine, Prevalence, Immunology and Allergy, Humans, Blood Transfusion, Ectopic pregnancy, business.industry, Obstetrics, Gestational age, Transfusion Reaction, Hematology, medicine.disease, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, business, 030215 immunology

الوصف: BACKGROUND Globally, data on antenatal blood transfusion practices are scarce. We sought to characterize the epidemiology of antenatal transfusion in South Africa. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted of women who were transfused during pregnancy (>48 hr before anticipated delivery) at two hospitals in Durban and Soweto in 2014 to 2015. Medical record data on demographics, obstetric history, anemia, HIV status, and indications for blood transfusion were abstracted. RESULTS The records on a total of 560 transfused pregnant women were evaluated; mean age was 28 years, 98% were of black African ethnicity, and 28% were HIV positive. At time of transfusion, one-half were in the first trimester. Hemorrhage was noted in 76% of women, most of which was associated with abortion (67%) or ectopic pregnancy (27%). Most women were transfused with red blood cells (RBCs; median, 2 units); 14% of women were transfused with plasma and 2% with platelets. Median pre- and posttransfusion hemoglobin levels were 6.9 g/dL and 9.2 g/dL, respectively; the latter differed by hospital (8.7 g/dL vs. 9.5 g/dL; p

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1fd352f57d7d59a21ec32965eafd9285Test
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31909499Test

المؤلفون: Alisha D. Ware, Paul M. Ness, C. Jacquot, Aaron A.R. Tobian, Evan M. Bloch, Eric A. Gehrie

المصدر: Vox Sanguinis. 113:3-12

مصطلحات موضوعية: medicine.medical_specialty, Blood transfusion, Low resource, Blood Safety, medicine.medical_treatment, Pathogen reduction, Blood Donors, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Communicable Diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine, Humans, Blood Transfusion, Intensive care medicine, Developing Countries, business.industry, Hematology, General Medicine, Hepatitis B, medicine.disease, Hepatitis C, Increased risk, Africa, Communicable Disease Control, Health Resources, Blood safety, Syphilis, business, Risk Reduction Behavior, Malaria, 030215 immunology

الوصف: Transfusion-transmitted infection risk remains an enduring challenge to blood safety in Africa. A high background incidence and prevalence of the major transfusion-transmitted infections (TTIs), dependence on high-risk donors to meet demand, suboptimal testing and quality assurance collectively contribute to the increased risk. With few exceptions, donor testing is confined to serological evaluation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis B and C (HBV and HCV) and syphilis. Barriers to implementation of broader molecular methods include cost, limited infrastructure and lack of technical expertise. Pathogen reduction (PR), a term used to describe a variety of methods (e.g. solvent detergent treatment or photochemical activation) that may be applied to blood following collection, offers the means to diminish the infectious potential of multiple pathogens simultaneously. This is effective against different classes of pathogen, including the major TTIs where laboratory screening is already implemented (e.g. HIV, HBV and HCV) as well pathogens that are widely endemic yet remain unaddressed (e.g. malaria, bacterial contamination). We sought to review the available and emerging PR techniques and their potential application to resource-constrained parts of Africa, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of such technologies. PR has been slow to be adopted even in high-income countries, primarily given the high costs of use. Logistical considerations, particularly in low-resourced parts of Africa, also raise concerns about practicality. Nonetheless, PR offers a rational, innovative strategy to contend with TTIs; technologies in development may well present a viable complement or even alternative to targeted screening in the future.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5919ceb1bf2c2a7457280a9b06ca3dc9Test
https://doi.org/10.1111/vox.12620Test