A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory
| العنوان: | A 3-Year Sample of Almost 1,600 Elves Recorded Above South America by the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory |
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| المؤلفون: | B. García, M. L. Díaz Castro, G. Farrar, R. López, Karen S. Caballero-Mora, Francesca Zuccarello, Hernan Wahlberg, Q. Luce, Jose Chinellato, P. H. Nguyen, Martin Erdmann, Octavian Sima, J. Kleinfeller, H. J. Mathes, Z. Zong, G. Matthiae, R. R. Prado, F. Diogo, E. M. Santos, M. Schauer, A. Streich, Gioacchino Alex Anastasi, Stanislav Michal, A. Taboada, A. Letessier-Selvon, A. Parra, Antonio Bueno, Daniel Kuempel, M. Wirtz, Isabel Goos, Lorenzo Cazon, R. M. de Almeida, Kevin-Druis Merenda, D. Heck, G. P. Guedes, Roger W Clay, A. van Vliet, Frank G. Schröder, Toshihiro Fujii, P. Ristori, M. del Río, Bruce R. Dawson, Tim Huege, M. Trini, P.F. Gómez Vitale, Gualberto Avila, P.O. Mazur, David Wittkowski, J. Rodriguez Rojo, Jakub Juryšek, J. Debatin, Ivone F. M. Albuquerque, Angela V. Olinto, G. Salina, Danielle LaHurd, Olivier Deligny, Charles Timmermans, Lukas Middendorf, Fridtjof Feldbusch, Ioana Codrina Maris, M. I. Micheletti, Antonio Condorelli, R. Lorek, Giuseppe De Mauro, J. F. Valdés Galicia, G. C. Hill, Ugo Giaccari, Jorge F. Soriano, Enrique Zas, A. Cancio, Ralph Engel, Rodrigo Pelayo, Q. Dorosti, J. Ridky, Stijn Buitink, Christine Peters, M. Scornavacche, M. Zavrtanik, M. Schimp, M. Risse, Juan Carlos D'Olivo, T. Pierog, Justin M. Albury, Max Malacari, Lili Yang, Markus Roth, I. Allekotte, John Farmer, Piotr Homola, Fernando Contreras, E.M. Holt, Giovanni Consolati, B. C. Manning, Jonathan Blazek, R. Ramos-Pollan, L. Nellen, Piera Luisa Ghia, M. Josebachuili, C. Morello, A. Tapia, Jonathan Biteau, Dariusz Gora, Maria-Teresa Dova, Giovanni Marsella, D. Nosek, Luis A. Anchordoqui, Benedikt Zimmermann, Rúben Conceição, E. Santos, Alessio Gorgi, A. C. Fauth, Vladimir Lenok, L. Perrone, M. A. Leigui de Oliveira, A.M. van den Berg, Darko Veberič, G. Torralba Elipe, Philipp Papenbreer, G. Parente, Fabrizia Canfora, A. Aab, R. Krause, L. Valore, G. Morlino, Hernán Asorey, A. Bridgeman, Esteban Roulet, Petr Travnicek, Carla Bonifazi, S. J. Saffi, Alan Coleman, Trent D. Grubb, Jose A. Bellido, Carola Dobrigkeit, L. Zehrer, Thomas Harrison, D. Melo, R. Legumina, G. Kukec Mezek, M. J. Roncoroni, D. Nitz, Nicolas Martin Gonzalez, Peter L. Biermann, R.C. dos Anjos, L. A. S. Pereira, M.P. Panetta, Petr Schovanek, A. Puyleart, Corinne Berat, M. Giller, S. Baur, M. Stolpovskiy, Juan Manuel Figueira, Roberta Colalillo, M. Palatka, Jan Pękala, A. G. Mariazzi, M. Perlin, Luis Villaseñor, Alan Watson, M. E. Bertaina, A. Menshikov, F. Pedreira, J. Phuntsok, A. Weindl, Raul Sarmento, Paolo Privitera, D. Lo Presti, S. J. De Jong, Patricia María Hansen, Marvin Gottowik, N. Kemmerich, Martina Bohacova, K.-H. Becker, M. Pimenta, Eric Mayotte, Jeffrey A. Johnsen, S. Quinn, Xavier Bertou, Felix Schlüter, Mihai Niculescu-Oglinzanu, A. Zepeda, L. R. Wiencke, I.D. Vergara Quispe, J. Alvarez Castillo, P. Ruehl, Pedro Assis, Maximilian Reininghaus, M. Schimassek, J. de Oliveira, Alejandro Almela, C. Hojvat, Marco Giammarchi, Jan Ebr, Fabian Gobbi, Jarryd A. Day, A. Etchegoyen, David Schmidt, A. M. Botti, Roberto Mussa, M. Gómez Berisso, R. C. Shellard, Juan Pablo Gongora, Günter Sigl, Tobias Winchen, R. Sato, Florian Lukas Briechle, Denis Stanca, P. Stassi, Paul Sommers, Radomir Smida, F. Guarino, John