المؤلفون: Kit Man Chan, Jonathan M. Gleadle, Michael O’Callaghan, Krasimir Vasilev, Melanie MacGregor

المساهمون: Chan, Kit Man, Gleadle, Jonathan M., O'Callaghan, Michael, Vasilev, Krasimir, MacGregor, Melanie

المصدر: Prostate Cancer and Prostatic Diseases. 25:39-46

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Cancer Research, Oncology, diagnostic markers, Urology, Prostate, Humans, Prostatic Neoplasms, Biosensing Techniques, prostate cancer, Urinary Tract, Biomarkers

الوصف: Refereed/Peer-reviewed Background: Current diagnostic methods for prostate cancer are invasive and lack specificity towards aggressive forms of the disease, which can lead to overtreatment. A new class of non-invasive alternatives is under development, in which urinary biomarkers are detected using biosensing devices to offer rapid and accurate prostate cancer diagnosis. These different approaches are systematically reviewed and their potential for translation to clinical practice is evaluated. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was performed in May 2021 using PubMed Medline database, Embase, and Web of Science. The objective was to review the structural designs and performance of biosensors tested on urine samples from patients with prostate cancer. Results: A total of 76 records were identified. After screening and eligibility, 14 articles were included and are discussed in this paper. The biosensors were discussed based on the target biomarkers and detection technologies used, as well as the results of the clinical studies. Most of the works reported good discrimination between patients with prostate cancer and controls. Conclusions: This review highlights the potential of urinary biosensors for non-invasive prostate cancer detection. However, clinical studies have so far only been conducted on small cohorts of patient, with large scale trials still needed to validate the proposed approaches. Overall, the consensus arising from the proof of concepts studies reviewed here, is that an adequate combination of biomarkers into multiplex biosensor platforms is required to achieve accurate diagnostic tests. Furthermore, whether such devices can discriminate between aggressive and indolent cancer has not yet been addressed, because it entails optimized biomarkers panels and long-term clinical trials.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::a320b7cbfd623670f82c3f8c2af18961Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41391-021-00480-8Test

المؤلفون: Trudel, Guy, Shahin, Nibras, Ramsay, Timothy, Laneuville, Odette, Louati, Hakim

المصدر: Nature Medicine

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, Weightlessness, Anaemia, Diagnostic markers, Anemia, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Space Flight, Brief Communication, Hemolysis, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Astronauts, Humans, Female, Biomarkers

الوصف: Anemia in astronauts has been noted since the first space missions, but the mechanisms contributing to anemia in space flight have remained unclear. Here, we show that space flight is associated with persistently increased levels of products of hemoglobin degradation, carbon monoxide in alveolar air and iron in serum, in 14 astronauts throughout their 6-month missions onboard the International Space Station. One year after landing, erythrocytic effects persisted, including increased levels of hemolysis, reticulocytosis and hemoglobin. These findings suggest that the destruction of red blood cells, termed hemolysis, is a primary effect of microgravity in space flight and support the hypothesis that the anemia associated with space flight is a hemolytic condition that should be considered in the screening and monitoring of both astronauts and space tourists.
Biomarkers of red blood cell destruction were elevated in astronauts while on long-duration missions on the International Space Station, suggesting that hemolysis is a major contributor to space anemia.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8463a2174aeb416a3d813c775df8e9e9Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01637-7Test

المؤلفون: Reinhold E. Schmidt, Ignatius Ryan Adriawan, Natalia Dubrowinskaja, Georgios Sogkas, Faranaz Atschekzei, Torsten Witte

المصدر: Cellular and Molecular Immunology

مصطلحات موضوعية: Primary immunodeficiencies, Immunology, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, Arthritis, Autoimmunity, Review Article, medicine.disease_cause, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Immune tolerance, Rheumatic diseases, Immunity, Immune Tolerance, medicine, Humans, Immunology and Allergy, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Autoimmune disease, business.industry, Inborn errors of immunity, Diagnostic markers, Immune dysregulation, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Infectious Diseases, Immune System Diseases, Primary immunodeficiency, business, Biomarkers

