المؤلفون: Zohreh Hajibarat, Abbas Saidi

المصدر: Journal of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Vol 20, Iss 1, Pp 1-14 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Senescence, Chlorophyll degradation, Protease, Drought, Nitrogen remobilization, Biotechnology, TP248.13-248.65, Genetics, QH426-470

الوصف: Abstract Background Plants use escape strategies including premature senescence and leaf reduction to cope in response to drought stress, which in turn reduces plant leaves and photosynthesis. This strategy allows the new generation (seeds) to survive under drought but, plants experience more yield loss during stress condition. The amount of damage caused by drought stress is compensated by the expression of genes involved in regulating leaf aging. Leaf senescence alters the expression of thousands of genes and ultimately affecting grain protein content, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Also, under drought stress, nitrogen in the soil will not become as much available and causes the beginning and acceleration of the senescence process of leaves. The main body of the abstract This review identified proteins signaling and functional proteins involved in senescence. Further, transcription factors and cell wall degradation enzymes (proteases) related to senescence during drought stress were surveyed. We discuss the regulatory pathways of genes as a result of the degradation of proteins during senescence process. Senescence is strongly influenced by plant hormones and environmental factors including the availability of nitrogen. During maturity or drought stress, reduced nitrogen uptake can cause nitrogen to be remobilized from leaves and stems to seeds, eventually leading to leaf senescence. Under these conditions, genes involved in chloroplast degradation and proteases show increased expression. The functional (proteases) and regulatory proteins such as protein kinases and phosphatases as well as transcription factors (AP2/ERF, NAC, WRKY, MYB, and bZIP) are involved in leaf senescence and drought stress. Short conclusion In this review, senescence-associated proteins involved in leaf senescence and regulatory and functional proteins in response to drought stress during grain filling were surveyed. The present study predicts on the role of nitrogen transporters, transcription factors and regulatory genes involved in the late stages of plant growth with the aim of understanding their mechanisms of action during grain filling stage. For a better understanding, the relevant evidence for the balance between grain filling and protein breakdown during grain filling in cereals is presented.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/2090-5920Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/5302bb4dc47d4c6abe1d3dc7db50d5e5Test

المؤلفون: Avni, Raz, Zhao, Rongrong, Pearce, Stephen, Jun, Yan, Uauy, Cristobal, Tabbita, Facundo, Fahima, Tzion, Slade, Ann, Dubcovsky, Jorge, Distelfeld, Assaf

المصدر: Planta. 239(2)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Agriculture, Land and Farm Management, Agricultural, Veterinary and Food Sciences, Crop and Pasture Production, Genetics, Biological Transport, Biomass, Chlorophyll, Edible Grain, Ethyl Methanesulfonate, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Gene Knockout Techniques, Iron, Micronutrients, Mutation, Nitrogen, Phenotype, Photosynthesis, Plant Leaves, Plant Proteins, Plants, Genetically Modified, Time Factors, Transcription Factors, Triticum, Zinc, Grain protein content, NAM transcription factor, Remobilization, Senescence, Plant Biology, Plant Biology & Botany, Agricultural biotechnology, Plant biology

الوصف: In wheat, monocarpic senescence is a tightly regulated process during which nitrogen (N) and micronutrients stored pre-anthesis are remobilized from vegetative tissues to the developing grains. Recently, a close connection between senescence and remobilization was shown through the map-based cloning of the GPC (grain protein content) gene in wheat. GPC-B1 encodes a NAC transcription factor associated with earlier senescence and increased grain protein, iron and zinc content, and is deleted or non-functional in most commercial wheat varieties. In the current research, we identified 'loss of function' ethyl methanesulfonate mutants for the two GPC-B1 homoeologous genes; GPC-A1 and GPC-D1, in a hexaploid wheat mutant population. The single gpc-a1 and gpc-d1 mutants, the double gpc-1 mutant and control lines were grown under field conditions at four locations and were characterized for senescence, GPC, micronutrients and yield parameters. Our results show a significant delay in senescence in both the gpc-a1 and gpc-d1 single mutants and an even stronger effect in the gpc-1 double mutant in all the environments tested in this study. The accumulation of total N in the developing grains showed a similar increase in the control and gpc-1 plants until 25 days after anthesis (DAA) but at 41 and 60 DAA the control plants had higher grain N content than the gpc-1 mutants. At maturity, GPC in all mutants was significantly lower than in control plants while grain weight was unaffected. These results demonstrate that the GPC-A1 and GPC-D1 genes have a redundant function and play a major role in the regulation of monocarpic senescence and nutrient remobilization in wheat.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/1sd065mzTest

