المؤلفون: Blanton, Robert G.¹, Jones, Peter A.¹ PeterJones@uab.edu

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. Feb2023, Vol. 51 Issue 1, p163-185. 23p. 6 Charts.

مصطلحات موضوعية: HUMAN trafficking, POLICY diffusion, SOCIAL constructionism, POLICY discourse, POLICY sciences

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Human trafficking is a compelling and persistent problem that has attracted a great amount of attention among political leaders, government institutions, NGOs, and nonprofit organizations. While there is consensus that trafficking necessitates a multipronged policy response commonly known as the "3Ps" (prosecution, protection, and prevention), anti‐trafficking policies diffused across U.S. states in a piecemeal fashion. In this paper, we explore the fragmented diffusion of the different types of anti‐trafficking laws. Drawing from social constructivist approaches, we posit that the differential diffusion rates depend on the social construction of the target population and policy intention of the law. Using event history analysis, we examine the diffusion of 14 types of human trafficking laws throughout the U.S. during 2003–2013. We find strong support for our hypotheses and show substantial differences in the rates at which prosecution, protection, and prevention‐related laws diffuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): Resumen: La trata de personas es un problema persistente y apremiante que ha atraído una gran cantidad de atención entre líderes políticos, instituciones gubernamentales, ONG y organizaciones sin fines de lucro. Si bien existe consenso en que la trata de personas necesita una respuesta política de múltiples frentes comúnmente conocida como las "3P" (enjuiciamiento, protección y prevención), las políticas contra la trata de personas se difundieron en los estados de EE. UU. De manera fragmentada. En este artículo, exploramos la difusión fragmentada de los diferentes tipos de leyes contra la trata. Partiendo de enfoques constructivistas sociales, postulamos que las tasas de difusión diferencial dependen de la construcción social de la población objetivo y de la intención política de la ley. Utilizando el análisis del historial de eventos, examinamos la difusión de 14 tipos de leyes sobre la trata de personas en los EE. UU. Durante 2003–2013. Encontramos un fuerte apoyo para nuestras hipótesis y mostramos diferencias sustanciales en las tasas de difusión de las leyes relacionadas con el enjuiciamiento, la protección y la prevención. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 摘要: 人口贩运是一个迫切且持续的问题，它已吸引了政治领导者、政府机构、非政府组织和非营利组织的大量关注。尽管存在共识认为，非法贩运需要多方面的政策响应，即公认的"3Ps"(起诉、保护和预防)，但反贩运政策在美国各州以零散的方式扩散。本文中，我们对不同类型的反贩运法的分散式扩散加以探究。基于社会建构主义方法，我们假设，差异化的扩散率取决于目标群体的社会建构和法律的政策意图。通过事件史分析，我们检验了2003–2013年间美国14种反人口贩运法的扩散。我们的研究发现强烈支持所提出的假设，并发现起诉法、保护法和预防法的扩散速率存在显著差异。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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المؤلفون: Han, Dongyun¹ (AUTHOR), Nayeem, Abdullah‐Al‐Raihan² (AUTHOR), Windett, Jason² (AUTHOR), Cho, Isaac¹ (AUTHOR) isaac.cho@usu.edu

المصدر: Computer Graphics Forum. Feb2023, Vol. 42 Issue 1, p305-318. 14p. 1 Color Photograph, 4 Diagrams, 2 Charts.

مصطلحات موضوعية: VISUAL analytics, POLICY diffusion, SOCIAL scientists, SUBNATIONAL governments, RESEARCH questions, POLITICAL science, POLITICAL forecasting

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

مستخلص: Sub‐national governments across the United States implement a variety of policies to address large societal problems and needs. Many policies are picked up or adopted in other states. This process is called policy diffusion and allows researchers to analyse and compare the social, political, and contextual characteristics that lead to adopting certain policies, as well as the efficacy of these policies once adopted. In this paper, we introduce PDViz, a visual analytics approach that allows social scientists to dynamically analyse the policy diffusion history and underlying patterns. It is designed for analysing and answering a list of research questions and tasks posed by social scientists in prior work. To evaluate our system, we present two usage scenarios and conduct interviews with domain experts in political science. The interviews highlight that PDViz provides the result of policy diffusion patterns that align with their domain knowledge as well as the potential to be a learning tool for students to understand the concept of policy diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Computer Graphics Forum is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Finger, Leslie K.