الوصف: In addition to susceptibility to infections, conventional primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) and inborn errors of immunity (IEI) can cause immune dysregulation, manifesting as lymphoproliferative and/or autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity can be the prominent phenotype of PIDs and commonly includes cytopenias and rheumatological diseases, such as arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and Sjogren’s syndrome (SjS). Recent advances in understanding the genetic basis of systemic autoimmune diseases and PIDs suggest an at least partially shared genetic background and therefore common pathogenic mechanisms. Here, we explore the interconnected pathogenic pathways of autoimmunity and primary immunodeficiency, highlighting the mechanisms breaking the different layers of immune tolerance to self-antigens in selected IEI.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::805ca510bf916ab29e4d1a9807fd0821Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-00626-zTest

المؤلفون: Mohammad S, Khan, Suzanne, Cuda, Genesio M, Karere, Laura A, Cox, Andrew C, Bishop

المصدر: Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-12 (2022)
Scientific Reports

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Pediatric Obesity, Adolescent, Health Status, Science, Pilot Projects, Article, Machine Learning, Prediabetic State, Predictive Value of Tests, Humans, Metabolomics, Obesity, Volatile Organic Compounds, Multidisciplinary, Molecular medicine, Small molecules, Age Factors, Diagnostic markers, Hispanic or Latino, Texas, Metabolic syndrome, Race Factors, Cross-Sectional Studies, Breath Tests, Metabolome, Feasibility Studies, Medicine, Female, Insulin Resistance, Pre-diabetes, Biomarkers

الوصف: Insulin resistance (IR) affects a quarter of the world’s adult population and is a major factor in the pathogenesis of cardio-metabolic disease. In this pilot study, we implemented a non-invasive breathomics approach, combined with random forest machine learning, to investigate metabolic markers from obese pre-diabetic Hispanic adolescents as indicators of abnormal metabolic regulation. Using the ReCIVA breathalyzer device for breath collection, we have identified a signature of 10 breath metabolites (breath-IR model), which correlates with Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) (R = 0.95, p p p p = 0.003, p = 0.002, and p

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::0bf3e3ad9b47093404e5397f6feecc5cTest
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04072-3Test