Matthews, A. Blanco, O. C. Lippmann, A.C. Cobos Cerutti, B. Vargas Cárdenas, T. Suomijärvi, Peter Buchholz, J. Pallotta, C. Sarmiento-Cano, Jacco Vink, Thomas Bretz, H.O. Klages, Corbin Covault, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, Miroslav Hrabovský, M. Urban, M. Mastrodicasa, Matias Tueros, François Montanet, Lourenco Lopes, Mario Buscemi, B. L. Lago, S. Schröder, M. J. Cooper, F. Sánchez, V. de Souza, A. C. Rovero, Niraj Dhital, J. Rautenberg, C. Bleve, M. Wiedeński, Marco Aglietta, Dusan Mandat, I. Valiño, Matías Rolf Hampel, Alexandru Balaceanu, A. Haungs, Francesco Fenu, A. Kuotb Awad, S. G. Blaess, Lino Miramonti, A. A. Nucita, Jaime Alvarez-Muñiz, Jesús Peña-Rodríguez, P. Abreu, B. Mitrica, D. Ravignani, Heino Falcke, V. Novotny, Alexandru Gherghel-Lascu, Eleonora Guido, Rossella Caruso, A. Lucero, Fernando Catalani, S. Mathys, Luis A. Nunez, I. Jandt, Ralf Ulrich, Marcio Aparecido Muller, M. Suárez-Durán, Carla Aramo, Jörg R. Hörandel, P. Mantsch, J. Vicha, Z. Szadkowski, Daniela Mockler, Vincenzo Rizi, Julien Souchard, D. Martello, I. Lhenry-Yvon, Miroslav Pech, M. Ziolkowski, M. Platino, F.O. de Oliveira Salles, P. Savina, G. Golup, Paula Gina Isar, Maria Rita Coluccia, Bruno Daniel, G. Mancarella, B. Keilhauer, Pavel Horvath, W. Rodrigues de Carvalho, Marcus Niechciol, Silvia Mollerach, O. Martínez Bravo, Julian Kemp, Rodrigo Guedes Lang, Belén Andrada, S. J. Sciutto, P. van Bodegom, S. Müller, Juan Miguel Carceller, Alex Kääpä, S. Querchfeld, Nataliia Borodai, N. Fazzini, Jonas Glombitza, F. C. T. Barbato, A. Fuster, Sofia Andringa, H. Gemmeke, M. Unger, A. D. Supanitsky, J. Šupík, Carlo Ventura, Andrej Dundovic, Lorenzo Caccianiga, B. Wundheiler, Andres Travaini, Gregory R Snow, E. Varela, J.D. Sanabria Gomez, J. Chudoba, H. Schieler, Karl-Heinz Kampert, Ladislav Chytka, L. Calcagni, Kai Daumiller, Antonella Castellina, Alena Bakalova, J. Stasielak, S. Coutu, Gaia Silli, P. Heimann, Serguei Vorobiov, A. Filipčič, Federico Suarez, O. A. Taborda, C. Porowski, H. Martinez, F. Sarazin, Marcos Cerda, Denise Boncioli, G. Cataldi, V. Scherini, Valerio Verzi, B. Tome, Alexandra Saftoiu, Thomas Hebbeker, S. Petrera, Marc Weber, Sergio Dasso, Tristan Sudholz, Ivan De Mitri, Martín Miguel Freire, Jeffrey Brack, Olaf Scholten, Humberto Ibarguen Salazar, F. Riehn, Miguel Mostafa, C. O. Escobar, A. Insolia, M. Kleifges, D. Zavrtanik, A. López Casado, Samo Stanič, Dariusz Glas, Bjarni Pont, R.J. Barreira Luz, Johannes Schumacher, Violet M. Harvey, D. Harari, F. Salamida, A. Yushkov, L.P. Ferreyro, Alina Mihaela Badescu, M. Prouza, R. Squartini, Alfred Müller, G. Medina-Tanco, R. Halliday, J. Hulsman, J. Poh, Valerio Pirronello, C. J. Todero Peixoto, L. Noža, H. Wilczyński |
| المساهمون: | Aab A., Abreu P., Aglietta M., Albuquerque I.F.M., Albury J.M., Allekotte I., Almela A., Alvarez Castillo J., Alvarez-Muniz J., Anastasi G.A., Anchordoqui L., Andrada B., Andringa S., Aramo C., Asorey H., Assis P., Avila G., Badescu A.M., Bakalova A., Balaceanu A., Barbato F., Barreira Luz R.J., Baur S., Becker K.H., Bellido J.A., Berat C., Bertaina M.E., Bertou X., Biermann P.L., Biteau J., Blaess S.G., Blanco A., Blazek J., Bleve C., Bohacova M., Boncioli D., Bonifazi C., Borodai N., Botti A.M., Brack J., Bretz T., Bridgeman A., Briechle F.L., Buchholz P., Bueno A., Buitink S., Buscemi M., Caballero-Mora K.S., Caccianiga L., Calcagni L., Cancio A., Canfora F., Carceller J.M., Caruso R., Castellina A., Catalani F., Cataldi G., Cazon L., Cerda M., Chinellato