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. May2018, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p378-401. 24p. 9 Charts, 1 Graph.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *TEACHERS' unions, *PAY for performance, POLICY diffusion, EDUCATIONAL change, CHARTER schools, EDUCATIONAL voucher laws, U.S. state legislatures, PRESSURE groups, HISTORY, HISTORY of educational change, HISTORY of education

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Abstract: How do interest groups shape the diffusion of policies they oppose across the states? This study explores this question using the case of teachers' unions and education reform policies. Using a novel dataset on charter, voucher, and performance pay policies spanning 1992–2013, I find evidence that strength of the teachers' unions decreases the likelihood of performance pay and that additional strength is less impactful with more Democratic control of the legislature. Teachers' unions are weakly related to a lack of charter laws and do not impact voucher laws. The latter two policies are more strongly associated with policymaker learning and education reform advocacy groups, respectively. These findings suggest that vested interests most strongly impact the policies that most fundamentally threaten their organizational strength and that this effect is conditioned on the party in power; increases in interest group strength are not necessary when policymakers are already sympathetic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 摘要: 利益集团如何影响其反对的政策在各州的扩散？本研究通过探讨教师工会对教育改革政策的影响来研究这一问题。通过采用一份新颖的自1992年至2013年有关特许合同、凭证票据、以及绩效工资政策的数据, 我发现, 有证据表明, 教师工会的实力降低了绩效工资政策实行的可能性, 但在民主控制较强的立法机构中, 其影响相对较小。教师工会与合同法的缺乏呈弱相关, 但并不影响票据法。后两种政策分别与决策者学习和教育改革倡导团体两种因素更加密切相关。这些研究结果表明, 既得利益对从根本上威胁其在组织中实力的政策会施加最大化影响, 而这种影响取决于执政党。当政策制定者已经支持其议题时, 利益集团实力的增加并是并不必要的。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Mitchell, Joshua L.

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. May2018, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p424-451. 28p. 3 Diagrams, 1 Chart, 3 Graphs, 11 Maps.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *DIFFUSION of innovations, *DATA analysis, *ADMINISTRATIVE fees, *GOVERNMENT policy, POLICY diffusion, SPATIOTEMPORAL processes, MUNICIPAL ordinances, SMOKING policy, RELIGION

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): For decades, scholars in multiple disciplines have examined spatial diffusion, or the spatiotemporal properties associated with the diffusion of innovations. These properties include contagious, hierarchical, and relocation diffusion. Each of these refers to a spatial model that epitomizes how innovations spread among geographic locations. Policy diffusion, a separate but homologous research tradition, had its theoretical underpinnings in spatial diffusion. However, contemporary policy diffusion has focused largely on mechanism‐based diffusion. This article demonstrates how exploratory spatial data analysis can be used to uncover spatial policy diffusion properties. In this study, municipal smoking regulation adoptions, religious‐based initiatives, and bag ban and bag fees are examined. This study finds evidence that for each policy more than one property is occurring; therefore, this study proposes that a hybrid model best explains diffusion. This article demonstrates how examining spatial diffusion properties, in addition to diffusion mechanisms, can improve the conceptualization of diffusion theories, enhance mechanism or theory‐based specification of diffusion models, and unravel the specific regional or neighboring causal pathways linking policies between adopting jurisdictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 摘要: 几十年来, 多个领域的学者们都研究了空间扩散抑或创新扩散的时空属性。这些属性包括传染的, 等级的, 以及异地转移的扩散。它们都指向了一个浓缩了创新是怎样在地理区域间传播的空间模型。政策扩散, 作为一个独立却又同源的研究传统, 将空间扩散作为它的理论基础。然而, 当代政策扩散在很大程度上关注机制的扩散。本文展示了解释性的空间数据分析如何被用来揭示空间政策扩散的特征。本研究分析了城市禁烟规制, 有关宗教的创新, 以及塑料袋禁用或收费政策。本文发现每一种政策的扩散都有一种以上的属性, 由此本文提出了一个可以最好地解释扩散的复合模型。本文提出, 除了研究扩散机制, 深入分析空间扩散属性可以增进扩散理论的概念化, 提升对于扩散模型的机制或者理论化的具体阐述, 以及揭示地区或者邻里间关于政策采纳的因果关系。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Fay, Daniel L.

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. May2018, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p354-377. 24p. 5 Charts.