المؤلفون: Dion-Albert, Laurence, Cadoret, Alice, Doney, Ellen, Kaufmann, Fernanda Neutzling, Dudek, Katarzyna A., Daigle, Beatrice, Parise, Lyonna F., Cathomas, Flurin, Samba, Nalia, Hudson, Natalie, Lebel, Manon, Aardema, Frederic, Ait Bentaleb, Lahcen, Beauchamp, Janique, Bendahmane, Hicham, Benoit, Elise, Bergeron, Lise, Bertone, Armando, Bertrand, Natalie, Berube, Felix-Antoine, Blanchet, Pierre, Boissonneault, Janick, Bolduc, Christine J., Bonin, Jean-Pierre, Borgeat, Francois, Boyer, Richard, Breault, Chantale, Breton, Jean-Jacques, Briand, Catherine, Brodeur, Jacques, Brule, Krystele, Brunet, Lyne, Carriere, Sylvie, Chartrand, Carine, Chenard-Soucy, Rosemarie, Chevrette, Tommy, Cloutier, Emmanuelle, Cloutier, Richard, Cormier, Hugues, Cote, Gilles, Cyr, Joanne, David, Pierre, De Benedictis, Luigi, Delisle, Marie-Claude, Deschenes, Patricia, Desjardins, Cindy D., Desmarais, Gilbert, Dubreucq, Jean-Luc, Dumont, Mimi, Dumais, Alexandre, Ethier, Guylaine, Feltrin, Carole, Felx, Amelie, Findlay, Helen, Fortier, Linda, Fortin, Denise, Fortin, Leo, Francois, Nathe, Gagne, Valerie, Gagnon, Marie-Pierre, Gignac-Hens, Marie-Claude, Giguere, Charles-Edouard, Godbout, Roger, Grou, Christine, Guay, Stephane, Guillem, Francois, Hachimi-Idrissi, Najia, Herry, Christophe, Hodgins, Sheilah, Homayoun, Saffron, Jemel, Boutheina, Joyal, Christian, Kouassi, Edouard, Labelle, Real, Lafortune, Denis, Lahaie, Michel, Lahlafi, Souad, Lalonde, Pierre, Landry, Pierre, Lapaige, Veronique, Larocque, Guylaine, Larue, Caroline, Lavoie, Marc, Leclerc, Jean-Jacques, Lecomte, Tania, Lecours, Cecile, Leduc, Louise, Lelan, Marie-France, Lemieux, Andre, Lesage, Alain, Letarte, Andree, Lepage, Jean, Levesque, Alain, Lipp, Olivier, Luck, David, Lupien, Sonia, Lusignan, Felix-Antoine, Lusignan, Richard, Luyet, Andre J., Lynhiavu, Alykhanhthi, Melun, Jean-Pierre, Morin, Celine, Nicole, Luc, Noel, Francois, Normandeau, Louise, O’Connor, Kieron, Ouellette, Christine, Parent, Veronique, Parizeau, Marie-Helene, Pelletier, Jean-Francois, Pelletier, Julie, Pelletier, Marc, Plusquellec, Pierrich, Poirier, Diane, Potvin, Stephane, Prevost, Guylaine, Prevost, Marie-Josee, Racicot, Pierre, Racine-Gagne, Marie-France, Renaud, Patrice, Ricard, Nicole, Rivet, Sylvie, Rolland, Michel, Sasseville, Marc, Safadi, Gabriel, Smith, Sandra, Smolla, Nicole, Stip, Emmanuel, Teitelbaum, Jakob, Thibault, Alfred, Thibault, Lucie, Thibault, Stephanye, Thomas, Frederic, Todorov, Christo, Tourjman, Valerie, Tranulis, Constantin, Trudeau, Sonia, Trudel, Gilles, Vacri, Nathalie, Valiquette, Luc, Vanier, Claude, Villeneuve, Kathe, Villeneuve, Marie, Vincent, Philippe, Wolfe, Marcel, Xiong, Lan, Zizzi, Angela, Campbell, Matthew, Turecki, Gustavo, Mechawar, Naguib, Menard, Caroline

المصدر: Nature Communications
Nature Communications, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-18 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Science, Prefrontal Cortex, General Physics and Astronomy, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Anxiety, Article, Nucleus Accumbens, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, Mice, Animals, Humans, skin and connective tissue diseases, Depressive Disorder, Major, Sex Characteristics, Multidisciplinary, Depression, Gene Expression Profiling, Endothelial Cells, Diagnostic markers, Biological Transport, General Chemistry, nervous system, Blood-Brain Barrier, Female, sense organs, E-Selectin, Transcriptome, Stress and resilience, Biomarkers, Stress, Psychological

الوصف: Prevalence, symptoms, and treatment of depression suggest that major depressive disorders (MDD) present sex differences. Social stress-induced neurovascular pathology is associated with depressive symptoms in male mice; however, this association is unclear in females. Here, we report that chronic social and subchronic variable stress promotes blood-brain barrier (BBB) alterations in mood-related brain regions of female mice. Targeted disruption of the BBB in the female prefrontal cortex (PFC) induces anxiety- and depression-like behaviours. By comparing the endothelium cell-specific transcriptomic profiling of the mouse male and female PFC, we identify several pathways and genes involved in maladaptive stress responses and resilience to stress. Furthermore, we confirm that the BBB in the PFC of stressed female mice is leaky. Then, we identify circulating vascular biomarkers of chronic stress, such as soluble E-selectin. Similar changes in circulating soluble E-selectin, BBB gene expression and morphology can be found in blood serum and postmortem brain samples from women diagnosed with MDD. Altogether, we propose that BBB dysfunction plays an important role in modulating stress responses in female mice and possibly MDD.
The vascular, cellular and molecular changes underlying sex differences in mood disorders are unclear. Here, the authors show that blood-brain barrier dysfunction modulates anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors in female mice and endothelium-specific changes associated with maladaptive responses compared to resilience to stress.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::2231cc89995a6e6a929f39c54317c3d0Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27604-xTest