المؤلفون: Waters, Brian M, Uauy, Cristobal, Dubcovsky, Jorge, Grusak, Michael A

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany. 60(15)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genetics, Prevention of disease and conditions, and promotion of well-being, 3.3 Nutrition and chemoprevention, Cardiovascular, Stroke, Metabolic and endocrine, Cancer, Biological Transport, Gene Expression Regulation, Plant, Iron, Nitrogen, Plant Components, Aerial, Plant Proteins, Transcription Factors, Triticum, Zinc, Biofortification, grain protein content, iron, remobilization, senescence, zinc, Plant Biology, Crop and Pasture Production, Plant Biology & Botany

الوصف: The NAM-B1 gene is a NAC transcription factor that affects grain nutrient concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum). An RNAi line with reduced expression of NAM genes has lower grain protein, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. To determine whether decreased remobilization, lower plant uptake, or decreased partitioning to grain are responsible for this phenotype, mineral dynamics were quantified in wheat tissues throughout grain development. Control and RNAi wheat were grown in potting mix and hydroponics. Mineral (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, and Zn) and nitrogen (N) contents of organs were determined at regular intervals to quantify the net remobilization from vegetative tissues and the accumulation of nutrients in grain. Total nutrient accumulation was similar between lines, but grain Fe, Zn, and N were at lower concentrations in the NAM knockdown line. In potting mix, net remobilization of N, Fe, and Zn from vegetative tissues was impaired in the RNAi line. In hydroponics with ample nutrients, net remobilization was not observed, but grain Fe and Zn contents and concentrations remained lower in the RNAi line. When Fe or Zn was withheld post-anthesis, both lines demonstrated remobilization. These results suggest that a major effect of the NAM genes is an increased efflux of nutrients from the vegetative tissues and a higher partitioning of nutrients to grain.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7df2q1x5Test

المؤلفون: Uauy, Cristobal, Brevis, Juan Carlos, Dubcovsky, Jorge

المصدر: Journal of Experimental Botany. 57(11)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Genetics, Alleles, Cellular Senescence, Chlorophyll, Genes, Plant, Physical Chromosome Mapping, Plant Proteins, Polyploidy, Triticum, Water, grain protein content, nitrogen remobilization, senescence, thousand kernel weight, Triticum turgidum ssp dicoccoides, wheat, Plant Biology, Crop and Pasture Production, Plant Biology & Botany

الوصف: High grain protein content (GPC) is a frequent target of wheat breeding programmes because of its positive effect on bread and pasta quality. A wild wheat allele at the Gpc-B1 locus with a significant impact on this trait was identified previously. The precise mapping of several senescence-related traits in a set of tetraploid recombinant substitution lines (RSLs) segregating for Gpc-B1 is reported here. Flag leaf chlorophyll degradation, change in peduncle colour, and spike water content were completely linked to the Gpc-B1 locus and to the differences in GPC within a 0.3 cM interval corresponding to a physical distance of only 250 kb. The effect of Gpc-B1 was also examined in different environments and genetic backgrounds using a set of tetraploid and hexaploid pairs of isogenic lines. The results were consistent with those observed in the RSLs. The high GPC allele conferred a shorter duration of grain fill due to earlier flag leaf senescence and increased GPC in all four genetic backgrounds. The effect on grain size was more variable, depending on the genotype-environment combinations. These results are consistent with a model in which the wild-type allele of Gpc-B1 accelerates senescence in flag leaves producing pleiotropic effects on nitrogen remobilization, total GPC, and grain size.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

الوصول الحر: https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9vn7j5mvTest

المؤلفون: O. P. Mitrofanova, A. G. Khakimova

المصدر: Вавиловский журнал генетики и селекции, Vol 20, Iss 4, Pp 545-554 (2016)