مصطلحات موضوعية: CONSTITUTIONAL amendments (United States), POLICY diffusion, STATE constitutional law, SAME-sex marriage, U.S. state legislatures, LEGAL status of citizens, STATE constitutions, U.S. states politics & government, HISTORY, U.S. states

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Policy diffusion literature generally studies the adoption of similar policies across jurisdictions, but often overlooks how opposing policies or legal constraints may influence the enactment of rigid state constitutional amendments. The current study models the spread of state constitutional amendments designed to prevent future policy change. Using conditional event history analysis on all states from 1999 to 2011 the empirical models analyze the spread of same‐sex marriage prohibitive amendments across the United States. Findings suggest that the nearby adoption of opposing policies encourage state legislatures to introduce prohibitive amendments. The regional diffusion effect suggests that policymakers “protect” their jurisdiction from nearby diffusion forces or seek electoral gains by symbolic protection by committing an already existing policy into the rigid state constitutional framework. Regional policy diffusion may, therefore, be explained by a countermovement mechanism unique to the state constitutional amendment process. This protective strategy among state legislatures and citizens may explain why many policy areas are frequently codified in state constitutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 摘要: 政策扩散文献通常研究不同管辖地所采纳的相似政策, 却经常忽略对立的政策或法律约束可能会导致严格的州立法修正案的颁布。本研究分析了用以防止未来政策变化的州宪法修正案的扩散。通过对1999年到2011年间的各州进行条件事件史分析, 实证模型研究了防止同性恋的修正案在全美的扩散。结果显示, 临近的州采纳相反的政策会促使本州议员提出限制性修正案。这一地区间扩散的作用表明决策者“保护”他们的管辖权不被临近州的扩散推动力所干扰或通过将现有政策升级为严格的州宪法框架这个象征性保护来争取选举筹码。地区间政策扩散可能因此被独特存在于州立法修正案过程中的反向运动机制所解释。这一各州议员和民众的保护性策略可能解释为什么很多政策领域经常被州宪法所写到。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Hannah, A. Lee, Mallinson, Daniel J.

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. May2018, Vol. 46 Issue 2, p402-423. 22p. 3 Charts, 2 Graphs, 1 Map.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *INNOVATION adoption, MEDICAL marijuana laws, POLICY diffusion, STATE laws -- History, FEDERAL laws, FEDERAL government of the United States, HISTORY, LEGAL history

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Diffusion research often characterizes the role of the federal government in innovation adoption as a supportive one, either increasing the likelihood of adoption or its speed. We examine the adoption of medical marijuana laws (MMLs) from 1996 to 2014 to shed light on what motivates states to adopt innovations that are in explicit defiance of federal law. Furthermore, we examine whether federal signals have any influence on the likelihood of adoption. In doing so, we utilize implementation theory to expand our understanding of how the federal government's position impacts state policy innovation adoption. We find mixed evidence for the influence of federal signals on the adoption of MMLs. The results suggest that medical marijuana policies are much more likely to be adopted in states when proponents have the political or institutional capital, rather than a medical or fiscal need. Moreover, this political capital is sufficient independent of the federal government's real or perceived position. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 摘要: 扩散研究常认为联邦政府在创新采纳中扮演着支持的角色, 它不是提高了政策采纳的可能性, 就是加快了采纳的步伐。我们分析了1996年到2014年间的医用大麻法案, 以此来阐明是什么促使各州采纳那些明显违背联邦法律的创新。我们还分析了联邦的信号是否影响了政策采纳的可能性。借此, 我们利用政策执行理论来扩展我们对于联防政府的立场对于州政策创新影响的理解。我们发现联邦信号对于医用大麻法案采纳的影响复杂且模糊。结果表明, 医用大麻政策更可能被那些支持者们有政治或制度资源的州, 而非那些有医疗或财政需求的州所采纳。而且, 这些政治资源足够独立于联邦政府真实的或被感知的立场。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Fay, Daniel L., Wenger, Jeffrey B.