J.A., Chudoba J., Chytka L., Clay R.W., Cobos Cerutti A.C., Colalillo R., Coleman A., Coluccia M.R., Conceicao R., Condorelli A., Consolati G., Contreras F., Cooper M.J., Coutu S., Covault C.E., Daniel B., Dasso S., Daumiller K., Dawson B.R., Day J.A., de Almeida R.M., de Jong S.J., Mauro G., de Mello Neto J.R.T., Mitri I., de Oliveira J., de Oliveira Salles F.O., de Souza V., Debatin J., del Rio M., Deligny O., Dhital N., Diaz Castro M.L., Diogo F., Dobrigkeit C., D'Olivo J.C., Dorosti Q., dos Anjos R.C., Dova M.T., Dundovic A., Ebr J., Engel R., Erdmann M., Escobar C.O., Etchegoyen A., Falcke H., Farmer J., Farrar G., Fauth A.C., Fazzini N., Feldbusch F., Fenu F., Ferreyro L.P., Figueira J.M., Filipcic A., Freire M.M., Fujii T., Fuster A., Garcia B., Gemmeke H., Gherghel-Lascu A., Ghia P.L., Giaccari U., Giammarchi M., Giller M., Glas D., Glombitza J., Gobbi F., Golup G., Gomez Berisso M., Gomez Vitale P.F., Gongora J.P., Gonzalez N., Goos I., Gora D., Gorgi A., Gottowik M., Grubb T.D., Guarino F., Guedes G.P., Guido E., Halliday R., Hampel M.R., Hansen P., Harari D., Harrison T.A., Harvey V.M., Haungs A., Hebbeker T., Heck D., Heimann P., Hill G.C., Hojvat C., Holt E.M., Homola P., Horandel J.R., Horvath P., Hrabovsky M., Huege T., Hulsman J., Insolia A., Isar P.G., Jandt I., Johnsen J.A., Josebachuili M., Jurysek J., Kaapa A., Kampert K.H., Keilhauer B., Kemmerich N., Kemp J., Klages H.O., Kleifges M., Kleinfeller J., Krause R., Kuempel D., Kukec Mezek G., Kuotb Awad A., Lago B.L., LaHurd D., Lang R.G., Legumina R., Leigui de Oliveira M.A., Lenok V., Letessier-Selvon A., Lhenry-Yvon I., Lippmann O.C., Lo Presti D., Lopes L., Lopez R., Lopez Casado A., Lorek R., Luce Q., Lucero A., Malacari M., Mancarella G., Mandat D., Manning B.C., Mantsch P., Mariazzi A.G., Maris I.C., Marsella G., Martello D., Martinez H., Martinez Bravo O., Mastrodicasa M., Mathes H.J., Mathys S., Matthews J., Matthiae G., Mayotte E., Mazur P.O., Medina-Tanco G., Melo D., Menshikov A., Merenda K.-D., Michal S., Micheletti M.I., Middendorf L., Miramonti L., Mitrica B., Mockler D., Mollerach S., Montanet F., Morello C., Morlino G., Mostafa M., Muller A.L., Muller M.A., Muller S., Mussa R., Nellen L., Nguyen P.H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu M., Niechciol M., Nitz D., Nosek D., Novotny V., Noza L., Nucita A., Nunez L.A., Olinto A., Palatka M., Pallotta J., Panetta M.P., Papenbreer P., Parente G., Parra A., Pech M., Pedreira F., Pekala J., Pelayo R., Pena-Rodriguez J., Pereira L.A.S., Perlin M., Perrone L., Peters C., Petrera S., Phuntsok J., Pierog T., Pimenta M., Pirronello V., Platino M., Poh J., Pont B., Porowski C., Prado R.R., Privitera P., Prouza M., Puyleart A., Querchfeld S., Quinn S., Ramos-Pollan R., Rautenberg J., Ravignani D., Reininghaus M., Ridky J., Riehn F., Risse M., Ristori P., Rizi V., Rodrigues de Carvalho W., Rodriguez Rojo J., Roncoroni M.J., Roth M., Roulet E., Rovero A.C., Ruehl P., Saffi S.J., Saftoiu A., Salamida F., Salazar H., Salina G., Sanabria Gomez J.D., Sanchez F., Santos E.M., Santos E., Sarazin F., Sarmento R., Sarmiento-Cano C., Sato R., Savina P., Schauer M., Scherini V., Schieler H., Schimassek M., Schimp M., Schluter F., Schmidt D., Scholten O., Schovanek P., Schroder F.G., Schroder S., Schumacher J., Sciutto S.J., Scornavacche M., Shellard R.C., Sigl G., Silli G., Sima O., Smida R., Snow G.R., Sommers P., Soriano J.F., Souchard J., Squartini R., Stanca D., Stanic S., Stasielak J., Stassi P., Stolpovskiy M., Streich A., Suarez