المؤلفون: Makse, Todd

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal; May2021, Vol. 49 Issue 2, p359-380, 22p, 5 Charts, 3 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: U.S. state legislatures, EXPERTISE, POLICY diffusion, AGENDA setting theory (Communication), LEGISLATIVE committees

الملخص (بالإنجليزية): Innovative ideas often need champions to advocate for them. The study of policy innovation, however, has often focused on enactments rather than earlier stages of the legislative process, in which the actions of a bill's advocates may be especially crucial. In this paper, I ask who the champions of policy innovations are, focusing on two categories of legislators whose expertise makes them likely advocates: individuals with relevant professional backgrounds and individuals serving on relevant legislative committees. However, I also argue that the impact of expertise is conditional: as policies diffuse more widely, the role of expertise fades in importance, and champions can come from the broader legislative membership. To test these claims, I examine bill authorship and cosponsorship across 14 criminal justice policies between 1993 and 2004. I find that committee membership and professional background are indeed powerful predictors, but that their impact decreases as more states adopt the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Spanish): Las ideas innovadoras a menudo necesitan líderes para abogar por ellas. Sin embargo, el estudio de la innovación de políticas a menudo se ha centrado en las promulgaciones en lugar de las etapas anteriores del proceso legislativo, en las cuales las acciones de los defensores de un proyecto de ley pueden ser especialmente cruciales. En este documento, pregunto quiénes son los defensores de las innovaciones políticas, centrándome en dos categorías de legisladores cuya experiencia los hace posibles defensores: personas con antecedentes profesionales relevantes y personas que sirven en comités legislativos relevantes. Sin embargo, también sostengo que el impacto de la experiencia es condicional: a medida que las políticas se difunden más ampliamente, el papel de la experiencia se desvanece en importancia, y los defensores pueden provenir de una membresía legislativa más amplia. Para probar estas afirmaciones, examino la autoría y el copatrocinio de proyectos de ley en catorce políticas de justicia penal entre 1993 y 2004. Encuentro que la membresía del comité y los antecedentes profesionales son predictores poderosos, pero que su impacto disminuye a medida que más estados adoptan la política. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract (Chinese): 创新的想法通常需要支持者进行倡导。然而，有关政策创新的研究却时常聚焦于政策的颁布，而非早期的立法过程，但立法过程中法案倡导者所付出的行动可能尤为关键。本文中，我就政策创新的支持者是谁提出疑问，聚焦于立法者的两个分类，这些立法者因其专业而成为可能的倡导者：一类是具备相关专业背景的个人，另一类是供职于相关法律委员会的个人。然而我也主张，专业的影响是有条件的：当政策扩散程度越广，专业发挥的重要性会逐渐减少，并且支持者能产生于更广的立法成员。为测试这些主张，我检验了1993年至2004年间14个刑事司法政策的法案起草和联合赞助过程。我发现，委员会成员身份和专业背景确实是强有力的预测物，但其影响会随着政策被更多州所采纳而减少。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

المؤلفون: Linder, Fridolin, Desmarais, Bruce, Burgess, Matthew, Giraudy, Eugenia

المصدر: Policy Studies Journal; May2020, Vol. 48 Issue 2, p546-574, 29p, 1 Diagram, 5 Charts, 6 Graphs

مصطلحات موضوعية: LEGISLATION, U.S. states, LEGISLATIVE bodies, POLICY diffusion, POLICY sciences, REPUBLICANS, DEMOCRATS (United States)

مستخلص: The identification of substantively similar policy proposals in legislation is important to scholars of public policy and legislative politics. Manual approaches are prohibitively costly in constructing datasets that accurately represent policymaking across policy domains, jurisdictions, or time. We propose the use of an algorithm that identifies similar sequences of text (i.e., text reuse), applied to legislative text, to measure the similarity of the policy proposals advanced by two bills. We study bills from U.S. state legislatures. We present three ground truth tests, applied to a corpus of 500,000 bills. First, we show that bills introduced by ideologically similar sponsors exhibit a high degree of text reuse, that bills classified by the National Conference of State Legislatures as covering the same policies exhibit a high degree of text reuse, and that rates of text reuse between states correlate with policy diffusion network ties between states. In an empirical application of our similarity measure, we find that Republican state legislators introduce legislation that is more similar to legislation introduced by Republicans in other states, than is legislation introduced by Democratic state legislators to legislation introduced by Democrats in other states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

: Copyright of Policy Studies Journal is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)