المؤلفون: Philipp K. Roberts, Markus Schranz, Alice Motschi, Sylvia Desissaire, Valentin Hacker, Michael Pircher, Stefan Sacu, Wolf Buehl, Christoph K. Hitzenberger, Ursula M. Schmidt-Erfurth

المصدر: Scientific Reports
Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2022)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Male, Time Factors, genetic structures, Science, Visual Acuity, Angiogenesis Inhibitors, Retinal Neovascularization, Retina, Article, Macular Degeneration, Prognostic markers, Predictive Value of Tests, Photography, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Prospective Studies, Fluorescein Angiography, Signs and symptoms, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Multidisciplinary, Diagnostic markers, Middle Aged, Fibrosis, eye diseases, Treatment Outcome, Medicine, Female, sense organs, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Biomarkers

الوصف: To find baseline predictors for subretinal fibrosis (SF) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). Forty-five eyes of 45 participants with treatment-naïve nAMD were consecutively enrolled and treated according to a standardized treat-and-extend protocol. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), color fundus photography and fluorescein angiography as well as novel imaging modalities polarization-sensitive OCT and OCT angiography (OCTA) were performed to detect SF after 1 year and find baseline predictors for SF development. Baseline OCTA scans were evaluated for quantitative features such as lesion area, vessel area, vessel junctions, vessel length, vessel endpoints and mean lacunarity. Additionally, the type of macular neovascularization, the presence of subretinal fluid, intraretinal fluid (IRF), subretinal hyperreflective material (SHRM), retinal hemorrhage as well as best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) were evaluated. After 12 months 8 eyes (18%) developed SF. Eyes with SF had worse baseline BCVA (p = .001) and a higher prevalence of IRF (p = .014) and SHRM at baseline (p = .017). There was no significant difference in any of the evaluated quantitative OCTA parameters (p > .05) between eyes with and without SF. There were no quantitative baseline microvascular predictors for SF in our study. Low baseline BCVA, the presence of IRF and SHRM, however, are easily identifiable baseline parameters indicating increased risk.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::ddf741131942d7a5c779b730ae9c18baTest
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03716-8Test

المؤلفون: Al Akl, Neyla S., Khalifa, Olfa, Errafii, Khaoula, Arredouani, Abdelilah

المصدر: Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
Scientific Reports

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, Risk, Adolescent, Science, Metabolic disorders, Predictive markers, Article, Cohort Studies, Young Adult, Odds Ratio, Humans, Qatar, Aged, Dyslipidemias, Aged, 80 and over, Metabolic Syndrome, Sex Characteristics, Multidisciplinary, Diagnostic markers, Middle Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Ferritins, Medicine, Female, Insulin Resistance, Biomarkers