F., Suarez-Duran M., Sudholz T., Suomijarvi T., Supanitsky A.D., Supik J., Szadkowski Z., Taboada A., Taborda O.A., Tapia A., Timmermans C., Todero Peixoto C.J., Tome B., Torralba Elipe G., Travaini A., Travnicek P., Trini M., Tueros M., Ulrich R., Unger M., Urban M., Valdes Galicia J.F., Valino I., Valore L., van Bodegom P., van den Berg A.M., van Vliet A., Varela E., Vargas Cardenas B., Veberic D., Ventura C., Vergara Quispe I.D., Verzi V., Vicha J., Villasenor L., Vink J., Vorobiov S., Wahlberg H., Watson A.A., Weber M., Weindl A., Wiedenski M., Wiencke L., Wilczynski H., Winchen T., Wirtz M., Wittkowski D., Wundheiler B., Yang L., Yushkov A., Zas E., Zavrtanik D., Zavrtanik M., Zehrer L., Zepeda A., Zimmermann B., Ziolkowski M., Zong Z., Zuccarello F., Aab, A., Abreu, P., Aglietta, M., Albuquerque, I. F. M., Albury, J. M., Allekotte, I., Almela, A., Alvarez Castillo, J., Alvarez-Muniz, J., Anastasi, G. A., Anchordoqui, L., Andrada, B., Andringa, S., Aramo, C., Asorey, H., Assis, P., Avila, G., Badescu, A. M., Bakalova, A., Balaceanu, A., Barbato, F., Barreira Luz, R. J., Baur, S., Becker, K. H., Bellido, J. A., Berat, C., Bertaina, M. E., Bertou, X., Biermann, P. L., Biteau, J., Blaess, S. G., Blanco, A., Blazek, J., Bleve, C., Bohacova, M., Boncioli, D., Bonifazi, C., Borodai, N., Botti, A. M., Brack, J., Bretz, T., Bridgeman, A., Briechle, F. L., Buchholz, P., Bueno, A., Buitink, S., Buscemi, M., Caballero-Mora, K. S., Caccianiga, L., Calcagni, L., Cancio, A., Canfora, F., Carceller, J. M., Caruso, R., Castellina, A., Catalani, F., Cataldi, G., Cazon, L., Cerda, M., Chinellato, J. A., Chudoba, J., Chytka, L., Clay, R. W., Cobos Cerutti, A. C., Colalillo, R., Coleman, A., Coluccia, M. R., Conceicao, R., Condorelli, A., Consolati, G., Contreras, F., Cooper, M. J., Coutu, S., Covault, C. E., Daniel, B., Dasso, S., Daumiller, K., Dawson, B. R., Day, J. A., de Almeida, R. M., de Jong, S. J., Mauro, G., de Mello Neto, J. R. T., Mitri, I., de Oliveira, J., de Oliveira Salles, F. O., de Souza, V., Debatin, J., del Rio, M., Deligny, O., Dhital, N., Diaz Castro, M. L., Diogo, F., Dobrigkeit, C., D'Olivo, J. C., Dorosti, Q., dos Anjos, R. C., Dova, M. T., Dundovic, A., Ebr, J., Engel, R., Erdmann, M., Escobar, C. O., Etchegoyen, A., Falcke, H., Farmer, J., Farrar, G., Fauth, A. C., Fazzini, N., Feldbusch, F., Fenu, F., Ferreyro, L. P., Figueira, J. M., Filipcic, A., Freire, M. M., Fujii, T., Fuster, A., Garcia, B., Gemmeke, H., Gherghel-Lascu, A., Ghia, P. L., Giaccari, U., Giammarchi, M., Giller, M., Glas, D., Glombitza, J., Gobbi, F., Golup, G., Gomez Berisso, M., Gomez Vitale, P. F., Gongora, J. P., Gonzalez, N., Goos, I., Gora, D., Gorgi, A., Gottowik, M., Grubb, T. D., Guarino, F., Guedes, G. P., Guido, E., Halliday, R., Hampel, M. R., Hansen, P., Harari, D., Harrison, T. A., Harvey, V. M., Haungs, A., Hebbeker, T., Heck, D., Heimann, P., Hill, G. C., Hojvat, C., Holt, E. M., Homola, P., Horandel, J. R., Horvath, P., Hrabovsky, M., Huege, T., Hulsman, J., Insolia, A., Isar, P. G., Jandt, I., Johnsen, J. A., Josebachuili, M., Jurysek, J., Kaapa, A., Kampert, K. H., Keilhauer, B., Kemmerich, N., Kemp, J., Klages, H. O., Kleifges, M., Kleinfeller, J., Krause, R., Kuempel, D., Kukec Mezek, G., Kuotb Awad, A., Lago, B. L., Lahurd, D., Lang, R. G., Legumina, R., Leigui de Oliveira, M. A., Lenok, V., Letessier-Selvon, A., Lhenry-Yvon, I., Lippmann, O. C., Lo Presti, D., Lopes, L., Lopez, R., Lopez