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. Aug2016, Vol. 44 Issue 3, p349-365. 17p. 1 Diagram, 3 Charts.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *LOTTERIES -- Political aspects, *GOVERNMENT policy, UNITED States politics & government, POLICY diffusion, LAW & legislation, STATE constitutions, LEGISLATIVE amendments -- Social aspects, CONSTITUTIONAL amendments (United States), HISTORY, U.S. states, SAME-sex marriage laws

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

الشركة/الكيان: UNITED States. Constitution

مستخلص: Unlike the U.S. Constitution, many state constitutions include provisions for regulating and legislating specific policy issues. Embedding policy proscriptions in state constitutions may impact the rate and likelihood of policy diffusion. To examine how the amendment process influences diffusion resulting from geographic competition, we estimate a well-known policy diffusion model, using state-sponsored lotteries as a case study. Our mixed model of survival analysis separately estimates amendments and lottery adoptions allowing for different covariates and baseline hazards in each model. We find that there are different diffusion effects for constitutional amendments and policy adoptions, that the two-step process requires a more professionalized legislature, and that amending the state constitution influences the timing of the adoption process. Once we take into consideration the two-step process of lottery diffusion, we find a conditional diffusion effect that is over twice as large as previous estimates, and an overall diffusion that is larger than estimates from event-history estimation, suggesting that the constitutional hurdle is an important determinant of policy adoption. These effects occur over the entire policy adoption phase (1961-2009), over multiple specifications of the baseline hazard, for alternate measures of diffusion, and for alternate model specifications, thereby suggesting that the constitutional hurdle is an important element of state policy, and it should be empirically considered in future models of policy diffusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Douglas, James W., Raudla, Ringa, Hartley, Roger E.

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. Nov2015, Vol. 43 Issue 4, p484-511. 28p. 1 Diagram, 1 Graph.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *PROFESSIONAL associations, DRUG courts, POLICY diffusion, AGENT (Philosophy), CENTRAL-local government relations, ARIZONA state politics & government, MISSOURI state politics & government, NEW York state politics & government, SOUTH Carolina state politics & government

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

مستخلص: The existing studies of policy diffusion have paid insufficient attention to how policy actors in the macroenvironment of local jurisdictions influence the process of policy diffusion, what kind of mechanisms drive the interdependent spread of a policy, and how the diffusion process changes over time. We explore, both theoretically and empirically, the role different go-betweens can play in policy diffusion, what kind of interactions take place between the micro level and macro level, and how shifts in the constellations of actors in the macroenvironment of a local jurisdiction can influence the mechanisms and rate of policy diffusion. Our empirical study of the diffusion of drug courts in four U.S. states demonstrates that there can indeed be significant interactions between the micro level and the macro level and that these interactions are likely to shape the diffusion process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Nicholson‐Crotty, Sean C., Woods, Neal D., Bowman, Ann O'M., Karch, Andrew

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal. May2014, Vol. 42 Issue 2, p305-324. 20p. 1 Black and White Photograph, 1 Illustration, 3 Charts.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *STATE governments, INTERSTATE agreements, POLICY diffusion, U.S. states politics & government, FEDERAL government of the United States, INTERGOVERNMENTAL cooperation

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED States

مستخلص: Are some American states inherently more innovative than others? This question has confounded researchers for more than four decades. In this study we develop a measure of collective policy innovation that measures formal cooperative policy arrangements among the states, compare the measure to existing measures of internal state policy innovation, and assess whether existing innovativeness measures explain policy cooperation among the states. This test of the innovativeness concept addresses internal and external validity concerns that have long plagued this research tradition. Our multivariate analyses indicate that policy innovativeness is often a statistically and substantively important determinant of compact participation. These results suggest that (i) innovativeness is a meaningful and durable state attribute, (ii) several existing indices successfully capture the underlying latent concept, and (iii) innovativeness provides analytic utility in multiple empirical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Suárez, Sandra L.¹

المصدر: Journal of Public Affairs (14723891). Nov2012, Vol. 12 Issue 4, p303-314. 12p.

مصطلحات موضوعية: *EXECUTIVE compensation, POLICY diffusion, POLICY sciences, POLICY discourse

مصطلحات جغرافية: UNITED Kingdom, UNITED States

مستخلص: Because of popular and political pressure, governments have been compelled to regulate 'excessive' executive compensation and search both a policy and political solution. In this paper, I seek to establish the mechanisms of policy learning, competition, and emulation by examining American and British regulatory policies of executive compensation that show evidence of reciprocal diffusion, i.e. from the US to the UK and vice versa. The evidence suggests that during the past two decades, the extent of reciprocal policy diffusion varied and was primarily driven by policy learning. Using published government reports, press releases, public hearings, newspaper articles, and interviews, I demonstrate that reciprocal learning occurred because one country's policymakers and practitioners explicitly discussed and/or referred to the practices in the other country when deciding to adopt a specific policy solution to the problem of excessive executive pay. I discuss the implications for the literature on diffusion and point out avenues for future research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Journal of Public Affairs (14723891) is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)