الوصف: Elevated serum ferritin (SFer) levels are implicated in many energy metabolism abnormalities. The association between SFer levels and metabolic disorders has not been studied in Middle Eastern populations. We aimed at exploring the association between SFer levels and serum lipids, diabetes determinants, and metabolic syndrome in a sample of Qatari adults. This study used biochemical parameters obtained from 1928 participants from the Qatar Biobank cohort. We utilized adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) for dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and metabolic syndrome (MetS) according to sex-specific SFer quartiles (Q1 to Q4). Results revealed that the ORs for dyslipidemia increased progressively and significantly across the SFer quartiles, up to two folds in Q4 for women (OR 2.47 (1.68–3.62)) and men (OR 2.24 (1.41–3.55)) versus Q1 (OR:1). Exclusively in women, the ORs for IR (HOMA-IR > 3.58) increased significantly in Q4 (OR 1.79 (1.19–2.70)) versus OR 1 in Q1 as did the ORs for diabetes (OR: 2.03 (1.15–3.57) in Q4 versus OR 1 in Q1). We observed the same result when we pooled the participants with prediabetes and diabetes in one group. The OR for MetS also increased significantly across the Sfer Quartiles from OR: 1 in Q1 to 1.92 (1.06–3.02) in Q4 for women and to 2.07 (1.08–3.98) in Q4 in men. Our results suggest the elevated Sfer levels as a potential risk biomarker for dyslipidemia and MetS in adult Qatari men and women, and diabetes and IR in women only.

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::5c97ddab4f5066734b1bb678bddeb0f4Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-03534-yTest

المؤلفون: Sarah E. Morgan, Kelly Diederen, Petra E. Vértes, Samantha H. Y. Ip, Bo Wang, Bethany Thompson, Arsime Demjaha, Andrea De Micheli, Dominic Oliver, Maria Liakata, Paolo Fusar-Poli, Tom J. Spencer, Philip McGuire

المساهمون: Morgan, Sarah [0000-0002-1261-5884], Wang, Bo [0000-0002-3412-3768], Oliver, Dominic [0000-0002-8920-3407], Fusar-Poli, Paolo [0000-0003-3582-6788], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Morgan, Sarah E [0000-0002-1261-5884]

المصدر: Translational Psychiatry, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
Translational Psychiatry

مصطلحات موضوعية: article, Diagnostic markers, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Mental health, Cognition, Psychotic Disorders, 692/699/476/1799, Schizophrenia, otorhinolaryngologic diseases, 692/53/2421, Humans, Speech, Biological Psychiatry, Biomarkers, RC321-571, Natural Language Processing

الوصف: Funder: RCUK | Medical Research Council (MRC); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000265Test
Funder: DH | National Institute for Health Research (NIHR); doi: https://doi.org/10.13039/501100000272Test
Recent work has suggested that disorganised speech might be a powerful predictor of later psychotic illness in clinical high risk subjects. To that end, several automated measures to quantify disorganisation of transcribed speech have been proposed. However, it remains unclear which measures are most strongly associated with psychosis, how different measures are related to each other and what the best strategies are to collect speech data from participants. Here, we assessed whether twelve automated Natural Language Processing markers could differentiate transcribed speech excerpts from subjects at clinical high risk for psychosis, first episode psychosis patients and healthy control subjects (total N = 54). In-line with previous work, several measures showed significant differences between groups, including semantic coherence, speech graph connectivity and a measure of whether speech was on-topic, the latter of which outperformed the related measure of tangentiality. Most NLP measures examined were only weakly related to each other, suggesting they provide complementary information. Finally, we compared the ability of transcribed speech generated using different tasks to differentiate the groups. Speech generated from picture descriptions of the Thematic Apperception Test and a story re-telling task outperformed free speech, suggesting that choice of speech generation method may be an important consideration. Overall, quantitative speech markers represent a promising direction for future clinical applications.
SEM was supported by the Accelerate Programme for Scientific Discovery, funded by Schmidt Futures, a Fellowship from The Alan Turing Institute, London, and a Henslow Fellowship at Lucy Cavendish College, University of Cambridge, funded by the Cambridge Philosophical Society. PEV is supported by a fellowship from MQ: Transforming Mental Health (MQF17_24). This work was supported by The Alan Turing Institute under the EPSRC grant EP/N510129/1, the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215-20014), the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Mental Health Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London.