Casado, A., Lorek, R., Luce, Q., Lucero, A., Malacari, M., Mancarella, G., Mandat, D., Manning, B. C., Mantsch, P., Mariazzi, A. G., Maris, I. C., Marsella, G., Martello, D., Martinez, H., Martinez Bravo, O., Mastrodicasa, M., Mathes, H. J., Mathys, S., Matthews, J., Matthiae, G., Mayotte, E., Mazur, P. O., Medina-Tanco, G., Melo, D., Menshikov, A., Merenda, K. -D., Michal, S., Micheletti, M. I., Middendorf, L., Miramonti, L., Mitrica, B., Mockler, D., Mollerach, S., Montanet, F., Morello, C., Morlino, G., Mostafa, M., Muller, A. L., Muller, M. A., Muller, S., Mussa, R., Nellen, L., Nguyen, P. H., Niculescu-Oglinzanu, M., Niechciol, M., Nitz, D., Nosek, D., Novotny, V., Noza, L., Nucita, A., Nunez, L. A., Olinto, A., Palatka, M., Pallotta, J., Panetta, M. P., Papenbreer, P., Parente, G., Parra, A., Pech, M., Pedreira, F., Pekala, J., Pelayo, R., Pena-Rodriguez, J., Pereira, L. A. S., Perlin, M., Perrone, L., Peters, C., Petrera, S., Phuntsok, J., Pierog, T., Pimenta, M., Pirronello, V., Platino, M., Poh, J., Pont, B., Porowski, C., Prado, R. R., Privitera, P., Prouza, M., Puyleart, A., Querchfeld, S., Quinn, S., Ramos-Pollan, R., Rautenberg, J., Ravignani, D., Reininghaus, M., Ridky, J., Riehn, F., Risse, M., Ristori, P., Rizi, V., Rodrigues de Carvalho, W., Rodriguez Rojo, J., Roncoroni, M. J., Roth, M., Roulet, E., Rovero, A. C., Ruehl, P., Saffi, S. J., Saftoiu, A., Salamida, F., Salazar, H., Salina, G., Sanabria Gomez, J. D., Sanchez, F., Santos, E. M., Santos, E., Sarazin, F., Sarmento, R., Sarmiento-Cano, C., Sato, R., Savina, P., Schauer, M., Scherini, V., Schieler, H., Schimassek, M., Schimp, M., Schluter, F., Schmidt, D., Scholten, O., Schovanek, P., Schroder, F. G., Schroder, S., Schumacher, J., Sciutto, S. J., Scornavacche, M., Shellard, R. C., Sigl, G., Silli, G., Sima, O., Smida, R., Snow, G. R., Sommers, P., Soriano, J. F., Souchard, J., Squartini, R., Stanca, D., Stanic, S., Stasielak, J., Stassi, P., Stolpovskiy, M., Streich, A., Suarez, F., Suarez-Duran, M., Sudholz, T., Suomijarvi, T., Supanitsky, A. D., Supik, J., Szadkowski, Z., Taboada, A., Taborda, O. A., Tapia, A., Timmermans, C., Todero Peixoto, C. J., Tome, B., Torralba Elipe, G., Travaini, A., Travnicek, P., Trini, M., Tueros, M., Ulrich, R., Unger, M., Urban, M., Valdes Galicia, J. F., Valino, I., Valore, L., van Bodegom, P., van den Berg, A. M., van Vliet, A., Varela, E., Vargas Cardenas, B., Veberic, D., Ventura, C., Vergara Quispe, I. D., Verzi, V., Vicha, J., Villasenor, L., Vink, J., Vorobiov, S., Wahlberg, H., Watson, A. A., Weber, M., Weindl, A., Wiedenski, M., Wiencke, L., Wilczynski, H., Winchen, T., Wirtz, M., Wittkowski, D., Wundheiler, B., Yang, L., Yushkov, A., Zas, E., Zavrtanik, D., Zavrtanik, M., Zehrer, L., Zepeda, A., Zimmermann, B., Ziolkowski, M., Zong, Z., Zuccarello, F., Physics, ITA, Research unit Astroparticle Physics |
| المصدر: | Earth and Space Science, 7, 1-17 Earth and Space Science, 7 (4), e2019EA000582 SEDICI (UNLP) Universidad Nacional de La Plata instacron:UNLP Earth and Space Science, Vol 7, Iss 4, Pp n/a-n/a (2020) Digibug. Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Granada instname Earth and Space Science : ESS 7(4), ea000582 (2020). doi:10.1029/2019EA000582 Digibug: Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Granada Universidad de Granada (UGR) Earth and Space Science, 7(4):e2019EA000582. Wiley Earth and Space Science, 7, 4, pp. 1-17 |
| سنة النشر: | 2020 |