مصطلحات موضوعية: genetic resources, triticum, aegilops, grain protein content, gpc-genes, nac transcription factor, senescence, remobilization, molecular markers, breeding, Genetics, QH426-470

الوصف: The present review offers an overview of genetic research on grain protein content (GPC) in various Triticum L. and Aegilops L. species. Regularities in geographic variability of GPC and the results of a longterm screening of accessions from the VIR collection for this trait are considered. On the basis of these assessments, a core-collection of genetic sources with high GPC has been formed. It includes the diploid Aegilops species as donors of B, G and D genomes for allopolyploid wheats, as well as accessions of di-, tetra- and hexaploid wheat species. The use of highprotein sources in wheat breeding in the United States and Canada in the 1970’s–1980’s resulted in the bread wheat GPC increase by 0.5–3.0 %; however, further purposeful attempts at increasing GPC by traditional breeding methods failed. A breakthrough in increasing the total GPC has been achieved as a result of molecular genetics methods and molecular markers development. For the first time, a functional locus, or the Gpc-B1 gene (chromosome 6BS) affecting the accumulation of protein, Zn and Fe in grain, was identified in T. dicoccoides, cloned and studied in detail. The application of molecular markers has revealed the active allele of this gene in some landraces and old cul-tivars of T. dicoccum, T. durum, T. spelta and T. aestivum. Moreover, Gpc-A1, Gpc-D1, and Gpc-2 wheat genes have been found in chromosomes 6A, 6D and homeologous group 2, respectively. All these genes have been identified as NAC transcription factors, which play an important role in the accelerated senescence of plants and remobilization of nutrients from leaves to grain. The genes related to Gpc-B1 from T. dicoccoides were found in the G genome of T. timopheevii and B (=S) genome of different species of Aegilops sect. sitopsis. Functional Gpc-B1 alleles have been introduced into commercial tetra- and hexaploid wheat cultivars, and it resulted in the creation of new highprotein and high-yield cultivars and series of nearly isogenic lines in different countries. They are promising sources for research and wheat breeding purposes.

وصف الملف: electronic resource

العلاقة: https://vavilov.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/704Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2500-3259Test

الوصول الحر: https://doaj.org/article/62425b3b3752406982b71e5f88b74ff4Test

المؤلفون: Stefan Bieker, Lena Riester, Jasmin Doll, Jürgen Franzaring, Andreas Fangmeier, Ulrike Zentgraf

المصدر: Genes, Vol 10, Iss 2, p 72 (2019)

مصطلحات موضوعية: senescence, nitrogen remobilization, nitrogen supply, oil seed rape, seed storage proteins, hydrogen peroxide, Genetics, QH426-470

الوصف: In general, yield and fruit quality strongly rely on efficient nutrient remobilization during plant development and senescence. Transcriptome changes associated with senescence in spring oilseed rape grown under optimal nitrogen supply or mild nitrogen deficiency revealed differences in senescence and nutrient mobilization in old lower canopy leaves and younger higher canopy leaves [1]. Having a closer look at this transcriptome analyses, we identified the major classes of seed storage proteins (SSP) to be expressed in vegetative tissue, namely leaf and stem tissue. Expression of SSPs was not only dependent on the nitrogen supply but transcripts appeared to correlate with intracellular H 2 O 2 contents, which functions as well-known signaling molecule in developmental senescence. The abundance of SSPs in leaf material transiently progressed from the oldest leaves to the youngest. Moreover, stems also exhibited short-term production of SSPs, which hints at an interim storage function. In order to decipher whether hydrogen peroxide also functions as a signaling molecule in nitrogen deficiency-induced senescence, we analyzed hydrogen peroxide contents after complete nitrogen depletion in oilseed rape and Arabidopsis plants. In both cases, hydrogen peroxide contents were lower in nitrogen deficient plants, indicating that at least parts of the developmental senescence program appear to be suppressed under nitrogen deficiency.