وصف الملف: application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document; application/pdf; text/xml

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::cfa50a1baadf1905720ed562a9e87440Test
https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/329586Test

المؤلفون: Farid Najafi, Shahab Rezaeian, Ebrahim Shakiba, Behrooz Hamzeh, Mitra Darbandi, Yahya Pasdar, Azad Ayenepour

المصدر: Scientific Reports
Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-8 (2021)

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, Trans fat, medicine.medical_specialty, Science, Saturated fat, Predictive markers, Severity of Illness Index, Gastroenterology, Article, Body Mass Index, Risk Factors, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Inflammation, Multidisciplinary, Anthropometry, business.industry, Fatty liver, Diagnostic markers, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Obesity, Diet, Fatty Liver, Cross-Sectional Studies, Quartile, Multivariate Analysis, Red meat, Medicine, Regression Analysis, Female, Energy Intake, business, Body mass index, Biomarkers

الوصف: The aim of this study was to assess the association between dietary inflammatory index (DII) and non-invasive markers of liver status in adults. This cross-sectional study was performed on 8520 adults, recruited in Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort study, western Iran. The DII score was calculated based on participants’ dietary intakes obtained from Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Fatty Liver Index (FLI) score was calculated by anthropometric measurements and some non-invasive markers of liver status. Linear regression models were applied to estimate the associations and adjust the possible confounding factors. A greater DII score was significantly associated with higher energy intake, body mass index (BMI), body fat mass (BFM), blood pressure, and FLI (P

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::1ca01ddbac2b1b829187ac98f3468c44Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-98685-3Test

المؤلفون: Ashfaq Shuaib, Kathryn C. Fitzgerald, Naveed Akhtar, Ahmed Own, Hoda Gad, Ioannis N. Petropoulos, Jonathan D. Oakley, Adnan Khan, Beatriz G Canibano, Georgios Ponirakis, Dirk Deleu, Saadat Kamran, Pooja George, Joseph L. Mankowski, Daniel B. Russakoff, Taimur Malik, Shiv Saidha, Charles N J McGhee, Peter A. Calabresi, Stuti L. Misra, Rayaz A. Malik

المصدر: Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-9 (2021)
Scientific Reports

مصطلحات موضوعية: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Multiple Sclerosis, Neurology, Science, Axonal loss, Article, law.invention, Cornea, Nerve Fibers, Confocal microscopy, law, Ophthalmology, medicine, Humans, Microscopy, Confocal, Multidisciplinary, Clinically isolated syndrome, business.industry, Multiple sclerosis, Disease progression, Reproducibility of Results, Diagnostic markers, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Axons, Confidence interval, Disease Progression, Medicine, Female, Fiber density, business, Biomarkers

الوصف: Axonal loss is the main determinant of disease progression in multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to assess the utility of corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) in detecting corneal axonal loss in different courses of MS. The results were confirmed by two independent segmentation methods. 72 subjects (144 eyes) [(clinically isolated syndrome (n = 9); relapsing–remitting MS (n = 20); secondary-progressive MS (n = 22); and age-matched, healthy controls (n = 21)] underwent CCM and assessment of their disability status. Two independent algorithms (ACCMetrics; and Voxeleron deepNerve) were used to quantify corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD) (ACCMetrics only), corneal nerve fiber length (CNFL) and corneal nerve fractal dimension (CNFrD). Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation with 95% confidence interval (CI). Compared to controls, patients with MS had significantly lower CNFD (34.76 ± 5.57 vs. 19.85 ± 6.75 fibers/mm2, 95% CI − 18.24 to − 11.59, P 2, 95% CI − 8.94 to − 5.77, P 2, 95% CI − 9.55 to − 5.6, P P P

الوصول الحر: https://explore.openaire.eu/search/publication?articleId=doi_dedup___::8b750d566cfa7c043f2595f3d2d8cf70Test
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01226-1Test