| مصطلحات موضوعية: | 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Astronomy, Field of view, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Auger, lcsh:QB1-991, Observatory, ultraviolet, Storm, ddc:550, UHE Cosmic Rays, time resolution, Cosmic-ray observatory, Physics, lcsh:QE1-996.5, astro-ph, Geology, width [beam], Ionosphere, lcsh:Astronomy, UHE [cosmic radiation], Environmental Science (miscellaneous), horizon, Lightning, ddc:530, High Energy Physics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, fluorescence [detector], background, Física, sensitivity, optics, lcsh:Geology, Elves, UV fluorescence detectors, Thunderstorm, 13. Climate action, Experimental High Energy Physics, network, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Elves |
| الوصف: | The time and location of the 1,598 verified and reconstructed elves, used for the analysis showcased in this paper, are publicly available on the website of the Pierre Auger Observatory (https://www.auger.orgTest/ index.php/science/data). We wish to thank the World Wide Lightning Location Network (http://wwlln.netTest), a collaboration among over 50 universities and institutions, for providing the lightning location data used in this paper. We acknowledge Robert Marshall for providing one of the most advanced elve simulations to the public, a key tool in understanding the elves observed by the Pierre Auger Observatory. The successful installation, commissioning, and operation of the Pierre Auger Observatory would not have been possible without the strong commitment and effort from the technical and administrative staff in Malargüe. Elves are a class of transient luminous events, with a radial extent typically greater than 250 km, that occur in the lower ionosphere above strong electrical storms. We report the observation of 1,598 elves, from 2014 to 2016, recorded with unprecedented time resolution (100 ns) using the fluorescence detector (FD) of the Pierre Auger Cosmic-Ray Observatory. The Auger Observatory is located in the Mendoza province of Argentina with a viewing footprint for elve observations of 3 · 106 km2, reaching areas above the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, as well as the Córdoba region, which is known for severe convective thunderstorms. Primarily designed for ultrahigh energy cosmic-ray observations, the Auger FD turns out to be very sensitive to the ultraviolet emission in elves. The detector features modified Schmidt optics with large apertures resulting in a field of view that spans the horizon, and year-round operation on dark nights with low moonlight background, when the local weather is favorable. The measured light profiles of 18% of the elve events have more than one peak, compatible with intracloud activity. Within the 3-year sample, 72% of the elves correlate with the far-field radiation measurements of the World Wide Lightning Location Network. The Auger Observatory plans to continue operations until at least 2025, including elve observations and analysis. To the best of our knowledge, this observatory is the only facility on Earth that measures elves with year-round operation and full horizon coverage. Argentina—Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica; Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica (ANPCyT); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Gobierno de la Provincia de Mendoza; Municipalidad de Malargüe; and NDM Holdings and Valle Las Leñas, in gratitude for their continuing cooperation over land access; Australia—the Australian Research