العلاقة: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4425/10/2/72Test; https://doaj.org/toc/2073-4425Test; https://doaj.org/article/6e80ed9dc2f84beea9fe96a4c3e66e01Test

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10020072Test
https://doaj.org/article/6e80ed9dc2f84beea9fe96a4c3e66e01Test

المؤلفون: Farshadfar Ezatollah, Amiri Reza

المصدر: Genetika, Vol 48, Iss 1, Pp 139-149 (2016)

مصطلحات موضوعية: co-heritability, drought, genetic gain, heritability, remobilization, Genetics, QH426-470

الوصف: In order to evaluate genetic variability and estimation of remobilization related traits in wheat using biometrical genetic techniques an experiment was conducted in a randomized complete blocks design with three replicates under post-anthesis drought stress conditions in the Campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran during 2011-2012 cropping season. The results of analysis of variance showed significant differences between the genotypes for all studied traits except current photosynthesis (CP) and current photosynthesis share into kernel yield (CPSKY). High genetic gain and broad sense heritability estimates were observed for penultimate remobilization share into kernel yield (PenRSKY) and internodes remobilization share into kernel yield (IRSKY) indicating high genetic potential, low effect of environment and predominant role of additive gene effect on their expression. Spike dry matter remobilization (SDMR), spike dry matter remobilization efficiency (SDMRE) and spike remobilization share into kernel yield (SRSKY) exhibited the highest phenotypic and genetic positive correlation with kernel yield (KY). Moreover, the highest genotypic and phenotypic covariance was observed between kernel yield (KY) and SDMR, CP, SDMRE and SRSKY, respectively. The highest environmental covariance was identified between kernel yield (KY), peduncle dry matter remobilization (PedDMR) and penultimate dry matter remobilization (PenDMR), respectively. High co-heritability was detected between SDMRE and PedDMR, PedDMRE and PenDMR and between peduncle remobilization share into kernel yield (PedRSKY) and internodes dry matter remobilization efficiency (IDMRE), suggesting that selection of either of the traits would simultaneously affect the others, positively.

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/0534-0012Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1820-6069Test; https://doaj.org/article/3aa1180f50f2480da0a2547ba2511d8fTest

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1601139FTest
https://doaj.org/article/3aa1180f50f2480da0a2547ba2511d8fTest

المؤلفون: Mirosavljević Milan, Pržulj Novo, Momčilović Vojislava, Hristov Nikola, Maksimović Ivana

المصدر: Genetika, Vol 47, Iss 2, Pp 751-763 (2015)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), cultivar, sowing date, dry matter, accumulation, remobilization, Genetics, QH426-470

الوصف: Knowledge about the effect of genotypic variation and sowing date on dry matter accumulation, remobilization and partitioning in winter barley is important for crop management. Therefore, in field studies, six winter barley genotypes of various origin and maturity groups were studied across four sowing dates. In general, grain yield and dry matter content decreased with delayed sowing, after mid-October, and average grain yield in late October and November sowing was lower 14.2% and 16.9%, respectively, compared to the yield in the optimal sowing date. Among the tested genotypes, high grain yield and dry matter content was obtained from late and medium early barley genotypes. Delayed sowing dates, on average, reduced dry matter remobilization and contribution of vegetative dry matter to grain yield. In years characterized by high spring precipitation, late September and early October sowing of medium early and late barley genotypes enable increased accumulation and remobilization of dry matter and obtainment of high grain yield. [Projekat Ministarstva nauke Republike Srbije, br. TR-31066: Modern breeding of small grains for present and future needs]

العلاقة: https://doaj.org/toc/0534-0012Test; https://doaj.org/toc/1820-6069Test; https://doaj.org/article/eeb9c1ff5f32454dad014ad84ca7342dTest

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/10.2298/GENSR1502751MTest
https://doaj.org/article/eeb9c1ff5f32454dad014ad84ca7342dTest

المؤلفون: Soto, G., Fox, R., Ayub, N., Alleva, K., Guaimas, F., Erijman, E.J., Mazzella, A., Amodeo, G., Muschietti, J.