Council; Brazil—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ); São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) Grants 2010/07359-6 and 1999/05404-3; Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia, Inovações e Comunicações (MCTIC); Czech Republic—Grants MSMT CRLTT18004, LO1305, LM2015038, and CZ.02.1.01/0.0/0.0/16_013/0001402; France—Centre de Calcul IN2P3/CNRS; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); Conseil Régional Ile-de-France; Département Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (PNC-IN2P3/CNRS); Département Sciences de l'Univers (SDU-INSU/CNRS); Institut Lagrange de Paris (ILP) Grant LABEX ANR-10-LABX-63 within the Investissements d'Avenir Programme Grant ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02; Germany—Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF); Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG); Finanzministerium Baden-Württemberg; Helmholtz Alliance for Astroparticle Physics (HAP); Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft. Deutscher Forschungszentren (HGF); Ministerium für Innovation, Wissenschaft und Forschung des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen; Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst des Landes Baden-Württemberg; Italy—Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN); Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF); Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Universitá e della Ricerca (MIUR); CETEMPS Center of Excellence; Ministero degli Affari Esteri (MAE); México—Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT)167733; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); PAPIIT DGAPA-UNAM; The Netherlands—Ministry of Education, Culture and Science; Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO); Dutch National e-Infrastructure with the support of SURF Cooperative; Poland—National Centre for Research and Development, Grant ERA-NET-ASPERA/02/11; National Science Centre, Grants 2013/08/M/ST9/00322, 2016/23/B/ST9/01635, and HARMONIA 5–2013/10/M/ST9/00062, UMO-2016/22/M/ST9/00198; Portugal—Portuguese national funds and FEDER funds within Programa Operacional Factores de Competitividade through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (COMPETE); Romania—Romanian Ministry of Research and InnovationCNCS/CCCDI-UESFISCDI, projects PN-III-P1-1.2-PCCDI-2017- 0839/19PCCDI/2018, PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2016-1922, PN-III-P2-2.1-PED-2016-1659, and PN18090102 within PNCDI III; Slovenia—Slovenian Research Agency; Spain—Comunidad de Madrid; Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER) funds; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad; Xunta de Galicia; European Community 7th Framework Program Grant FP7-PEOPLE-2012-IEF-328826; USA—Department of Energy, Contracts DE-AC02-07CH11359, DE-FR02-04ER41300, DE-FG02-99ER41107, and DE-SC0011689; National Science Foundation, Grant 0450696; The Grainger Foundation; Marie Curie-IRSES/EPLANET; European Particle Physics Latin American Network; European Union 7th Framework Program, Grant PIRSES-2009-GA-246806; and UNESCO. |
| وصف الملف: | application/pdf; STAMPA |
| اللغة: | English |
| تدمد: | 2333-5084 |
| الوصول الحر: | https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::279fde08651ad260e58a571b00229489Test http://hdl.handle.net/11311/1137916Test |
| حقوق: | OPEN |
| رقم الانضمام: | edsair.doi.dedup.....279fde08651ad260e58a571b00229489 |
| قاعدة البيانات: | OpenAIRE |
| تدمد: | 23335084 |
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