المصدر: Plant J. 2010;64(6):1038-1047

مصطلحات موضوعية: aquaporins, mitochondria, nitrogen metabolism, pH sensing, urea, Arabidopsis, Arabidopsis thaliana, Double mutants, In-vitro, Plant sexual reproduction, Pollen tube, Remobilization, Single mutant, Solute movement, Water transport, Xenopus oocyte, Amino acids, Glycoproteins, Metabolism, pH sensors, Nitrogen, aquaporin, Arabidopsis protein, plant RNA, TIP5, 1 protein, water, article, gene expression regulation, genetics

الوصف: In plant sexual reproduction, water and solute movement are tightly regulated, suggesting the involvement of aquaporins. We previously identified TIP5;1 and TIP1;3 as the only Arabidopsis aquaporin genes that are selectively and highly expressed in mature pollen, and showed that they can transport both water and urea when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Here, we show that TIP5;1 has unusual characteristics, as its water transport activity is regulated by pH. Analysis of the water transport activity of a mutant version of TIP5;1 (TIP5;1-H131A) and amino acid alignment with other plant aquaporins regulated by pH suggested that a conserved motif is involved in pH sensing. GFP-TIP5;1 is located in the mitochondria of pollen tubes. The single mutants tip1;3 and tip5;1, as well as the tip1;3 tip5;1 double mutant, are fertile, but all mutants had shorter than normal pollen tubes when germinated in vitro in the absence of exogenous nitrogen. Thus, we propose that TIP5;1 and TIP1;3 are involved in nitrogen recycling in pollen tubes of Arabidopsis thaliana. © 2010 The Authors. The Plant Journal © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ; Fil:Soto, G. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. ; Fil:Fox, R. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. ; Fil:Ayub, N. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. ; Fil:Mazzella, A. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina. ; Fil:Muschietti, J. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales; Argentina.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_09607412_v64_n6_p1038_SotoTest; http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?a=d&c=artiaex&d=paper_09607412_v64_n6_p1038_Soto_oaiTest

الإتاحة: https://doi.org/20.500.12110/paper_09607412_v64_n6_p1038_SotoTest
https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12110/paper_09607412_v64_n6_p1038_SotoTest
http://repositoriouba.sisbi.uba.ar/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.cgi?a=d&c=artiaex&d=paper_09607412_v64_n6_p1038_Soto_oaiTest

المؤلفون: Waters, Brian M., Uauy, Cristobal, Dubcovsky, Jorge, Grusak, Michael A.

المصدر: Agronomy & Horticulture -- Faculty Publications

مصطلحات موضوعية: biofortification, grain protein content, iron, remobilization, senescence, zinc, Agricultural Science, Agriculture, Agronomy and Crop Sciences, Genetics, Plant Breeding and Genetics, Plant Sciences

الوصف: The NAM-B1 gene is a NAC transcription factor that affects grain nutrient concentrations in wheat (Triticum aestivum). An RNAi line with reduced expression of NAM genes has lower grain protein, iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn) concentrations. To determine whether decreased remobilization, lower plant uptake, or decreased partitioning to grain are responsible for this phenotype, mineral dynamics were quantified in wheat tissues throughout grain development. Control and RNAi wheat were grown in potting mix and hydroponics. Mineral (Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, S, and Zn) and nitrogen (N) contents of organs were determined at regular intervals to quantify the net remobilization from vegetative tissues and the accumulation of nutrients in grain. Total nutrient accumulation was similar between lines, but grain Fe, Zn, and N were at lower concentrations in the NAM knockdown line. In potting mix, net remobilization of N, Fe, and Zn from vegetative tissues was impaired in the RNAi line. In hydroponics with ample nutrients, net remobilization was not observed, but grain Fe and Zn contents and concentrations remained lower in the RNAi line. When Fe or Zn was withheld post-anthesis, both lines demonstrated remobilization. These results suggest that a major effect of the NAM genes is an increased efflux of nutrients from the vegetative tissues and a higher partitioning of nutrients to grain.

وصف الملف: application/pdf

العلاقة: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/733Test; https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_PUB_VERSION.pdfTest; https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_1.xlsTest; https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_2.xlsTest; https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_3.xlsTest; https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/3/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_4.pdfTest; https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/4/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_5.pdfTest

الإتاحة: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/agronomyfacpub/733Test
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_PUB_VERSION.pdfTest
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/0/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_1.xlsTest
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/1/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_2.xlsTest
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/2/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_3.xlsTest
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/3/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_4.pdfTest
https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/context/agronomyfacpub/article/1733/filename/4/type/additional/viewcontent/Waters_2009_JEB_Wheat__Triticum_aestivum__NAM_proteins_SUPP_MAT_5.pdfTest